Abstract
The first intraoperative, epicardial M-mode echocardiograms were performed in 1972 to assess postoperative valve function in patients undergoing mitral valve commissurotomy and prosthetic valve replacement [13]. It was, however, not until the early 1980s that echocardiography became recognized as a potentially useful intraoperative tool. The first two-dimensional (2-D) in-traoperative echocardiogram, reporting echo-guided surgical removal of a foreign body, was from Duke University in 1981 [10]. Subsequently, Spotnitz and Malm [21] first reported epicardial 2-D imaging to be a safe and useful procedure in patients undergoing a variety of cardiac operations. The recent introduction of Doppler color flow mapping has provided the ability to not only assess structure, but also to simultaneously assess blood flow [23].
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Sheikh, K.H., de Bruijn, N.P., Rankin, J.S., Stanley, T., Clements, F.M., Kisslo, J. (1989). Transesophageal Echocardiography Adds to Decision Making During Valvular Heart Surgery. In: Erbel, R., Khandheria, B.K., Brennecke, R., Meyer, J., Seward, J.B., Tajik, A.J. (eds) Transesophageal Echocardiography. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74257-6_40
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