Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Plant Growth Regulators, Viruses and Plant Growth

  • Conference paper
Recognition and Response in Plant-Virus Interactions

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((ASIH,volume 41))

Abstract

Virus infection alters plant growth and development. The role of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in control of these processes in diseased plants is reviewed, taking tobacco mosaic virus infections of tobacco and tomato as the main model systems. Growth inhibition was related primarily to severity of visible mosaic symptoms rather than to the extent of virus multiplication. In tobacco, infection increased abscisic acid and decreased active cytokinin concentration, thus inhibiting cell division activity and reducing plant growth. Changes in other growth regulators after infection are briefly reviewed. Auxin and gibberellin activity are generally decreased by infection in diverse combinations of plants and viruses, while ethylene production is stimulated in hypersensitive reactions to infection. The chloroplast may be a major site of interaction between the virus and PGR metabolism.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams DO, Yang SF (1981) Ethylene the gaseous plant hormone: mechanism and regulation of biosynthesis. Trends Biochem Sci 6:161–164

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aharoni N, Marco S, Levy D (1977) Involvement of gibberellins and abscisic acid in suppression of hypocotyl elongation in CMV-infected cucumbers. Physiol Plant Pathol 11:189–194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bailiss KW (1968) Gibberellins and the early disease syndrome of aspermy virus in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). Ann Bot 32:543–552

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailiss KW (1974) The relationship of gibberellin content to cucumber mosaic virus infection of cucumber. Physiol Plant Pathol 4:73–79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bailiss KW (1977) Gibberellins, abscisic acid and virus-induced stunting. In: Kiraly Z (ed) Current topics in plant pathology Akademiai Kiado, Budapest p 361

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailiss KW, Balazs E, Kiraly Z (1977) The role of ethylene and abscisic acid in TMV-induced symptoms in tobacco. Acta Phytopathol Acad Sci Hung 12:133–140

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balazs E, Gaborjanyi R, Toth A, Kiraly Z (1969) Ethylene production in Xanthi tobacco after systemic and local virus infections. Acta Phytopathol Acad Sci Hung 4:355–358

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balazs E, Sziraki I, Kiraly Z (1977) The role of cytokinins in the systemic acquired resistance of tobacco hypersensitive to tobacco mosaic virus. Physiol Plant Pathol 11:29–37

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Tal Y, Marco S (1980) Qualitative changes in cucumber gibberellins following cucumber mosaic virus infection. Physiol Plant Pathol 16:327–336

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Budagyan EG, Lozhnikova VN, Gol’din MI, Chailakhyan MK (1964) On the effect of gibberellin-like substances on tobacco mosaic virus. Proc Acad Sci Armenia S S R 36:111–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Burg SP, Burg EA (1962) Role of ethylene in fruit ripening. Plant Physiol 37:179–189

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chessin M (1957) Growth substances and stunting in virus-infected plants. Proceedings Third Conference on Potato Virus Diseases, Lisse-Wageningen 80–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Crozier A, Reid DM, Reeve DR (1973) Effects of AMO-1618 on growth, morphology, and gibberellin content of Phaseolus coccineus seedlings. J Exp Bot 24:923–934

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Laat AMM, Van Loon LC, Vonk CR (1981) Regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in virus-infected tobacco leaves. I. Determination of the role of methionine as the precursor of ethylene. Plant Physiol 68:256–260

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Laat AMM, Van Loon LC (1982) Regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in virus-infected tobacco leaves. II. Time course of levels of intermediates and in vivo conversion rates. Plant Physiol 69:240–245

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez TF, Gaborjanyi R (1976) Reversion of dwarfing induced by virus infection: effect of polyacrylic and gibberellic acids. Acta Phytopathol Acad Sci Hung 11:271–275

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser RSS (1969) Effects of two TMV strains on the synthesis of chloroplast ribosomal RNA in tobacco leaves. Mol Gen Genet 106:73–79

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser RSS (1979) Systemic consequences of the local lesion reaction to tobacco mosaic virus in a tobacco variety lacking the N gene for hypersensitivity. Physiol Plant Pathol 14:382–394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser RSS (1982) Are pathogenesis-related proteins involved in acquired systemic resistance of tobacco plants to tobacco mosaic virus? J Gen Virol 58:305–313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser RSS (1987) Biochemistry of virus-infected plants. Research Studies Press, Letchworth; Wiley, New York, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraser RSS, Gerwitz A, Morris GEL (1986) Multiple regression analysis of the relationships between tobacco mosaic virus multiplication, the severity of mosaic symptoms, and the growth of tobacco and tomato. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 29:239–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser RSS, Whenham RJ (1978) Inhibition of the multiplication of tobacco mosaic virus by methyl benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate. J Gen Virol 39:191–194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser RSS, Whenham RJ (1982) Plant growth regulators and virus infection: a critical review. Plant Growth Regul 1:37–59

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser RSS, Whenham RJ (1989) Abscisic acid metabolism in tomato plants infected with tobacco mosaic virus: relationships with growth, symptoms and the Tm-1 gene for TMV resistance. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 34:215–226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaborjanyi R, Balazs E, Kiraly, Z (1971) Ethylene production, tissue senescence and local virus infections. Acta Phytopathol Acad Sci Hung 6:57–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghabrial SA, Pirone TP (1967) Physiology of tobacco etch virus-induced wilt of tabasco peppers. Virology 31:154–162

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartung W, Gimmler H, Heilmann B (1982) The compartmentation of abscisic acid (ABA), of ABA-biosynthesis, ABA-metabolism and ABA-conjugation. In: Wareing PF (ed) Plant growth substances 1982. Academic Press, London, p 325

    Google Scholar 

  • Heilmann B, Hartung W and Gimmler H (1980) The distribution of abscisic acid between chloroplasts and cytoplasm of leaf cells and the permeability of the chloroplast envelope for abscisic acid. Z Pflanzenphysiol 97:67–78

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kato Y (1976) Ethylene production during lipid peroxidation in cowpea leaves infected with CMV. Ann Phytopathol Soc Jpn 43:587–589

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koch F, Baur M, Burba M, Elstner EF (1980) Ethylene formation by Beta vulgaris leaves during systemic (beet mosaic virus and beet mild yellowing virus, BMV + BMYV) or necrotic (Cerocospora beticola Sacc.) diseases. Phytopathol Z 98:40–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuriger WE, Agrios GN (1977) Cytokinin levels and kinetin-virus interactions in tobacco ringspot virus infected cowpea plants. Phytopathology 67:604–609

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuroguchi S, Murofushi N, Ota Y, Takahashi N (1979) Identification of gibberellins in the rice plant and quantitative changes of gibberellin A19 throughout its life cycle. Planta 146:185–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ladygina ME, Grishkova VP, Alyoshina NV (1979) Membrane proteins of chloroplasts of intact and TMV-infected tobacco plants. Biokhimiya 44:1635–1642

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Letham DS (1978) Cytokinins. In: Letham DS, Goodwin PB, Higgins TJV (eds) Phytohormones and related compounds: a comprehensive treatise. Vol. 1. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam, p 205

    Google Scholar 

  • Letham DS, Palni LMS (1983) The biosynthesis and metabolism of cytokinins. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 34:163–197

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Letham DS, Palni LMS, Tao G-Q, Gollnow, Bates CM (1983) Regulators of cell division in plant tissues XXIX. The activities of cytokinin glucosides and alanine conjugates in cytokinin bioassays. J Plant Growth Regul 2:103–115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy D, Marco S (1976) Involvement of ethylene in epinasty of CMV-infected cucumber cotyledons which exhibit increased resistance to gaseous diffusion. Physiol Plant Pathol 9:121–126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy D, Marco S (1977) Involvement of ethylene in CMV-sdinduced symptoms in cucumber. Isr J Bot 26:48–49 lieberman M (1979) Biosynthesis and action of ethylene. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 30:533–591

    Google Scholar 

  • Lockhart BEL, Semancik JS (1970) Growth inhibition, peroxidase and 3-indole-acetic acid oxidase activity, and ethylene production of cowpea mosaic virus-infected cowpea seedlings. Phytopathology 60:553–556

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loveys BR (1977) The intracellular location of abscisic acid in stressed and non-stressed leaf tissue. Physiol Plant 40:6–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGaw BA (1987) Cytokinin biosynthesis and metabolism. In: Davies PJ (ed) Plant hormones and their role in plant growth and development. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, p 76

    Google Scholar 

  • McGaw BA, Scott IM, Horgan R (1984) Cytokinin biosynthesis and metabolism. In: Crozier A, Hillman JR (eds) The biosynthesis and metabolism of plant hormones, Cambridge University Press, London, p 105

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandahar CL, Nath S, Gulati A (1979) Role of growth inhibitors in bud dormancy in virus-infected stem cuttings of Euphorbia pulcherrima. Experientia 35:315–316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maramorosch K (1957) Reversal of virus-caused stunting in plants by gibberellic acid. Science 126:651–652

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marco S, Levy D, Aharoni N (1976) Involvement of ethylene in the suppression of hypocotyl elongation in CMV-infected cucumbers. Physiol Plant Pathol 8:1–7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marco S, Levy D (1979) Involvement of ethylene in the development of cucumber mosaic virus-induced chlorotic lesions in cucumber cotyledons. Physiol Plant Pathol 14:235–244

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milborrow BV (1978) Abscisic acid. In: Letham DS, Goodwin PB, Higgins TJV (eds) Phytohormones and related compounds: A comprehensive treatise, Vol. 1. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam, p 295

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohanty SK, Mohanty SK, Anjaneyulu A, Sridhar R (1979) Physiology of rice tungro disease; involvement of abscisic acid-like substances in susceptible host-virus interactions. Physiol Plant 45:132–136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakagaki Y, Hirai T, Stahmann MA (1970) Ethylene production by detached leaves infected with tobacco mosaic virus. Virology 40:1–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nariami TK (1963) Effect of gibberellic acid on tobacco leaf-curl affected plants. Indian Phytopathol 16:101–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Nath S, Mandahar CL, Gulati A (1979) Gibberellins and the break of bud dormancy in virus-infected stem cuttings of Euphorbia pulcherrima. Experientia 35:1328–1329

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols CW (1952) The retarding effect of certain plant hormones on tobacco mosaic symptoms. Phytopathology 42:579–580

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noodén LD, Leopold AC (1978) Phytohormones and the endogenous regulation of senescence and abscission. In: Letham DS, Goodwin PB, Higgins, TJV (eds) Phytohormones and related compounds: a comprehensive treatise. Vol. 2. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam p 329

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer MV, Horgan R, Wareing PF (1981) Cytokinin metabolism in Phaseolus vulgaris L. I: variations in cytokinin level in leaves of decapitated plants in relation to lateral bud outgrowth. J Exp Bot 32:1231–1241

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pegg GR (1976) Endogenous auxins in healthy and diseased plants. In: Heitefuss R, Williams PM (eds) Encyclopedia of plant physiology new series, Vol. 4. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p 560

    Google Scholar 

  • Pritchard DW, Ross AF (1975) The relationship of ethylene to formation of tobacco mosaic virus lesions in hypersensitive responding tobacco leaves with and without induced resistance. Virology 64:295–307

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quarrie SA, Jones HG (1977) Effects of abscisic acid and water stress on development and morphology of wheat. J Exp Bot 28:192–203

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajagopal R (1977) Effect of tobacco mosaic virus infection on the endogenous levels of indoleacetic phenylacetic and abscisic acids of tobacco leaves in various stages of development. Z Pflanzenphysiol 83:403–409

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reinecke DM, Bandurski RS (1987) Auxin biosynthesis and metabolism. In: Davies PJ (ed) Plant hormones and their role in plant growth and development. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht p 24

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross AF, Pritchard DW (1972) Local and systemic effects of ethylene on tobacco mosaic virus lesions in tobacco. Phytopathology 62:786

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell SL, Kimmins WC (1971) Growth regulators and the effect of BYDV on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Ann Bot 35:1037–1043

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith SH, McCall SR, Harris JH (1968) Auxin transport in curly-top virus-infected tomato. Phytopathology 58:1669–1670

    Google Scholar 

  • Sridhar R, Mohanty SK, Anjaneyulu A (1978) Physiology of rice tungro virus disease: increased cytokinin activity in tungro-infected rice cultivars. Physiol Plant 43:363–367

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steadman JR, Sequeira L (1969) A growth inhibitor from tobacco and its possible involvement in pathogenesis. Phytopathology 59:499–503

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steadman JR, Sequeira L (1970) Abscisic acid in tobacco plants: tentative identification and its relation to stunting induced by Pseudomonas solanacearum. Plant Physiol 45:691–697

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein DB (1962) The developmental morphology of Nicotiana tabacum “White Burley” as influenced by virus infection and gibberellic acid. Am J Bot 49:437–443

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sziraki I, Gaborjanyi R (1974) Effect of systemic infection by TMV on cytokinin level of tobacco leaves and stems. Acta Phytopathol Acad Sci Hung 9:195–199

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sziraki I, Balazs E (1977) The effect of infection by TMV on cytokinin level of tobacco plants and cytokinins in TMV-RNA. In: Kirlay Z (ed) Current topics in plant pathology. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, p 345

    Google Scholar 

  • Sziraki L, Balazs E, Kiraly Z (1980) Role of different stresses in inducing systemic acquired resistance to TMV and increasing cytokinin level in tobacco. Physiol Plant Pathol 16:277–284

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tavantzis SM, Smith SH, Witham FA (1979) The influence of kinetin on tobacco ringspot virus infectivity and the effect of virus infection on the cytokinin activity in intact leaves of Nicotiana glutinosa L. Physiol Plant Pathol 14:227–233

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Loon LC (1977) Induction by 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid of viral-like lesions, associated proteins and systemic resistance in tobacco. Virology 80:417–420

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Loon LC, Berbee AT (1978) Endogenous levels of indole acetic acid in leaves of tobacco reacting hypersensitively to TMV. Z Pflanzenphysiol 89:373–375

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Steveninck RFM (1959) Factors affecting the abscission of reproductive organs in yellow lupins (Lupinus luteus L.). III. Endogenous growth substances in virus-infected and healthy plants and their effect on abscission. J Exp Bot 10:367–376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang TL, Thompson AG, Horgan R (1977) A cytokinin glucoside from the leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Planta 135:285–288

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whenham RJ (1983) Evaluation of selective detectors for the rapid and sensitive gas chromatographic assay of cytokinins, and application to the analysis of cytokinins in plant extracts. Planta 157:554–560

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whenham RJ (1989) Effect of systemic tobacco mosaic virus infection on endogenous cytokinin concentration in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves: consequences for the control of resistance and symptom development. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 35:85–95

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whenham RJ, Fraser RSS (1980) Stimulation by abscisic acid of RNA synthesis in discs from healthy and tobacco mosaic virus-infected tobacco leaves. Planta 150:349–353

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whenham RJ, Fraser RSS (1981) Effect of systemic and local-lesion-forming strains of tobacco mosaic virus on abscisic acid concentration in tobacco leaves: consequences for the control of leaf growth. Physiol Plant Pathol 18:267–278

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whenham RJ, Fraser RSS, Snow A (1985) Tobacco mosaic virus-induced increase in abscisic acid concentration in tobacco leaves: intracellular location and relationship to symptom severity and to extent of virus multiplication. Physiol Plant Pathol 26:379–387

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whenham RJ, Fraser RSS, Brown, LP, Payne JA (1986) Tobacco mosaic virus-induced increase in abscisic-acid concentration in tobacco leaves: intracellular location in light and dark-green areas, and relationship to symptom development. Planta 168:592–598

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright STC, Hiron RWP (1969) ( + )-Abscisic acid, the growth inhibitor induced in detached wheat leaves by a period of wilting. Nature 224:719–720

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yerkes WD (1960) Interaction of potassium gibberellate and a stunting bean virus on beans, Phaseolus vulgaris. Phytopathology 50:525–527

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaitlin M (1979) How viruses and viroids induce disease. In: Horsfall JG, Cowling EB (eds) Plant disease, an advanced treatise. Academic Press, New York, p 257

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeevaart JAD, Creelman RA (1988) Metabolism and physiology of abscisic acid. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 39:439–473

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, AFRC Institute of Horticultural Research, Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF, UK

    R. J. Whenham & R. S. S. Fraser

  2. AFRC Institute of Horticultural Research, Worthing Road, Littlehampton, West Sussex, BN17 6LP, UK

    R. S. S. Fraser

Authors
  1. R. J. Whenham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. S. S. Fraser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. AFRC Institute of Horticultural Research, Worthington Road, Littlehampton, West Sussex, BN17 6LP, UK

    Ron S. S. Fraser (Workshop Director) (Workshop Director)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Whenham, R.J., Fraser, R.S.S. (1990). Plant Growth Regulators, Viruses and Plant Growth. In: Fraser, R.S.S. (eds) Recognition and Response in Plant-Virus Interactions. NATO ASI Series, vol 41. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74164-7_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74164-7_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-74166-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-74164-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation