Abstract
The determination of the concentration of the chemical, or its metabolites, in body fluids (blood, urine) is the most applied method for the assessment of internal chemical exposure (or internal dose), both for electrophilic and non-electrophilic agents (Lauwerijs, 1983; Schulte, 1987). Internal chemical exposure is defined as the amount of a chemical which is absorbed into the body or which is already stored in the organism (body burden) (Lauwerijs, 1983). The technique which measures internal exposure is called biological monitoring (Berlin et al, 1984; Zielhuis, 1985). Meaningful biological monitoring can be carried out if knowledge is available about the relationship between the biological parameter of internal exposure and health effects. Biological limit values, i.e., urinary or blood levels of chemicals or metabolites which are not associated with adverse health effects in workers exposed to the chemical can then be established.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
ACGIH 1987–1988 Threshold limit values and biological exposure indices for 1987–1988. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
Berlin A, Yodaiken RE, Henman BA, editors (1984) Assessment of toxic agents at the workplace. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
Calleman CJ, Ehrenberg L, Jansson B, Osterman-Golkar S, Segerbäck D, Svensson K, Wachtmeister CA (1978) Monitoring and risk assessment by means of alkyl groups in hemoglobin in persons occupationally exposed to ethylene oxide. Journ of Environm Path and Toxicol 2: 427–442
DFG (1987) Maximale Arbeitsplatzkonzentrationen und Biologische Arbeitsstofftoleranzwerte
Hunter CG and Robinson J (1967) Pharmacodynamics of dieldrin (HEOD) I. Ingestion by human subjects for 18 months. Arch Environ Hlth 15: 614–626
Hunter CG, Robinson J, Roberts M (1969) Pharmacodynamics of dieldrin (HEOD) II. Ingestion by human subjects for 18 to 24 months, and postexposure for eight months. Arch Environ Hlth 18: 12–21
Jager KW (1970) Aldrin, Dieldrin, endrin and telodrin. An epidemiological and toxicological study of long-term occupational exposure. Elsevier Amsterdam
Jongeneelen FJ, Anzion RBM, Scheepers PTJ, Bos RP, Henderson PTh, Nijenhuis EH, Veenstra SJ, Brouns RME and Winkes A (1988a) 1-Hydroxypyrene in urine as a biological indicator of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in several work environments. Ann Occup Hyg 32: 35–43
Kummer R, Van Sittert NJ (1986) Field studies on health effects from the application of two organophosphorus insecticide formulations by hand-held ULV to cotton. In: Biological monitoring of workers manufacturing, formulating and applying pesticides. Van Heemstra EAH and Van Sittert NJ, editors, pp 7–24. Elsevier Amsterdam
Lauwerijs R (1983) Industrial chemical exposure: Guidelines for biological monitoring. Biomedical Publications. Davis, California
Lewalter J, Korallus U (1985) Blood protein conjugates and acetylation of aromatic amines: New findings on biological monitoring. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 56: 179–196
Maroni M (1986) Organophosphorus Pesticides. In: Biological indicators for the assessment of human exposure to industrial chemicals. Allessio L, Berlin A, Boni M, Roi R, editors, vol 3 pp 51–77. Commission of the European Communities
Roels HA, Lauwerijs RR, Buchet JP, Bernard A, Chettle DR, Harvey TC, Al-Haddad IK (1981) In vivo measurement of liver and kidney cadmium in workers exposed to this metal: its significance with respect to cadmium in blood and urine. Environm Res 26: 217–240
Schulte P, Halperin W, Herrick M, Connally B (1987) The current focus of biological monitoring. In: Occupational and environmental chemical hazards. Cellular and biochemical indices for monitoring toxicity. Foà V, Emmett EA, Maroni M, Colombi A, editors. Ellis Horwood Publishers
Zielhuis RL (1985) Biological monitoring studies in occupational and environmental health. In: Epidemiology and quantitation of environmental risk in humans from radiation and other agents pp 291–306. Castellani A, editor. Plenum Press New York/London
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
van Sittert, N.J. (1989). Individual Exposure Monitoring from Plasma or Urinary Metabolite Determination. In: Chambers, P.L., Chambers, C.M., Greim, H. (eds) Biological Monitoring of Exposure and the Response at the Subcellular Level to Toxic Substances. Archives of Toxicology, vol 13. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74117-3_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74117-3_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-50336-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-74117-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive