Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Postnatal Lesions of Gray Matter

  • Chapter
Developmental Neuropathology

Abstract

As stated at the begin of Chap. 7, there is only a relative difference between perinatal and postnatal onset of the lesions described here and in Chap. 7. Several of the “perinatal” lesions described in the previous chapter can also develop in early infancy, e. g. status marmoratus or ulegyria. Conversely, cardiac arrest encephalopathy, described in this chapter, was often reported as a typical form of perinatal damage. None the less, on review one will find that the lesions described in this chapter are more likely to be of postnatal origin and that they rarely or never arise before birth.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams JH, Cameron HM (1965) Obstetrical paralysis due to ischaemia of the spinal cord. Arch Dis Child 40:93–96

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alpers BJ, Dear RB (1939) Hemiatrophy of the brain. J Nerv Ment Dis 89:653–671

    Google Scholar 

  • Althoff H (1980) Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Forensic-medical experience, research and conclusions regarding a general medical problem. 2nd ed. Fischer, Stuttgart New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JM, Milner RDG, Strich SJ (1967) Effects of neonatal hypoglycaemia on the nervous system: a pathological study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 30:295–310

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Applebaum MM, Thaler MM (1977) Reye syndrome without initial hepatic involvement. Am J Dis Child 131:295–296

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson JB, Evans OB, Ellison RS, Netsky MG (1984) Ischemia of the brain stem as a cause of sudden infant death syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 108:341–342

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banker BQ (1967) The neuropathological effects of anoxia and hypoglycemia in the newborn. Dev Med Child Neurol 9:544–550

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bender L, Andermann K (1965) Brain damage in blind children with retrolental fibroplasia. Arch Neurol 12:644–649

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bielschowsky M (1918) Über Hemiplegie bei intakter Pyramidenbahn. J Psychol Neurol (Leipzig) 22, Ergänzungsheft 1:225–266

    Google Scholar 

  • Blennow G, Brierley JB, Meldrum BS, Siesjö BK (1978) Epileptic brain damage. The role of systemic factors that modify cerebral energy metabolism. Brain 101:687–700

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blinzinger K (1968) Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen bei experimentell erzeugter Randzonensiderose des Kaninchengehirns. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) Suppl IV: 146–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown DR, Milley JR, Ripepi UJ, Biglan AW (1987) Retinopathy of prematurity. Risk factors in a five-year cohort of critically ill premature neonates. Am J Dis Child 141:154–160

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castaigne P, Escourolle R, Laplane D, Berger B, Augustin P (1967) Étude anatomo-clinique d’un cas de sidérose marginale du système nerveux central. Rev Neurol (Paris) 116:105–118

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chase HP, Marlow RA, Dabiere CS, Welch NN (1973) Hypoglycemia and brain development. Pediatrics 52:513–520

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chow CW, Haan EA, Goodman SI, Anderson RMcD, Evans WA, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Wise G, McGill JJ, Danks DM (1988) Neuropathology in glutaric acidaemia type I. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) in print

    Google Scholar 

  • Chung HD (1985) Retrograde crossed cerebellar atrophy. Brain 108:881–889

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cole S, Lindenberg LB, Galioto FM Jr, Howe PE, DeGraff AC Jr, Davis JM, Lubka R, Gross EM (1979) Ultrastructural abnormalities of the carotid body in sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics 63:13–17

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cornblath M, Wybregt SH, Baens GS, Klein RI (1964) Symptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia. Studies of carbohydrate metabolism of the newborn infant VIII. Pediatrics 33:388–402

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Courville CB (1953) Contributions to the study of cerebral anoxia. San Lucas, Los Angeles

    Google Scholar 

  • Dambska M, Dydyk L, Szretter T, Wozniewicz J, Myers RE (1976) Topography of lesions in newborn and infant brains following cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Damage to brain stem and hemispheres. Biol Neonate 29:194–206

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darwish H, Sarnat H, Archer C, Brownell K, Kotagal S (1981) Congenital cervical spinal atrophy. Muscle Nerve 4:106–110

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emery JL (1979) The central nervous system and cot deaths. Dev Med Child Neurol 21:239–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erdohazi M, Marshall P (1979) Striatal degeneration in childhood. Arch Dis Child 54:85–91

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Etheridge JE Jr, Millichap JG (1964) Hypoglycemia and seizures in childhood. The etiologic significance of primary cerebral lesions. Neurology 14:397–404

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gadoth N, Dagan R, Sandbank U, Levy D, Moses SW (1981) Permanent tetraplegia as a consequence of tetanus neonatorum. Evidence for widespread low motor neuron damage. J Neurol Sci 51:273–278

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gadsdon DR, Emery JL (1976) Fatty change in the brain in perinatal and unexpected death. Arch Dis Child 51:42–48

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gessaga EC, Herrick MK, Urich H (1986) Necrosis of the fetal brain stem with cerebellar hypoplasia. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 69:326–331

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilles FH (1963) Selective symmetrical neuronal necrosis of certain brain stem tegmental nuclei in temporary cardiac standstill. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 22:318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gomori JM, Grossman RI, Bilaniuk LT, Zimmerman RA, Goldberg HI (1985) High-field MR imaging of superficial siderosis of the central nervous system. J Comp Assist Tomogr 9:972–975

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths AD, Laurence KM (1974) The effect of hypoxia and hypoglycaemia on the brain of the newborn human infant. Dev Med Child Neurol 16:308–319

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamill RC (1908) Report of a case of melanosis of the brain, cord and meninges. J Nerv Ment Dis 35:594

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hannah RS, Hannah KJ (1980) Hyperoxia: effects on the vascularization of the developing central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 51:141–144

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haworth JC, Ford JD (1960) Blood-sugar in infants after lactose feeds. Lancet 2:794–797

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haworth JC, McRae KN (1965) The neurological and developmental effects of neonatal hypoglycemia: a follow-up of 22 cases. Can Med Assoc J 92:861–865

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes JT, Oppenheimer DR (1969) Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system. A report of nine cases with autopsy. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 13:56–74

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwanowski L, Olszewski J (1960) The effects of subarachnoid injections of iron-containing substances on the central nervous system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 19:433–448

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janzer RC, Friede RL (1980) Hypotensive brain stem necrosis or cardiac arrest encephalopathy? Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 50:53–56

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jellinger K, Danielczyk W, Kothbauer P, Seemann D (1979) Familiäre Striatumdegeneration. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 227:261–269

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Josephy H (1945) Cerebral hemiatrophy (diffuse sclerotic type of Schob). J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 4:250–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kast A (1887) Zur Anatomie der cerebralen Kinderlähmung. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 18:437–448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larroche JC (1968) Nécrose cérébrale massive chez le nouveau-né. Ses rapports avec la maturation, son expression clinique et bioélectrique. Biol Neonat 13:340–360

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leech RW, Alvord EC Jr (1977) Anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in the human neonatal period. The significance of brain stem involvement. Arch Neurol 34:109–113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • León GA de, Breningstall G, Zaeri N (1986) Congenital Pick cell encephalopathy: a distinct disorder characterized by diffusion formation of Pick cells in the cerebral cortex. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 70:235–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levin M, Hjelm M, Kay JDS, Pincott JR, Gould JD, Dinwiddie R, Matthew DJ (1983) Haemor-rhagic shock and encephalopathy: a new syndrome with a high mortality in young children. Lancet 2:64–67

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucey JL, Dangman B (1984) A reexamination of the role of oxygen in retrolental fibroplasia. Pediatrics 73:82–96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malamud N, Haymaker W, Custev RP (1946) Heat stroke: a clinico-pathological study of 125 fatal cases. Milit Med 99:397–449

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathieson G, Olszewski J (1960) Central pontine myelinolysis with other cerebral changes. A report of 2 cases. Neurology 10:345–354

    Google Scholar 

  • McCormick WF, Lemmi H (1965) Familial degeneration of the pallidonigral system. Neurology 15:141–153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDougal DB, Adams RD (1950) The neuropathological changes in hemochromatosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 9:117–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer J-E (1949) Zur Ätiologie und Pathogenese des fetalen und frühkindlichen Cerebralschadens. Z Kinderheilkd 67:123–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer Y, Beck E, Shepherd M (1955) Unusually severe lesions in the brain following status epilep-ticus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 18:24–33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyoshi K, Matsuoka T, Mizushima S (1969) Familial holotopistic striatal necrosis. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 13:240–249

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore J (1943) Hemiatrophy of brain with contralateral cerebellar atrophy. J Nerv Ment Dis 98:31–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mott FW, Tredgold AF (1900) Hemiatrophy of the brain and its results on the cerebellum, medulla, and spinal cord. Brain 23:239–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myers RE (1973) Two classes of dysergic brain abnormality and their conditions of occurrence. Arch Neurol 29:394–399

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myers RE, Kahn KJ (1971) Insulin-induced hypoglycemia in the non-human primate. II. Long-term neuropathological consequences. In: Brierley JB, Meldrum BS (eds) Brain Hypoxia, Chap. 20. Reprinted from Clinics in Developmental Medicine No. 39/40, pp 195–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers RE, Yamaguchi S (1977) Nervous system effects of cardiac arrest in monkeys. Preservation of vision. Arch Neurol 34:65–74

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naeye RL, Fisher R, Ryser M, Whalen P (1976) Carotid body in the sudden infant death syndrome. Science 191:567–569

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noetzel H (1940) Diffusion von Blutfarbstoff in der inneren Randzone und äußeren Oberfläche des Zentralnervensystems bei subarachnoidaler Blutung. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 111:129–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noetzel H, Ohlmeier R (1963) Zur Frage der Randzonensiderose des Zentralnervensystems. Tierexperimentelle Untersuchung. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 3:164–183

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norman RM (1964) The neuropathology of status epilepticus. Med Sci Law 4:46–51

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norman RM, Urich H (1957) Cerebellar hypoplasia associated with systemic degeneration in early life. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 21:159–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paterson D, Carmichael EA (1924) A form of familial cerebral degeneration chiefly affecting the lenticular nucleus. Brain 47:207–231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pildes RS, Cornblath M, Warren I, Page-El E, di Menza S, Merritt DM, Peeva A (1974) A prospective controlled study of neonatal hypoglycemia. Pediatrics 54:5–14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ranck JB, Windle WF (1959) Brain damage in the monkey, Macaca mulatta by asphyxia neonatorum. Exp Brain Res 1:130–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Purohit DM, Ellison C, Zierler S, Miettinen OS, Nadas AS (1985) Risk factors for retrolental fibroplasia: experience with 3,025 premature infants. Pediatrics 76:339–344

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quattrochi JJ, McBride PT, Yates AJ (1985) Brainstem immaturity in sudden infant death syndrome: a quantitative rapid Golgi study of dendritic spines in 95 infants. Brain Res 325:39–48

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reisner SH, Amir J, Shohat M, Krikler R, Nissenkorn I, Ben-Sira I (1985) Retinopathy of prematurity: incidence and treatment. Arch Dis Child 60:698–701

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roessmann U, Schwartz JF (1973) Familial striatal degeneration. Arch Neurol 29:314–317

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Röyttä M, Olsson I, Sourander P, Svendsen P (1981) Infantile bilateral striatal necrosis. Clinical and morphological report of a case and a review of the literature. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 55:97–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell RIR, Sullivan I, Matthew DJ (1985) Haemorrhagic shock encephalopathic syndrome and neurodevelopmental delay. Lancet 2:441–442

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sachis PN, Armstrong DL, Becker LE, Bryan AC (1981) The vagus nerve and sudden infant death syndrome: a morphometric study. J Pediatr 98:278–280

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider H, Ballowitz L, Schachinger H, Hanefeld F, Dröszus J-U (1975) Anoxic encephalopathy with predominant involvement of basal ganglia, brain stem and spinal cord in the perinatal period. Report on seven newborns. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 32:287–298

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schob F (1930) Pathologische Anatomie der Idiotie. In: Bumke O (Hrsg) Handbuch der Geisteskrankheiten, Vol 11, Spezieller Teil 7. Springer, Berlin, pp 779–995

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholz W (1933) Über die Entstehung des Hirnbefundes bei der Epilepsie. Z Neurol Psychiatr (Leipzig) 145:471–515

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholz W (1951) Die Krampfschädigungen des Gehirns. Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Neurologie und Psychiatrie (Berlin) Heft 75

    Google Scholar 

  • Seshia SS, Chow PN, Sankaran K (1979) Coma following cardiorespiratory arrest in childhood. Dev Med Child Neurol 21:143–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sofer S, Phillip M, Hershkowits J, Bennett H (1986) Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome. Its association with hyperthermia. Am J Dis Child 140:1252–1254

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spielmeyer W (1906) Hemiplegie bei intakter Pyramidenbahn (intrakortikale Hemiplegie). Münch Med Wochenschr 53:1404–1407

    Google Scholar 

  • Strefling AM, Urich H (1982) Crossed cerebellar atrophy: an old problem revisted. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 57:197–202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stroh H (1925) Halbseitige Mikrencephalie durch degenerative Atrophie infolge Pachymeningitis haemorrhagica interna bei Möller-Barlowscher Krankheit. Z Neurol Psychiatr 99:1–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takashima S (1982) Olivocerebellar lesions in infants born prematurely. Brain Dev 4:361–366

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takashima S, Armstrong D, Becker L, Bryan C (1978) Cerebral hypoperfusion in the sudden infant death syndrome? Brainstem gliosis and vasculature. Ann Neurol 4:257–262

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan N, Urich H (1984) Postictal cerebral hemiatrophy: with a contribution to the problem of crossed cerebellar atrophy. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 62:332–339

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor SR, Roessmann U (1984) Hypotensive brain stem necrosis in a stillborn. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 65:166–167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turel AP Jr, Levinsohn MW, Derakhshan I, Gutierrez Y (1975) Reye syndrome and cerebellar intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Arch Neurol 32:624–628

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Acker KJ, Roodhooft AM, Van Bever H (1986) Haemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy. Eur J Pediatr 145:66–69

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verhaart WJC (1938) Symmetrical degeneration of the neostriatum in Chinese infants. Arch Dis Child 13:225–234

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verhaart WJC, van Wieringen-Rauws GA (1950) On cerebro-cerebellar atrophy. Folia Psychiatr Neurol Neurochir Neerl 53:481–501

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wasterlain CG (1976) Effects of neonatal status epilepticus on rat brain development. Neurology 26:975–986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wasterlain CG (1978) Neonatal seizures and brain growth. Neuropädiatrie 9:213–228

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wasterlain CG (1979) Does anoxemia play a role in the effects of neonatal seizures on brain growth? An experimental study in the rat. Eur Neurol 18:222–229

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wasterlain CG, Plum F (1973) Vulnerability of developing rat brain to electroconvulsive seizures. Arch Neurol 29:38–45

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Windle WF (1963) Neuropathology of certain forms of mental retardation. Experiments on monkeys illustrate probable mechanisms of brain damage in human infants. Science 140:1186–1189

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf A, Cowen D (1954) The cerebral atrophies and encephalomalacias of infancy and childhood. Res Publ Ass Res Nerv Ment Dis 34:199–330

    Google Scholar 

  • Young RSK, Towfighi J, Marks KH (1983) Focal necrosis of the spinal cord in utero. Arch Neurol 40:654–655

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman HM (1938) The histopathology of convulsive disorders in children. J Pediatr 13:859–890

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Zentrum Neurologische Medizin, Abteilung Neuropathologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 3400, Göttingen, Germany

    Reinhard L. Friede

Authors
  1. Reinhard L. Friede
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Friede, R.L. (1989). Postnatal Lesions of Gray Matter. In: Developmental Neuropathology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73697-1_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73697-1_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-73699-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-73697-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation