Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Diagnose der Hyperprolaktinämie Basiswerte und Funktionstests unter physiologischen und pathologischen Bedingungen

  • Chapter
Hyperprolaktinämie — Prolaktinome

Zusammenfassung

Die Diagnose einer Hyperprolaktinämie wird gestellt mit Hilfe einer Prolaktinbestimmung im Serum und der richtigen Interpretation des Meßergebnisses, das gegenüber dem Normbereich einen erhöhten Wert zeigt.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  • D’Agata R, Aliffl A, Mageri G, Mongioi A, Vicari E, Gulizia S (1982) Dynamics of PRL release in galactorrhoeic normoprolactinaemic women. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 101:1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Alger M, Vazquez-Matute L, Mason M, Canales ES, Zarate A (1980) Polycystic ovarian disease associated with hyperprolactinemia and defective metoclopramide response. Fertil Steril 34: 70–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen AN, Pedersen H, Larsen JF, Djursing H (1984) Preserved prolactin fluctuation and response to metoclopramide in ovulatory, infertile, hyperprolactinemic women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 63:141–144

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armeanu MC, Frölich M, Lequin RM (1986) Circadian rhythm of prolactin during the menstrual cycle. Fertil Steril 46: 315–316

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Badawi M, Van Exter C, Delogne-Desnoeck J, Van Meenen F, Robyn C (1978) Cord serum prolactin in relation to the time of the day, the sex of the neonate and the birth weight. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 87: 241–247

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baranowska B, Jeske W, Niewiadomska A, Rozbicka G, Walczak L, Zgliczynski S (1983) Enhanced serum prolactin concentration after metoclopramide stimulation in idiopathic oligozoospermia and azoospermia. Andrologia 15: 554–559

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barbarino A, De Marinis L, Maira G, Menini E, Anile C (1978) Serum prolactin response to thy- rotropin-releasing hormone and metoclopramide in patients with prolactin-secreting tumors before and after transsphenoidal surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 47:1148–1151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barbarino A, De Marinis L, Mancini A, Menini E, D’Amico C, Passeri M, Sambo P, Anile C, Maira G (1985) Prolactin dynamics in patients with non-secreting tumours of the hypothalamic-pituitary region. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 110:10–16

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes AE, Crissman JD, Azoury RS, Schneider DP (1981) Association of a prolactin secreting pituitary microadenoma and endometrial carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol 58: 391–394

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes RB, Mileikowsky GN, Cha KY, Spencer CA, Lobo RA (1986) Effects of dopamine and metoclopramide in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 63: 506–509

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beck W, Wuttke W (1980) Diurnal variations of plasma luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prolactin in boys and girls from birth to puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 50: 635–639

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bigazzi R, Ronga R, Lancranjan I, Ferraro S, Branchoni F, Buzzoni P, Martorana G, Scarselli G, Del Pozo E (1979) A pregnancy in an acromegalic woman during bromocriptine treatment: effects on GH and PRL in the maternal, fetal and amniotic compartments. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 48: 9–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blank MS, Dufau ML (1985) Bioactivity of circulating prolactin during the menstrual cycles of asymptomatic hyperprolactinemic and normoprolaetinemic women. In: MacLeod RM, Thorner MO, Scapagnini U (Hrsg) Prolactin. Basic and clinical correlates. Liviana, Padova, pp 773–778

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohnet HG, Greiwe M, Hanker JP, Aragona C, Schneider HPG (1978) Effects of cimetidine on prolactin, LH and sex steroid secretion in male and female volunteers. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 88: 428–434

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bohnet HG, Fischer R, Weise HC, Leidenberger FA (1984) Die diagnostische Wertigkeit eines Prolaktin-Stimulationstestes bei infertilen Frauen mit Galaktorrhoe. Fortschr Med 102: 394–396

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boulanger CM, Mashchak CA, Chang RJ (1985) Lack of tumor reduction in hyperprolactinemic women with extrasellar macroadenomas treated with bromocriptine. Fertil Steril 44: 532–535

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canfield CJ, Bates RW (1965) Nonpuerperal galactorrhea. New Engl J Med 273: 897–902

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson HE, Wasser HL, Levin SR, Wilkins JN (1983) Prolactin stimulation by meals is related to protein content. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 57: 334–338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson HE, Wasser HL, Reidelberger RD (1985) Beer-induced prolactin secretion: A clinical and laboratory study of the role of salsolinol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60: 673–677

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cetel NS, Quigley ME, Yen SSC (1985) Naloxone-induced prolactin secretion in women: Evidence against a direct prolactin stimulatory effect of endogenous opiods. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60:191–196

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chadwick A (1963) Detection and assay of prolactin by the local lactogenic response in the rabbit. J Endocrinol 27: 253–263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiodini P, Liuzzi A, Cozzi R et al (1981) Size reduction of macroprolactinomas by bromocriptine or lisuride treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53: 737–743

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Czernichow P, Dauzet MC, Broyer M, Rappaport R (1976) Abnormal TSH, PRL and GH response to TSH releasing factor in chronic renal failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 43: 630–637

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dericks-Tan JSE, Eberlein L, Streb C, Taubert HD (1978) The effect of oral contraceptives and of bromocriptine upon pituitary stimulation by LH-RH and TRH. Contraception 17: 79–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dericks-Tan JSE, Jost A, Schwedes U, Taubert HD (1984) Pseudohypergonadotropinemia and pseudohyperprolactinemia induced by heterophilic antibodies? Klin Wochenschr 62: 265–273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Djursing H, Hagen C, Møller J, Christiansen C (1981) Short- and long-term fluctuations in plasma prolactin concentration in normal subjects. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 97:1–6

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esiri MM, Bevan JS, Burke CW, Adams CBT (1986) Effect of bromocriptine treatment on the fibrous tissue content of prolactin-secreting and nonfunctioning macroadenomas of the pituitary gland. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 63: 383–388

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrari C, Caldara R, Barbieri C, Cambielli M, Bierti L, Romussi M (1979) Prolactin release by intravenous cimetidine in man: Evidence for a suprapituitary locus of action. Clin Endocrinol (0x0 11: 619–623

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finley BE, Amico J, Castillo M, Seitchik RN & J (1986) Oxytocin and prolactin responses associated with nipple stimulation contraction stress tests. Obstet Gynecol 67: 836–839

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldhaber G, Zuckerman Z, Shani J, Cohen JJ (1977) Effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on serum prolactin levels in men with azoospermia. J Reprod Fertil 49:135–137

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez-Villapando C, Szabo M, Frohman LA (1980) Central nervous system-mediated stimulation of prolactin secretion by cimetidine, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist: impaired responsiveness in patients with prolactin secreting tumors and idiopathic hyperprolactinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51:1417–1424

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • L’Hermite M, Debusschere PM (1982) Potent 48 hours inhibition of prolactin secretion by pergolide in hyperprolactinaemic women. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 101: 481–483

    Google Scholar 

  • Holdaway IM, Evans MC, Sheehan A, Ibbertson HK (1984) Low thyroxine levels in some hyperprolactinemic patients due to dopaminergic suppression of thyrotropin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 59: 608–613

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang P, Guyda H, Friesen H (1971) A radioimmunoassay for human prolactin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 68:1902–1906

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishizuka B, Quigley ME, Yen SSC (1983) Pituitary hormone release in response to food ingestion: evidence for neuroendocrine signals from gut to brain. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 57:1111–1116

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson RD, Wortsman J, Malarkey WB (1985) Characterization of a large molecular weight prolactin in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and normal menses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61: 258–264

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs LS, Snyder PJ, Utiger RD, Daughaday WH (1973) Prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in normal subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 36:1069–1073

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeske W (1979) The effect of metoclopramide, TRH and 1-dopa on prolactin secretion in pituitary adenoma and in „functional“ galactorrhoea syndrome. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 91: 385–396

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaji H, Chihara K, Kita T, Kashio Y, Okimura Y, Fujita T (1985) Lack of plasma prolactin response to intravenously injected vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in patients with prolactin- secreting adenoma. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 110: 445–450

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kauppila A, Chatelain P, Kirkinen P, Kivinen S, Ruokonen A (1987) Isolated prolactin deficiency in a woman with puerperal alactogenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64: 309–312

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinberg DL, Frantz AG (1971) Human prolactin. Measurement in plasma by in vitro bioassay. J Clin Invest 50:1557–1568

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kletzky OA, Davajan V, Mishell DR, Nicoloff JT, Mims R, March CM, Nakamura RM (1977) A sequential pituitary stimulation test in normal subjects and in patients with amenorrhea-galac- torrhea with pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 45: 631–640

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolodny RC, Jacobs LS, Daughaday WH (1972) Mammary stimulation causes prolactin secretion in non-lactating women. Nature 238: 284–286

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langer G, Sachar EJ, Halpern FS, Gruen PH, Solomon M (1977) The prolactin response to neuroleptic drugs. A test of dopaminergic blockade: Neuroendocrine studies in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 45: 996–1002

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lankford HV, Blackard WG, Gardner DF, Tucker HStG (1981) Effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and metoclopramide in patients with phenothiazine-induced hyperprolactinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53:109–112

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leblanc H, Yen SSC (1976) The effect of L-dopa and chlorpromazine on prolactin and growth hormone secretion in normal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 126:162–164

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leblanc H, Lachelin GCL, Abu-Fadil S, Yen SSC (1976) Effects of dopamine infusion on pituitary hormone secretion in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 43: 668–674

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim VS, Kathpalia SC, Frohman LA (1979) Hyperprolactinemia and impaired pituitary response to suppression and stimulation in chronic renal failure: reversal after transplantation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 48:101–107

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maatman TJ, Montague DK (1986) Routine endocrine screening in impotence. Urology 27: 499–502

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marinis L de, Mancini A, Maira G, Anile C, Menini E, Barbarino A (1984) Postoperative evaluation of dopaminergic tone in prolactinoma patients. II. Plasma thyrotropin response to metoclopramide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 58: 405–409

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin RH (1983) Metoclopramide challenge: A measure of human lactotroph activity. Obstet Gynecol 62: 691–695

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin TM, Kim M, Malarkey WB (1985) The natural history of idiopathic hyperprolactinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60: 855–858

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Campos A, Cornejo J, Garzia-Flores J, Velasco F (1985) Dysfunction of dopaminergic regulation of prolactin in patients with functioning and nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas and craniopharyngiomas. Fertil Steril 44: 471–477

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maslar IA, Riddick DH (1979) Prolactin production by human endometrium during the normal menstrual cycle. Am J Obstet Gynecol 135: 751–754

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsushita H, Matsuya S, Endo Y, Hara M, Shishiba Y, Yamaguchi H, Kameya T (1984) A prolactin producing tumor originated in the sphenoid sinus. Acta Pathol Jpn 34:103–109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mills DE, Robertshaw D (1981) Response of plasma prolactin to changes in ambient temperature and humidity in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52: 279–283

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moshang T, Marx BS, Cara JF, Snyder PJ (1985) The prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone does not distinguish teenaged males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism from those with constitutional delay of growth and development. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61: 1211–1213

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nicoll CS (1967) Bioassay of prolactin. Analysis of the pigeon crop sac response to local prolactin injection by an objective and quantitative method. Endocrinology 80: 641–655

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noel GL, Suh HK, Frantz AG (1974) Prolactin release during nursing and breast stimulation in postpartum and nonpostpartum subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 38: 413–423

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osterman PO, Wide L (1975) The plasma prolactin levels in man during prolongation of darkness in the morning. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 78: 675–682

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters F, Geisthövel F, Breckwoldt M (1985) Serum prolactin levels in women with excessive milk production. Normalization by transitory prolactin inhibition. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 109: 463–466

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pierrepoint CG, John BM, Groom GV, Wilson DW, Gow JG (1978) Prolactin and testosterone levels in the plasma of fertile and infertile men. J Endocrinol 76:171–172

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pontiroli AE, Gala RR, Pellicciotta G, De Pasqua A, Girardi AM, Pozza G (1979) Study on the reproducibility of human prolactin response to sulpiride, benserazide, insulin hypoglycaemia and arginine infusion. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 91: 410–420

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poretsky L, Gaber J, Kleefleld J (1986) Primary amenorrhea and pseudoprolactinoma in a patient with primary hypothyroidsm. Reversal of clinical, biochemical, and radiologic abnormalities with levothyroxine. Am J Med 81:180–182

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rigg LA, Yen SSC (1977) Multiphasic prolactin secretion during parturition in human subjects. Am J Obstet Gynecol 128: 215–217

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Puyol D, Martin-Oar JE, Cachofeiro V, Del Pino D, Lopez-Novoa JM, Hernando L (1986) Molecular heterogeneity of circulating prolactin in chronic uremic men and renal transplant recipient. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62: 352–356

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Röjdmark S, Adner N, Andersson DEH, Austern J, Lamminpää K (1984) Prolactin and thyrotropin responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone and metoclopramide in men with chronic alcoholism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 59: 595–600

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rutlin E, Haug E, Torjesen PA (1977) Serum thyrotrophin, prolactin and growth hormone, response to TRH during oestrogen treatment. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 84: 23–35

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlechte JA, Sherman BM, Chapler FK, VanGilder J (1986) Long term follow-up of women with surgically treated prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62:1296–1301

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seki K, Uesato T, Kato K (1982) Effects of a dopamine antagonist (metoclopramide) on the release of the adenohypophyseal hormones in amenorrhoeic patients with and without hyper- prolactinaemia. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 101:166–170

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seki K, Kato K (1985) Increased thyroid-stimulating hormone response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in hyperprolactinemic women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61:1138–1141, 1985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seki K, Uesato T, Kato K, Shima K (1984) Twenty-four hour secretory pattern of prolactin in hyperprolactinaemic patients. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 106: 433–436

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Serri O, Kuchel O, Buu NT, Somma M (1983) Differential effects of a low dose dopamine infusion on prolactin secretion in normal and hyperprolactinemic subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 56: 255–259

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shenker Y, Lloyd RV, Wheaterbee L, Port FK, Grekin RJ, Barkan AL (1986) Ectopic prolactinoma in a patient with hyperparathyroidism and abnormal sellar radiography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62:1065–1069

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiu RPC, Kelly PA, Friesen HG (1973) Radioreceptor assay for prolactin and other lactogenic hormones. Science 180: 968–971

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smythe GA, Compton PJ, Lazarus L (1975) The stimulation of human prolactin secretion by 3-iodo-l-tyrosine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 40: 714–716

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder PJ, Jacobs LS, Utiger RD, Daughaday WH (1973) Thyroid hormone inhibition of the prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone. J Clin Invest 52: 2324–2329

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spitz IM, Hirsch HJ, Trestian S (1983) The prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone differentiates isolated gonadotropin deficiency from delayed puberty. N Engl J Med 308: 575–579

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka T, Shiu RPC, Gout PW, Beer CT, Noble RL, Friesen HG (1980) A new sensitive and specific bioassay for lactogenic hormones: Measurement of prolactin and growth hormone in human serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51:1058–1063

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thorner MO, Schran HF, Evans WS, Rogol AD, Morris JL, Macleod RM (1980) A broad spectrum of prolactin suppression by bromocriptine in hyperprolactinemic women: a study of serum prolactin and bromocriptine levels after acute and chronic administration of bromocriptine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 50:1026–1033

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turkington RW (1971a) Ectopic productin of prolactin. N Engl J Med 285:1455–1458

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turkington RW (1971 b) Measurement of prolactin activity in human serum by the induction of specific milkproteins in mammary gland in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 33: 210–216

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tyson JE, Friesen HG (1973) Factors influencing the secretion of human prolactin and growth hormone in menstrual and gestational women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 116: 377–387

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tyson JE, Perez A, Zanartu J (1976) Human lactational response to oral thyrotropin releasing hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 43: 760–768

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weitzman RE, Leake RD, Rubin RT, Fisher DA (1980) The effect of nursing on neurohypophyseal hormone and prolactin secretion in human subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51: 836–839

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiebe RH, Hammond CB, Handwerger S (1978) Prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenoma: detection and evaluation. Fertil Steril 29: 282–286

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitaker MD, Klee GG, Kao PC, Randall RV, Heser DW (1984) Demonstration of biological activity of prolactin molecular weight variants in human sera. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 58: 826–830

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. J. S. E. Dericks-Tan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Abteilung für gynäkologische Endokrinologie, Zentrum für Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 6000, Frankfurt/Main 70, Germany

    Ortrun Jürgensen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dericks-Tan, J.S.E. (1988). Diagnose der Hyperprolaktinämie Basiswerte und Funktionstests unter physiologischen und pathologischen Bedingungen. In: Jürgensen, O. (eds) Hyperprolaktinämie — Prolaktinome. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73609-4_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73609-4_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-19177-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-73609-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation