Skip to main content

Plasma Levels of Catecholamines and Dopamine-β-Hydroxylase

  • Chapter
Catecholamines II

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 90 / 2))

Abstract

Shortly after Euler (1948) demonstrated that noradrenaline was the catecholamine present in mammalian sympathetic nerves, Peart (1949) showed that sympathetic nerve stimulation evoked release of this catecholamine into the effluent blood from a perfused bovine spleen. At that time, biological assays were used to assay the catecholamines present in extracts or in perfusates (Gaddum 1959), but generally these methods were inadequante for routine assay of levels of catecholamines normally found in plasma. It was not until the development of biochemical methods for assay that alterations in levels of human plasma catecholamines could be examined.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Äberg HE, Hansson HE, Wetterberg L, Ross SB, Forgen O (1974a) Dopamine-hydroxylase in human lymph. Life Sci 14: 65–71

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Äberg H, Wetterberg L, Ross SB, et al (1974 b) DopamineS-hydroxylase in hypertension. Acta Med Seand 196: 17–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Adler-Graschinsky E, Langer SZ (1975) Possible Role of a β-adrenoceptor in the regulation of noradrenaline release by nerve stimulation through a positive feedback mechanism. Brit J Pharmacol 53: 43–50

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Algate DR, Leach GDH (1978) Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase release following acute selective sympathetic nerve stimulation of the heart, spleen and mesentery. J Pharm Pharmacol 30: 162–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anavekar SN, Louis WJ, Morgan TO, Doyle AE and Johnston CI (1975) The relationship of plasma levels of pindolol in hypertensive patients to effects on blood pressure, plasma renin and plasma noradrenaline levels. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2: 203–212

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andren L, Hansson L, Björkman M, Jonsson A, Borg KO (1979) Hemodynamic and hormonal changes induced by noise. Acta Med Scand (Suppl) 625: 13–8

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anton AH, Sayre DF (1962) A study of the factors affecting the aluminum oxide-trihy-droxyindole procedure for the analysis of catecholamines. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 138: 360–374

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnaiz JM, Garcia AG, Horga JF, and Kirpekar SM (1978) Tissue and plasma cate-cholamines and dopamines-hydroxylase activity of various animal species after neurogenic sympathetic stimulation differences. J Physiol (London) 285: 515–529

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnaiz JM, Garcia AG, Horga JF, Pascual R, Sanchez-Garcia P (1980) Origin of guinea-pig plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase. Br J Pharmacol 69: 41–48

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Artal R, Glatz TH, Lam R, Nathanielsz PW, Hobel CJ (1979) The effect of acute maternal hemorrhage on the release of catecholamines in the pregnant ewe and the fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 135: 818–822

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aunis D, Miras-Portugal MT, Coquillat G, Warter JM, Mandel P (1976) Plasma dopamines-hydroxylase in a noradrenaline secreting pheochromocytoma. Clin Chim Acta 70: 455–458

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avakian EV, Horvath SM (1980) Plasma catecholamine responses to tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition and cold exposure. Life Sci 26: 1691–1696

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Axelrod J (1972) DopamineS-hydroxylase: regulation of its synthesis and release from nerve terminals. Pharmacol Rev 23: 233–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes P, Fitzgerald G, Brown M, Dollery C (1980) Nocturnal asthma and changes in circulating epinephrine, histamine, and Cortisol. N. Engl J Med 303: 263–267

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes RF, Raskind M, Gumbrecht G, Halter JB (1982) The effects of age on the plasma catecholamine response to mental stress in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54: 64–69

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Behrens WA, Depocas F (1975) Dopamines-hydroxylase in rat serum and lymph: changes with age and effect of cold exposure. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 53: 1080–1088

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Behrens WA, Lacelle S, Depocas F (1979) Blood dopamineS-hydroxylase activity and noradrenaline levels in the developing white rat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 57: 380–384

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benedict CR, Grahame-Smith DG (1978) Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations and dopamineS-hydroxylase activity in patients with shock due to septicaemia, trauma and hemorrhage. QJ Med N Ser 185: 1–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Benedict CR, Pickering TG, Raine AEG (1977) Acute and long-term effects of x-adrenergic blockade on blood pressure and sympathetic activity in man. J Physiol (Lond) 271: 35–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Benedict CR, Fillenz M, Stanford C (1978) Changes in plasma noradrenaline concentration as a measure of release rate. Br J Pharmacol 64: 305–309

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benedict CR, Fillenz M, Stanford C (1979) Noradrenaline release in rats during pro­longed cold-stress and repeated swim-stress. Br J Pharmacol 66: 521–524

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Jonathan N, Porter JC (1976) A sensitive radioenzymatic assay for dopamine, nor­epinephrine and epinephrine in plasma and tissue. Endocrinology 98: 1497–1507

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berkowitz BA, Head RJ (1978) Adrenal origin of plasma catecholamines after decapitation: a study in normal and diabetic rats. Br J Pharmacol 64: 3–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berkowitz BA, Head R, John, T, Hempstead J (1980) Experimental diabetes: alterations in circulating dopamines-hydroxylase and norepinephrine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 213: 18–23

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertel O, Buhler ER, Kiowski W, Lutold BE, Fritz R (1980) Decreased beta-adrenoceptor responsiveness as related to age, blood pressure, and plasma catecholamines in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 2: 130–138

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertel O, Buhler FR, Baitsch G, Ritz R, Burkart F (1982) Plasma adrenaline and nor­adrenaline in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Relationship to ventricular arrythmias of varying severity. Chest 82: 64–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Bevan JA (1977) Some functional consequences of variation in adrenergic synaptic cleft width and in nerve density and distribution. Fed Proc 36: 2439–2443

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolli G, Cartechini MG, Compagnucci P, Malvicini S, De Feo P, Santeusanio F, Angeletti G, Brunetti P (1979) Effect of metabolic control on urinary excretion and plasma levels of catecholamines in diabetics. Horm Metab Res 11: 493–497

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonelli J, Hornagel H, Burcke T, Magometschnigg D, Lochs H, Kaik G (1979) Effect of calculation stress on hemodynamics and plasma catecholamines before and after β-blockage with propranolol (inderal) and mepindolol sulfate ( Corindolan ). Eur J Clin Pharmacol 15: 1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandsborg OK, Brandsborg M, Lovgren NA, Christensen NJ (1978) Increased plasma noradrenaline and serum gastrin in patients with duodenal ulcer. Eur J Clin Invest 8: 11–14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braunwald E, Harrison DC, Chidsey CA (1964) The heart as an endocrine organ. Am J Med 36: 1–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bravo EL, Tarazi RC, Gifford RW, Stewart BH (1979) Circulating and urinary cate­cholamines in pheochromocytoma: diagnostic and pathophysiologic implications. N Engl J Med 301: 682–686

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brecht HM, Ernst W, Koch K (1975) Plasma norepinephrine concentrations in regular hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 8: 124

    Google Scholar 

  • Brecht HM, Banthien F, Schoeppe W (1976) Decrease in plasma noradrenaline levels following long-term treatment with pindolol in patients with essential hypertension. Klin Wschr 54: 1095–1105

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breggin PR (1964) The psychophysiology of anxiety. J Nerv Ment Dis 139: 558–568

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brewster MA, Berry DH (1979) Serial studies of serum dopamines-hydroxylase and urinary vanillylmandelic and homovanillic acids in neuroblastoma. Med Pediatr Oncol 6: 93–99

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brick I, Hutchison KJ, Roddie IC (1967) Inactivation of circulating catecholamines in the human forearm. Proc Physiol Soc 190: 25–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Britton BJ, Irving MH, Wood WG (1977) Effects of adrenoceptor blockade on plasma catecholamine levels during adrenaline infusion in sheep. Br J Pharmac 59: 3–10

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown M, Tache Y, Fisher D (1979) Central nervous system action of bombesin: mechanism to induce hyperglycemia. Endocrinology 105: 660–665

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biihler HU, Da Prada M, Haefely W, Picotti GB (1978) Plasma adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine in man and different animal species. J Physiol (Lond) 276: 311–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Buu NT, Kuchel O (1977) A new method for the hydrolysis of conjugated catecholamines. J Lab Clin Med 90: 680–685

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Callingham BA (1975) Catecholamines in blood. In: Blaschko H, Sayers G, Smith AE (eds): Adrenal Gland. Am Physiol Soc Washington DC pp 427–445 (Handbook of Physiology, Section 7, Endocrinology. Vol 6 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Callingham BA, Barrand MA (1976) Catecholamines in blood. J Pharm Pharmacol 28: 356–360

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon WB (1929) Organization for physiological homeostasis. Physiol Rev 9: 399–431

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannon WB, Rosenbluth A (1937) Autonomic Neuroeffector Systems. Macmillan, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson LD (1966) The Role of catecholamines in cold adaptation. Pharmacol Rev 18: 291–301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carriere S, Cardinal J, Legrimellec C (1979) Carotid sinus reflex and norepinephrine release following acute volume depletion in dogs. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 57: 681–687

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Catravas JD, Gillis CN (1980) Pulmonary Clearance of (14C)-5-hydroxytryptamine and (3H)norepinephrine in vivo: effects of pretreatment with imipramine or cocaine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 312: 120–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Caviezel F, Picotti GB, Margonato A, Slaviero G, Galva MD, Camagna P, Bondiolotti GP

    Google Scholar 

  • Carruba MO, Pozza G (1982) Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations in diabetic patients with and without autonomic neuropathy at rest. Diabetologia 23: 19–23

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang PC, van Brummelen P, Vermeij P, and van der Krogt JA (1985) Neuronal and extraneuronal uptake of norepinephrine in the human forearm. J Hypertens 3: S141–S143

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chidsey CA, Harrison DC, and Braunwald E (1962) Augmentation of the plasma nor­epinephrine response to exercise in patients with congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 267: 650–654

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiueh CC, Kopin IJ (1978 a) Hyper-responsivity of spontaneously hypertensive rat to indirect measurement of blood pressure. Am J Physiol 3: H690–H695

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiueh CC, Kopin IJ (1978 b) Centrally mediated release by cocaine of endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine from the sympatho-adrenal medullary system of un- anesthesized rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 205: 148–154

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen NJ(1972a) Increased levels of plasma noradrenaline in hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 35:359–363

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen NJ (1972 b) Plasma catecholamine in long-term diabetes with and without neuropathy in hyophysectomized subjects. J Clin Invest 51:779–787

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen NJ (1973) Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline in patients with thyrotox­icosis and myxoedma. Clin Sci Mol Med 42: 163–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen NJ (1974 a) Hypoadrenalinemia during insulin hypoglycemia in children with ketotic hypoglycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 38:107–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen NJ (1974 b) Plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine in untreated diabetes, during fasting and after insulin administration. Diabetes 23:18–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen NJ (1979) Catecholamines and diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 16: 211–224

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen NJ (1982) Sympathetic nervous activity and age. Eur J Clin Invest 12: 91–92

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen NJ, Brandsborg O (1973) The relationship between plasma catecholamine concentration and pulse rate during exercise and standing. Eur J Clin Invest 3: 299–306

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen NJ, Videback J (1974) Plasma catecholamines and carbohydrate metabolism in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Clin Invest 54: 278–286

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen NJ, Mathias CJ, Frankel HL (1976) Plasma and urinary dopamine: studies during fasting and exercise and in tetraplegic man. Eur J Clin Invest 6: 403–409

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen NJ, Trap-Jensen J, Svendsen TL, Rasmussen S, and Neilsen PE (1978) Effect of labetalol on plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline in hypertensive man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 14: 227–230

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen NJ, Brandsborg O, Lovgreen NA, Brandsborg M (1979 a) Elevated plasma noradrenaline concentrations in duodenal ulcer patients are not normalized by va­gotomy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 49: 331–334

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen NJ, Galbo H, Hansen JF, Hesse B, Richter EA, Trap-Jensen J (1979 b) Catecholamines and exercise. Diabetes 28, Suppl No 1, 58–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Clutter WE, Bier DM, Shah SD, Cryer PE (1980) Epinephrine plasma metabolic clearance rates and physiologic thresholds for metabolic and hemodynamic actions in man. J Clin Invest 66: 94–101

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cody RJ, Franklin KW, Kluger J, Laragh JH (1982) Sympathetic responsiveness and plasma norepinephrine during therapy of chronic congestive heart failure with captopril. Am J Med 72 (5): 791–797

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen G, Goldenberg M (1957) The simultaneous fluorimetric determintion of adrenaline and noradrenaline in plasma. II Peripheral venous plasma concentrations in normal subjects and in patients with pheochromocytoma. J Neurochem 2: 71–80

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen G, Holland B, Sha J, and Goldenberg M (1959) Plasma concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine during intravenous infusions in man. J Clin Invest 38: 1935–1941

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman M, Campbell M, Freedman LS, et al (1974) Serum dopamines-hydroxylase levels in Down’s syndrome. Clin Genet 5: 312–315

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooksey JD, Reilly P, Brown S, Bomze H, and Cryer PE (1978) Exercise training and plasma catecholamines in patients with ischemic heart disease. Am J Cardiol 42: 372–376

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corea L, Miele N, Bentivoglio M, Boschetti E, Agabitiro Sci E, and Muiesan G (1979) Actute and chronic effects of nifedipine on plasma renin activity and plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline in controls and hypertensive patients. Clin Sci 57: 115s–117s

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corr PB, Gillis RA (1978) Autonomic neural influences on the dysrhythmias resulting from myocardial infarction. Cir Res 43: 1–9

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coulombe, Dussault JH, Walker P (1976) Plasma catecholamine concentrations in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Metabolism 25: 973–979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cousineau D, Dechamplain J, and Lapointe L (1978) Circulating catecholamines and systolic time intervals in labile and sustained hypertension. Clin Sci Mol Med 55: 65s–68s

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cryer PE, Weiss S (1976) Reduced plasma norepinephrine response to standing in autonomic dysfunction. Arch Neurol 33: 275–277

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cryer PE, Santiago JV, Shah SD (1974) Measurement of norepinephrine in small volumes of human plasma by a single isotope derivative method: response to the upright posture. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39: 1025–1029

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cryer PE, Haymond MW, Santiago JV, Shah SD (1976) Norepinephrine and epinephrine release and adrenergic mediation of smoking associated hemodynamic and metabolic events. N Engl J Med 295–573

    Google Scholar 

  • Cryer PE, Silverberg AB, Santiago JV, Shah SD (1978) Plasma catecholamines in diabetes. The syndromes of hypoadrenergic and hyperadrenergic postural hypotension. Am J Med 64: 407–416

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cryer PE, Rizza RA, Hammond MW, and Gerich JE (1980) Epinephrine and norepinephrine are cleared through β-adrenergic but not ocadrenergic mechanisms in man. Metabolism 30: 1114–1118

    Google Scholar 

  • Cubeddu LX, Santiago E, Talmaciu R, Pina Di G (1977) Adrenal origin of the increase in plasma dopamine β-hydroxylase and catecholamines induced by hemorrhagic hypotension in dogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 203: 587–597

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cubeddu LX, Barbella YR, Marrero A, Trifaro J, Israel AS (1979) Circulating pool and adrenal soluble content of dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), in rats, guinea pigs, dogs and humans: their Role in determining acute stress-induced changes in plasma enzyme levels. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 211: 271–279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dancis J, Smith AA (1966) Familial dysautonomia. N Engl J Med 274: 207–209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Da Prada M, Zürcher G (1976) Simultaneous radio-enzymatic determination of plasma and tissue adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine within the femtomole range. Life Sci 19: 1161–1174

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies RA, Patt NL, Sole MJ (1979) Localization of pheochromocytoma by selective venous catheterization and assay of plasma catecholamines. J Canadian Med Assoc J 120: 539–542

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dean CR, Maling T, Dargie HJ, Reid JL, and Dollery CT (1980) Effect of propranolol on plasma norepinephrine during sodium nitroprusside-induced hypotension. Clin Pharmacol Ther 27: 156–164

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Defronzo RA, Hendler R, Christensen N (1980) Stimulation of counterregulatory hormonal responses in diabetic man by a fall in glucose concentration. Diabetes 29: 125–131

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De La Vega CE, Slater S, Ziegler MG, Lake CR, and Murphy DL (1977) Reduction in plasma norepinephrine during fenfluramine treatment. Clin Pharmacol Ther 21: 216–221

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Leeuw PW, Falke HE, Kho TL, Vandongen R, Wester A, Birkenhager WH (1977) Effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on diurnal variability of blood pressure and plasma noradrenaline levels. Act Med Scand 202: 389–392

    Google Scholar 

  • Depocas F, Behrens WA, Foster DO (1978) Noradrenaline-induced calorigenesis in warm- and in cold-acclimated rats: the interrelation of dose of noradrenaline, its concentration in arterial plasma, and calorigenic response. Can J Physiol Pharma­col 56: 168–174

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deturk KH, Vogel WH (1980) Factors influencing plasma catecholamine levels in rats during immobilization. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 13: 129–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimsdale JE, Moss J (1980) Plasma catecholamines in stress and exercise. JAMA 243: 340–342

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dirocco RJ, Grill HJ (1979) The forebrain is not essential for sympathoadrenal hyper­glycemic response to glucoprivation. Science 204: 1112–1113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Distler A, Keim HJ, Cordes U, Philipp T, Wolff HP (1978) Sympathetic responsiveness and antihypertensive effect of beta-receptor blockade in essential hypertension. Am J Med 64: 446–451

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doxey JC, Everitt J (1977) Inhibitory effects of Clonidine on responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation in the pithed rat. Br J Pharmacol 61: 559–566

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dubb JW, Stote RM, Alexander F, Intoccia AP, Geczy M, Pendleton RG (1979) Studies with a PNMT inhibitor. Clin Pharmacol Ther 25: 837–843

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunnette J, Weinshilboum R (1976) Human serum dopamines-hydroxylase: correlation of enzymatic activity with immunoreactive protein in genetically defined samples. Am J Hum Genet 28: 155–166

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunnette J, Weinshilboum R (1977) Inheritance of low immunoreactive human plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase: radioimmunoassay studies. J Clin Invest 60: 1080–1087

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrhardt JD, Schwartz J (1978) A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay of human plasma catecholamines. Clin Chim Act 88: 71–79

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eliot RJ, Lam R, Leake RD, Hobel CJ, Fisher DA (1980) Plasma catecholamine concentrations in infants at birth and during the first 48 hours of life. J Pediatr 96: 311–315

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Endert E (1979) Determination of noradrenaline and adrenaline in plasma by a radio-enzymatic assay using high pressure liquid chromatography for the separation of the radiochemical products. Clin Chem Acta 96: 233–239

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engelman K (1977) Phaeochromocytoma. Clin Endocrinol Metab 6: 769–797

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engelman K, Portnoy B (1970) Sensitive double-isotope derivative assay for norepinephrine and epinephrine. Circ Res 26: 53–57

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esler M, Jackman G, Bobik A, Kelleher D, Jennings G, Leonard P, Skews H, Korner P (1979) Determination of norepinephrine apparent release rate and clearance in humans. Life Sci 25: 1461–1470

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esler M, Jackman G, Kellerher D, Skews H, Jennings G, Bobik A, Korner P (1980) Norepinephrine kinetics in patients with idiopathic autonomic insufficiency. Circ Res 46:1–47–1–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Esler M, Jackman G, Leonard P, Skews H, Bobik A, Korner P (1981) Effect of norepi­nephrine uptake blockers on norepinephrine kinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 29:No 1, 12–10

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esler M, Leonard P, O’Dea K, Jackman G, Jennings G, and Korner P (1982) Biochemical quantification of sympathetic nervous activity in humans using radiotracer methodology: fallibility of plasma noradrenaline measurements. J Cardiovascular Pharmacol 4: S152–S157

    Google Scholar 

  • Esler M, Jennings G, Leonard P, Sacharias N, Burke F, Johns J, Blombery P (1984) Contribution of individual organs to total noradrenaline release in humans. Acta Physiol Scand, Suppl 527: 11–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Euler, US von (1948) Identification of the sympathomimetic ergone in adrenergic nerves of cattle (sympathin N) with laevo-noradrenaline. Acta Physiol Scan 16: 63–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Euler US, von (1959) The development and applications of the trihydroxyindole method for catecholamine. Pharmacol Rev 11: 262–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Euler US von, Gemzell CA, Strom G, Westman A (1955) Report of a case of phaeo­chromocytoma, with special regard to preoperative diagnostic problems. Acta Med Scand 153: 127–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans MI, Halter JB, Porte D (1978) Comparison of double- and single-isotope enzymatic derivative methods for measuring catecholamines in human plasma. Clin Chem 24: 657–670

    Google Scholar 

  • Falkner B, Onseti G, Angelakos ET, Fernandes M, Langman C (1979) Cardiovascular response to mental stress in normal adolescents with hypertensive parents. Hypertension 1: 23–30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farnebo LO, Hallman H, Hamberger B, Jonsson G (1979) Catecholamines and hemorrhagic shock in awake and anesthetized rats. Cir Shock 6: 109–118

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher DA, Brown MR (1980) Somatostatin analog: plasma catecholamine suppression mediated by the central nervous system. Endocrinol 107: 714–718

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald GA, Hossmann V, Hamilton CA, Reid JL, Davies DS, Dollery CT (1979) Interindividual variation in kinetics of infused epinephrine. Clin Pharmacol Therap 26: 669–674

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Folkow B (1975) Relationship between physical vascular properties and smooth muscle function; its importance for vascular control and reactivity. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2: 55–61

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Folkow B, Hallback M, Lundgren Y, Weiss L (1970) Background of increased flow resistance and vascular reactivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Acta Physiol Scand 80: 93–106

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franco-Morselli R, Elghozi JL, Joly E, Di Giuilio S, Meyer P (1977) Increased plasma adrenaline concentrations in benign essential hypertension. Brit Med J 2: 1251–1254

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franco-Morselli R, Baudouin-Legros M, Meyer P (1978) Plasma adrenaline and nora­drenaline in essential hypertension and after longterm treatment with β-adrenoreceptor-blocking agents. Clin Sci Mol Med 55: 97s–100s

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franz IW, Lohmann FW, Koch G (1980) Differential effects of longterm cardioselective and nonselective beta-receptor blockade on plasma catecholamines during and after physical exercise in hypertensive patients. J. Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2: 35–44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fredholm BB, Farnebo LO, Hamberger B (1979) Plasma catecholamines, cyclic AMP and metabolic substrates in hemorrhagic shock of the rat. The effect of adrenal de- medullation and 6-OH-dopamine treatment. Acta Physiol Scand 105: 481–495

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman LS, Ohuchi T, Goldstein M, Axelrod F, Fish I, Dancis J (1972) Changes in serum dopamine-β-hydroxylase with age. Nature (Lond.) 236: 310–311

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman LS, Ebstein RP, Goldstein M, Axelrod FB, Dancis J (1975) Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in familial dysautonomia. J Lab Clin Med 85: 1008–1010

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frewin DB, Downey JA, Levitt M (1973) The effect of heat, cold, and exercise on plasma dopamines-hydroxylase activity in man. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 51: 986–989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaddum JH (1959) Bioassay procedures. Pharmacol Rev 11: 241–249

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galbo H, Hoist JJ, Christensen NJ (1975) Glucagon and plasma catecholamine responses to graded and prolonged exercise in man. J Appl Physiol 38: 70–75

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galbo H, Richter EA, Hoist JJ, Christensen NJ (1977) Diminished hormonal responses to exercise in trained rats. J Appl Physiol 43: 953–958

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galbo H, Richter EA, Christensen NJ, Hoist JJ (1978) Sympathetic control of metabolic and hormonal responses to exercise in rats. Acta Physiol Scand 102: 441–449

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galbo H, Hoist JJ, Christensen NJ (1979) The effect of different diets and of insulin on the hormonal response to prolonged exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 107: 19–32

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ganguly A, Henry DP, Yune HY, Pratt IH, Grim CE, Donohue JP, Weinberger MH (1979) Diagnosis and localization of phaeochromocytoma: detection by measurement of urinary norepinephrine excretion during sleep, plasma norepinephrine concentration and computerized axial tomography ( CT-Scan ). Am J Med 67: 21–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garber AJ, Cryer PE, Santiago JV, Haymond MW, Pagliara AS, Kipnis DM (1976) The Role of adrenergic mechanisms in the substrate and hormonal response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in man. J Clin Invest 58: 7–15

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghione S, Palombo C, Pellegrini M, Fommei E, Pilo A, Donato L (1978) The kinetics of plasma noradrenaline in normal and hypertensive subjects. Clin Sci Mol Med 55: 89s–92s

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie JS, Muir TC (1967) A method of stimulating the complete sympathetic out­flow from the spinal cord to blood vessels. Br J Pharmacol 30: 78–87

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gillis CN, Green NM, Cronau LH, Hammond GL (1972) Pulmonary extraction of 5–hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine before and after cardiopulmonary bypass in man. Cir Res 30: 666–674

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gillis CN, Huxtable RJ, Roth RA (1978) Effects of monocrotaline pretreatment of rats on removal of 5–hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline by perfused lung. Br J Pharmacol 63: 435–443

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gitlow SE, Mendlowitz M, Wilk EK, Wilk S, Wolf RL, Naftchi NE (1964) Plasma clearance of dl-7–H3–norepinephrine in normal human subjects and patients with essential hypertension. J Clin Invest 43: 2009–2015

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glass DC, Karakoff LR, Contrada R, Hilton WF, Kehoe K, Mannucci EG, Collins C, Snow B, Elting E (1980) Effect of harassment and competition upon cardiovascular and plasma catecholamine responses in Type A and Type B individuals Psychophysiology 17: 453–462

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg MR, Hollister AS, Robertson D (1983) Influence of yohimbine on blood pressure, autonomic reflexes, and plasma catecholamines in humans. Hypertension 5: 772–778

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein DS, Feuerstein G, Izzo JL, Kopin IJ, and Keiser HR (1981) Validity and reliability of high pressure liquid chromotography with electrochemical detection for measuring plasma levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine in man. Life Sci 28: 467–475

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein DS, Nürnberger J JR, Simmons S, Gershon ES, Polinsky R, and Keiser HR (1982) Effects of injected sympathomimetic amines on plasma catecholamines and circulatory variables in man. Life Sci.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein DS, Horwitz D, Keiser HR, Polinsky RJ, Kopin IJ (1983) Plasma l-(3H)-nor- epinephrine, d-(14C)-norepinephrine, and d,l-(3H)-isoproterenol kinetics in essential hypertension. J Clin Invest 72: 1748–1758

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein DS, Zimlichman R, Stull R, Folio J, Levinson PD, Keiser HR, Kopin IJ (1985) Measurement of regional neuronal removal of norepinephrine in man. J Clin Invest 76: 15–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein DS, Zimlichman R, Stull R, Keiser HR, Kopin IJ (1986) Estimation of intrasynaptic norepinephrine. Hypertension 8: 471–475

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein DS, Eisenhofer G, Sax F, Keiser HR, Kopin IJ (1987) Plasma norepinephrine pharmacokinetics during mental challenge. Psychosomatic Medicine in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein M, Freedman LS, Bonnay M (1971) An assay for dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity in tissues and serum. Experientia 27: 632–633

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein M, Freedman L, Bohuon AC, Guerinot (1972) Serum dopamines-hydroxylase activity in neuroblastoma. N Engl J Med 286: 1123–1125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graf CJ, Rossi NP (1978) Catecholamine response to intracranial hypertension. J. Neurosurg. 49: 862–868

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grant C, Routh JI, Lawten W, and Witte D (1976) The effects of therapy for mild hypertension on circulating levels of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Chem. Acta 69: 333–340

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths J, Leung F (1971) The sequential estimation of plasma catecholamines and whole blood histamine in myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 82: 171–179

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grobecker H, Roizen MF, Kopin IJ (1977) Effect of tyramine and guanethidine on dopamineS-hydroxylase activity and norepinephrine concentrations, in vesicular fraction of the heart and plasma of rats. Life Sci 20: 1099–1016

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross HA, Lake CR, Ebert MH, Ziegler MG, Kopin IJ (1979) Catecholamine metabolism in primary anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 49: 805–809

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman SH, Davis D, Cunnells JC, Shand DG (1982) Plasma norepinephrine in the evaluation of baroreceptor function in humans. Hypertension 4: 566–571

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grzanna R, Coyle JT (1977) Immunochemical studies on the turnover of rat dopa­mines-hydroxylase. Mol Pharmacol 13: 956–964

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grzanna R, Coyle JT (1978) Absence of a relationship between sympathetic neuronal activity and turnover of serum dopamineS-hydroxylase. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol 304: 231–236

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gundersen HJG, Christensen NJ (1977) Intravenous insulin causing loss of intravascular water and albumin and increased adrenergic nervous activity in diabetics. Diabetes 26: 551–557

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagberg JM, Hickson RC, McLane JA, Ehsani AA, Widner WW (1979) Disappearance of norepinephrine from the circulation following strenuous exercise. J Appl Physiol 47 (6): 1311–1314

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haggendal J (1963) An improved method for fluorimetric determination of small amounts of adrenaline and noradrenaline in plasma and tissues. Acta Physiol Scand 59: 242–254

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hallman H, Farnebo LO, Hamberger B, Jonsson G (1978) A sensitive method for the determination of plasma catecholamines using liquid chromatography with electro­chemical detection. Life Sci 23: 1049–1052

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halter JB, Pflug AE, Tolas AG (1980) Arterial-venous differences of plasma catechola­mines in man. Metab 29: 9–12

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haneda T, Miura Y, Miyazawa K, Honna T, Arai T, Nakajima T, Miura T, Yoshinaga K, Takishima T (1978) Plasma norepinephrine concentration in the coronary sinus in cardiomyopathies. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 4: 399–405

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen JF, Christensen NJ, Hesse B (1978) Determinants of coronary sinus noradrenaline in patients with ischaemic heart disease: coronary sinus catecholamine concentration in relation to arterial catecholamine concentration, pulmonary artery oxyen saturation and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Cardiovasc Res 12: 415–421

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen JF, Hesse B, and Christensen NJ (1979) Enhanced sympathetic nervous activity after intravenous propranolol in ischaemic heart disease: plasma noradrenaline, splanchinic blood flow and mixed venous oxygen saturation at rest and during ex­ercise. Eur J Clin Invest 8: 31–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansson BG, Hokfelt B (1976) Long term treatment of moderate hypertension with penbutolol (Hoe 893d). II. Effect on the response of plasma catecholamines and plasma renin activity to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 9 (4): 245–251

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Head RJ, Berkowitz BA (1979) Vascular release of catecholamines. J Pharm Pharmacol 31 (4): 266–277

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heiser JF, Defrancisco D (1976) The treatment of pathological panic states with prop­ranolol. Am J Psychiatry 133: 1389–1394

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heiss G, TyRoler HA, Gunnells JC, McGuffin WL, Hames CG (1980) Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in a biracial community: demographic, cardiovascular and familiar factors. J Chronic Dis 33: 301–310

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henrich W, Katz F, Molinoff P, Schrier R (1977) Competitive effect of hypokalemia and volume depletion on plasma renin activity, aldosterone and catecholamine concentrations in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 12: 279–284

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henry DP, Starman BJ, Johnson DG, Williams RH (1975) A sensitive radioenzymatic assay for norepinephrine in tissue and plasma. Life Sci 16: 375–384

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henry DP, Luft FC, Weinberger MH, Fineberg NS, Grim CE (1980) Norepinephrine in urine and plasma following provocative maneuvers in normal and hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 2: 20–28

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hickler RB, Hamlin JT, Wells RE (1959) Plasma norepinephrine response to tilting in essential hypertension. Circulation 20: 422–426

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hickson RC, Hagberg JM, Conlee RK, Jones DA, Ehsani AA, Winder WW (1979) Effect of training on hormonal responses to exercise in competitive swimmers. Eur J Appl Physiol 41: 211–219

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hilsted J, Galbo H, Christensen NJ (1980) Impaired responses of catecholamines, growth hormone, and Cortisol to graded exercise in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes 29: 257–262

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hjemdahl P, Belfrage E, Daleskog M (1979 a) Vascular and metabolic effects of circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine concentration: concentration-effect study in dogs. J Clin Invest 64: 1221–1228

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hjemdahl P, Daleskog M, Kahan T (1979b) Determination of plasma catecholamines by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection: comparison with a radioenzymatic method. Life Sci 25: 131–138

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hjemdahl R, Freyschuss U, Juhlin-Danfelt A, Linde B (1984) Differentiated sympathetic activation during mental stress evoked by the S troop test. Acta Physiol Scand, Suppl 572: 25–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Hôkfelt B, Hedeland H, Hansson BG (1975) The effect of clonidine and penbutolol, respectively, on catecholamines in blood and urine, plasma renin activity and uri­nary aldosterone in hypertensive patients. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn 213: 307–321

    Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz D, Alexander RW, Lovenberg W, Keiser HR (1973) Human serum dopamine­s-hydroxylase. Circ Res 32: 594–599

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huttunen JK, Pispa J, Kumlin T, Mattila S, Naukkarinen V, Miettinen T (1979) Lack of correlation between serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and blood pressure in middle-aged men. Hypertension 1: 47–52

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ibsen H, Christensen NJ, Hollangel H, Leth A, Kappelgaard AM, Giese J (1980) Plasma noradrenaline concentration in hypertensive and normotensive forty-year- old individuals: relationship to plasma renin concentration. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 40: 333–339

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Irving MH, Britton BJ, Wood WG, Padgham C, Carruthers M (1974) Effects of adren­ergic blockade on plasma catecholamines in exercise. Nature 248: 531–533

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iseki F, Kuchii M, Nishio I, Masuyama Y (1979) The evaluation of plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in essential and secondary hypertension. Jpn Heart J 20: 307–320

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iversen LL, Jarrot B (1970) Modification of an enzyme radiochemical assay procedure for noradrenaline. Biochem Pharmacol 19: 1841–1844

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwasawa Y, Gillis CN (1974) Pharmacological analysis of norepinephrine and 5–hydroxy-tryptamine removal from the pulmonary circulation: differentiation of up­take sites. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 188: 386–393

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joh TH, Ross RA, Reis DJ (1974) A simple sensitive assay for dopamine-β-hydroxy-lase. Anal Chem 62: 248–25

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson DG, Hayward JS, Jacobs TP, Collis ML, Eckerson JD, Williams RH (1977) Plasma norepinephrine responses in man in cold water. J Appl Physiol Respirât Environ Exercise Physiol 43: 216–221

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones CT, Robinson RO (1975) Plasma catecholamines in foetal and adult sheep. J Physiol (Lond) 248: 15–25

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones DH, Hamilton CA, Reid JL (1978) Plasma noradrenaline, age and blood pressure: a population study. Clin Sci Mol Med 55: 73s–75s

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones DH, Allison DJ, Hamilton CA, Reid JL (1979) Selective venous sampling in the diagnosis and localization of phaeochromocytoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 10: 179–186

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones DH, Daniel J, Hamilton CA, Reid JL (1980) Plasma noradrenaline concentration in essential hypertension during long-term adrenoceptor blockade with oxprenolol. Br J Clin Pharmacol 9: 27–31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jung RT, Shetty PS, Barrand M, Callingham BA, James WPT (1979) Role of catecholamines in hypotensive response to dieting. Br Med J 1: 12–13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kadowitz PJ, Hyman AL (1973) Effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation on pulmonary vascular resistance in the dog. Cir Res 32: 221–227

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karahasanoglu AM, Tildon J J, Ozand PT, Maclaren NK (1978) Glycerol-induced changes in human serum dopamine-beta-hydoxylase activity. Biochem Pharmacol 27 (19): 2369–2371

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsberg RP, Cryer PE, Roberts R (1981) Serial plasma catecholamine response early in the course of clinical acute myocardial infarction: relationship to infarct extent and mortality. Am Heart J 102 (1): 27–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato T, Ikuta K, Nagatso T, Takahashi H (1976) Changes in dopamines-hydroxylase activity of monkey plasma with age. Experientia (Basel) 32: 834–835

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kato T, Hashimoto Y, Nagatsu T, Shinoda T, Okada T, Takeuchi T, Umezawa H (1980) 24-hour rhythm of human plasma noradrenaline and the effect of fusaric acid, a dopamines-hydroxylase inhibitor. Neuropsychobiology 6: 61–65

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kielholz P (Ed) (1977) Beta-blockers and the central nervous system. University Park Press Baltimore-London-Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim Young D, Lake CR, Lees DE, Schuette WH, Bull JM, Weise V, Kopin IJ (1979) Hemodynamic and plasma catecholamine responses to hyperthermic cancer ther­apy in humans. Am J Physiol 237: H570–H574

    Google Scholar 

  • Kissinger PT, Refshauge C, Dreiling R, Adams RN (1973) An electrochemical detector for liquid chromatography with picogram sensitivity. Anal Ltrs 6: 465–477

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klaniecki TS, Corder CN, McDonald RH, Feldman JA (1977) High-performance liquid chromatographic radioenzymatic assay for plasma catecholamines. J Lab Clin Med 90: 604–612

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi K, Miura Y, Tomioka H, Sakuma H, Adachi M, Sato T, Yoshinaga K (1978) Exocytosis plays an important Role in catecholamine secretion from human pheochromocytoma. Clin Chim Acta 85: 159–165

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobinger W (1975) Central cardiovascular actions of Clonidine. In: Central Action of Drugs in Blood Pressure Regulation. Turnbridge Well, Kent, Pitman Medical Publishing Company Ltd

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopin IJ (1979) Plasma catecholamines in human and experimental hypertension. In Meyer P, Schmitt H (eds) Nervous System and Hypertension. John Wiley and Sons New York, pp 267–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopin IJ, McCarty R, Yamaguchi I (1980 a) Plasma catecholamines in human and ex­perimental hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2: 379–394

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopin IJ, Goldstein DS, Feuerstein GZ (1980b) The sympathetic nervous system and hypertension. In Laraugh JH, Bühler FH, Seiden EW (eds) Frontiers in Hypertension Research. Springer New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopin IJ, Zukowska-Grojec Z, Bayorh MA, Goldstein DS (1984) Estimation of intrasynaptic norepinephrine concentrations at vascular neuroeffector junctions in vivo. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol 325: 298–305

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kvetnansky R, Sun CL, Lake CR, Thoa NB, Torda T, Kopin IJ (1978) Effect of handling and forced immobilization on rat plasma levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamines-hydroxylase. Endocrinology 103: 1868–1874

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kvetnansky R, McCarty R, Thoa NB, Lake CR, Kopin IJ (1979 a) Sympathoadrenal responses of spontaneously hyertensive rats to immobilization stress. Am J Physiol 236: H457–H462

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kvetnansky R, Weise VK, Thoa NB, Kopin IJ (1979b) Effects of chronic guanethidine treatment and adrenal medullectomy on plasma levels of catecholamines and corticosterone in forcibly immobilized rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 209: 287–291

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Labrosse EH, Axelrod J, Kopin IJ, Kety SS (1961) Metabolism of 7-H3-epinephrine-D-bitartrate in normal young men. J Clin Invest 40: 253–260

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lake CR, Ziegler MG (1978) Effect of acute volume alterations on norepinephrine and dopamineS-hydroxyplase in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Circulation 57: 774–778

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lake CR, Ziegler MG, Kopin IJ (1976) Use of plasma norepinephrine for evaluation of sympathetic neuronal function in man. Life Sci 18: 1315–1325

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lake CR, Ziegler MG, Coleman MD, Kopin IJ (1977 a) Age-adjusted plasma norepinephrine levels are similar in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. N. Engl J Med 296: 208–209

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lake CR, Ziegler MG, Coleman MD, Kopin IJ (1977 b) Lack of correlation of plasma norepinephrine and dopamines-hydroxylase in hypertensive and normotensive subjects. Circ Res 41: 865–869

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lake CR, Mikkelsen EJ, Rapoport JL, Zavadil AP, Kopin IJ (1979 a) Effect of imipramine on norepinephrine and blood pressure in enuretic boys. Clin Pharmacol Ther 26: 647–653

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lake CR, Ziegler MG, Coleman MD, Kopin IJ (1979 b) Hydrochlorothiazide-induced sympathetic hyperactivity in hypertensive patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 26: 428–432

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lake CR, Ziegler M, Coleman MD, Kopin IJ (1979 c) Plasma levels of norepinephrine and dopamines-hydroxylase in CRF patients treated with dialysis. Cardiovasc Med 4: 1099–1111

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawton WJ, Fitz A, Grant C, Witte DL (1979) Dopamine-betahydroxylase and plasma renin activity in patients with low-, normal-, and high-renin essential hypertension. Circulation 59: 1063–1069

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leblanc J, Cote J, Jobin M, Labrie A (1979) Plasma catecholamines and cardiovascu­lar responses to cold and mental activity. J Appl Physiol: Respirat Environ Exercise Physiol 47: 1207–1211

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leon AS, Thomas PE, Sernatinger E, Canlas A (1974) Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxy-lase activity as an index of sympathetic activity. J Clin Pharmacol 14: 354–362

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leveston SA, Shah SD, Cryer PE (1979) Cholinergic stimulation of norepinephrine release in man: evidence of a sympathetic postganglionic axonal lesion in diabetic adrenergic neuropathy. J Clin Invest 64: 374–380

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin BE, Hubschmann OR (1980) Dorsal column stimulation: effect on human cere­brospinal fluid and plasma catecholamines. Neurology (NY) 30: 65–71

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy SB, Frigon RF, Stone RA (1979) Plasma dopamines-hydroxylase activity and blood pressure variability in hypertensive man. Clin Endocrinol 11: 187–199

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis PJ, Haeusler G (1975) Reduction on sympathetic nervous activity as a mechanism for the hypotensive effect of propranolol. Nature 256: 440–441

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lilavivathana U, Brodows RG, Woolf PD, Campbell RG (1979) Counterregulatory hormonal responses to rapid glucose lowering in diabetic man. Diabetes 28: 873–877

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis WJ, Doyle AE, Anavekar SN (1975) Plasma noradrenaline concentration and blood pressure in essential hypertension, phaeochromocytoma and depression. Clin Sci Mol Med 48: 239s–242s

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovenberg W, Goodwin JR, Wallace EF (1975) Molecular properties and regulation of dopamineS-hydroxy lase. In: Neurobiological Mechanisms of Adaptation and Behavior. New York, Raven Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowenstein J (1980) Drugs five years later: clonidine. Ann Intern Med 92: 74–77

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lund A (1950) Simultaneous fluorimetric determinations of adrenaline and noradrenaline in blood. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 6: 137–146

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCall RB, Schuette MR, Humphrey SJ, Lahti RA, Barsuhn C (1983) Evidence for a central sympathoexcitatory action of alpha-2 adrenergic agonists. J Pharmacol Exp Therap 224: 501–507

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCarty R, Kopin IJ (1978 b) Changes in plasma catecholamines and behavior of rats during the anticipation footshock. Hormones Behav 11: 248–257

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCarty R, Kopin IJ (1978 c) Sympatho-adrenal medullary activity and behaviour during exposure to footshock stress: a comparison of seven rats strains. Physiol Behav 21: 567–572

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCarty R, Kopin IJ (1979) Stress-induced alterations in plasma catecholamines and behavior of rats: effects of chlorisondamine and bretylium. Behav Neurl Biol 27: 249–265

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maickel RP, Matussek N, Stern DN, and Brodie BB (1967) The sympathetic nervous system as a homeostatic mechanism. I. Absolute need for sympathetic nervous function in body temperature maintenance of cold-exposed rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 157: 103–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Maling TJB, Dollery CT, and Hamilton CA (1979) Clonidine and sympathetic activities during sleep. Clin Sci 57: 509–514

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Markianos E, Beckmann H (1976) Diurnal changes in dopamines-hydroxylase, homo vanillic acid and 3–methoxy-4–hydroxyphenylglycol in serum of man. J Neural Transm 39: 79–93

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathias CJ, Christensen NJ, Corbett JL, Phil D, Frankel HL, and Spalding JMK (1976) Plasma catecholamines during paroxysmal neurogenic hypertension in quadriplegic man. Circ Res 39: 204–208

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathias CJ, Christensen NJ, Frankel HL, and Spalding JM (1979) Cardiovascular control in recently injured tetraplegics in spinal shock. Q J Med 48 (190): 273–287

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metz SA, Halter JB, Porte D, and Robertson RP (1978) Suppression of plasma cate­cholamines and flushing by Clonidine in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 46: 83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Micalizzi ER, Pals DT (1979) Evaluation of plasma norepinephrine as an index of sympathetic neuron function in the conscious, unrestrained rat. Life Sci 24: 2071–2076

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller JZ, Luft FC, Grim CE, Henry DP, Christian JC, and Weinberger MH (1980) Genetic influences on plasma and urinary norepinephrine after volume expansion and contraction in normal men. J Clin Endorcrinol Metab 50: 219–222

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell HC, Pettinger WA (1980) The hypernoradrenergic state in vasodilator drug-treated hypertension patients: effect of Clonidine. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2: 1–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miura Y, Haneda T, Sato T, Miyazawa K, Sakuma H, Kobayashi K, Minai K, Shirato K, Honna T, Takishima T, and Toshinoga K (1976) Plasma catecholamine levels in the coronary sinus, aorta, and femoral vein of subjects undergoing cardiac catheterization at rest and during exercise. Jpn Circ J 40: 929–934

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mogensen CE, Christensen NJ, and Gunderson HJG (1980) The acute effect of insulin on heart rate, blood pressure, plasma noradrenaline and urinary albumin excretion. Diabetologia 18: 453–457

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molinoff PB, Weinshilboum R, and Axelrod J (1971) A sensitive enzymatic assay for dopamines-hydroxylase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 178: 425–431

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morganti A, Pickering TG, Lopez-Ovejero JA, and Laragh JH (1979) Contrasting effects of acute beta blockade with propranolol on plasma catecholamines and renin in essential hypertension: a possible basis for the delayed antihypertensive response. Am Heart J 98: 490–494

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller HS, Ayres SM (1980) Propranolol decreases sympathetic nervous activity reflected by plasma catecholamines during evolution of myocardial infarction in man. J Clin Invest 65: 338–346

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mullen, PE, Lightman S, Linsell C, McKeon P, Sever PS, and Todd K (1981) Rhythms of plasma noradrenaline in man. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 6 (3): 213–222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muller T, Hofschuster E, Kuss H, and Welter D (1979) A highly sensitive and precise radioenzymatic assay for plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine. J Neural Transm 45: 219–225

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mulvihill-Wilson J, Graham RM, Pettinger W, Muckleroy C, Anderson S, Gaffney FA, and Blomquvist CG (1979) Comparative effects of prazosin and phenoxybenzamine on arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and plasma catecholamines in essential hypertension. J Cardiovas Pharmacol (suppl) 1: S1–S7

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naber D, Finkbeiner C, Fischer B, Zander KJ, and Ackenheil M (1980) Effect of long-term neuRoleptic treatment of prolactin and norepinephrine levels in serum of chronic schizophrenics: relations to psychopathology and extrapyramidal symptoms. Neuropsychobiology 6: 181–189

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nadeau RA, De Champlain J (1979) Plasma catecholamines in acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 98: 548–554

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagatsu T, Udenfriend S (1972) Photometric assay of dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity in human blood. Clin Chem 18: 980–983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagatsu T, Thomas P, Rush R, and Udenfriend S (1973) A radioassay for dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity in rat serum. Anal Biochem 55: 615–619

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ngai SH, Dairman W, Marchelle M, and Spector S (1974) Dopamine-β-hydroxylase in dog lymph—effect of sympathetic activation. Life Sci 14: 2431–2439

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholas TE, Strum JM, Angelo LS, and Junod AF (1974) Site and mechanism of up­take of 3H-l-norepinephrine by ioslated perfused rat lungs. Circ Res 35: 670–680

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson OR, Karlberg BE, and Soderberg A (1980) Plasma catecholamines and cardio­vascular responses to hypoglycemia in hyperthyroidism before and during treatment with metoprolol or propranolol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 50: 906–911

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nisula BC, Stolk JM (1978) Serum dopamines-hydroxylase activity does not reflect sympathetic activation during hypoglycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 47: 902–905

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noth RH, Mulrow PJ (1976) Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase as an index of sympathetic nervous system activity in man. Cir Res 38 (1): 1–5

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogihara T, Nugent CA (1974) Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in three forms of acute stress. Life Sci 15: 923–930

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Hanlon JF, Horvath SM (1973) Interrelationships among performance, circulating concentrations of adrenaline, noradrenaline, glucose, and the free fatty acids in men performing in monitoring task. Psychophysiology 10 (3): 251–259

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okada T, Fujita T, Ohta T, et al (1973) A 24–hour rhythm in human serum dopamine­s-hydroxylase activity (letter). Experientia 30: 605–607

    Google Scholar 

  • Okada F, Yamashita I, Suwa N, Kunita H, and Hata S (1975) Elevation of plasma dop­amines-hydroxylase activity during insulin induced hypoglycemia in man. Expe­rientia 31: 70–71

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill MJ, Pennock JL, Seaton JF, Dortimer AC, Waldhausen JA, and Harrison TS (1978) Regional endogenous plasma catecholamine concentrations in pulmonary hypertension. Surgery 84: 140–146

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Onnesen KH, Kindskov J, and Amtorp O (1974) Hand blood flow, plasma norepinephrine, and central hemodynamics in myocardial infarction. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 34 (2): 133–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer GJ, Ziegler MG, and Lake CR (1978) Response of norepinephrine and blood pressure to stress increases with age. J Gerontol 33 (4): 482–487

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Passon PG, Peuler JD (1973) A simplified radiometric assay for plasma norepineph­ine and epinephrine. Anal. Biochem 51: 518–631

    Google Scholar 

  • Peart WS (1949) The nature of splenic sympathin. J Physiol (Lond) 108: 491–501

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen EB, Christensen NJ (1975) Catecholamines in plasma and urine in patients with essential hypertension determined by double-isotope derivative techniques. Act Med Scand 198: 373–377

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen OL, Christensen NJ, and Ramsch KD (1980) Comparison of acute effects of nifedipine in normotensive and hypertensive man. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2: 357–366

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettersson J, Hussi E, and Janne J (1980) Stability of human plasma catecholamines. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 40: 297–303

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peuler JD, Johnson GA (1977) Simultaneous single isotope radioenzymatic assay of plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine. Life Sci 21: 625–635

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Philipp T, Distler A, and Cordes U (1978) Sympathetic nervous system and blood pressure control in essential hypertension. Lancet 959–963

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickering TG, Raine AE, Levitt M, Morganti A, Niarchos AP, and Larash JH (1979) Immediate and delayed hypotensive effects of propranolol at rest and during exercise. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 92: 277–285

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinardi G, Talmaciu RK, Santiago E, and Gubeddu LX (1979) Contribution of adrenal medulla, spleen and lymph, to the plasma levels of dopamine-β-hydroxylase and catecholamines induced by hemorrhagic hypotension in dogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 209: 176–184

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Planz G, Palm D (1973) Acute enhancement of dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity in human plasma after maximum work load. Eur. J Clin Pharmacol 5: 255–258

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Planz G, Planz R (1979) Dopamine-β-hydroxylase, adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine in the venous blood of adrenal gland of man: a comparison with levels in periphery of the circulation. Experientia 35: 207–208

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Planz G, Wiethold G, Appel E, Bohmer D, Palm D, and Grobecker H (1975) Correlation between increased dopamines-hydroxylase activity and catecholamine concentrations in plasma: determination acute changes in sympathetic activity in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 8: 181–188

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polinsky RJ, Kopin IJ, Ebert MH, and Weise V (1980) The adrenal medullary response to hypoglycemia in patients with orthostatic hypotension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51: 401–406

    Google Scholar 

  • Popper CW, Chiueh CC, and Kopin IJ (1977) Plasma catecholamine concentrations in unanesthetized rats during sleep, wakefulness, immobilization and after decapitation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 202: 144–148

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Price HL, Price ML (1957) The chemical estimation of epinephrine and norepinephrine in human and canine plasma. II. A critique of the trihydroxyindole method. J Lab Clin Med 50: 769–777

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prinz PN, Halter J, Benedetti C, and Raskind M (1979) Circadian variation of plasma catecholamines in young and old men: relation to rapid eye movement and slow wave sleep. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 49: 300–304

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quigley ME, Sheehan KL, Wilkes MM, and Yen SSC (1979) Effects of maternal smoking on circulating catecholamine levels and fetal heart rates. Am J Obstet Gynecol 133: 685–690

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahn KH, Gierlichs HW, Planz G, Planz R, Schols M, and Stephany W (1978) Studies on the effects of propranolol on plasma catecholamine levels in patients with essential hypertension. Eur J Clin Invest 8: 143–148

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Refshauge, C, Kissinger PT, Drieling R, Blank L, Freeman R, and Adams RN (1974) New high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of brain catecholamines. Life Sci 14: 311–322

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid JL, Kopin IJ (1975) The effects of ganglionic blockade, reserpine and vinblastine on plasma catecholamines and dopamines-hydroxylase in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 193: 748–756

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid JL, Fones DH, Fitzgerald G, Davies D, and Boobis A (1980) Catecholamine turn­over in essential hypertension. Clin Exper Hyper 2: 395–408

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renzini V, Brunori CA, and Valori C (1970) A sensitive and specific method for determination of noradrenaline and adrenaline in human plasma. Clinica Chimica Acta 30: 587–594

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richter EA, Galbo H, Sonne B, Hoist JJ, and Christensen NJ (1980) Adrenal medullary control of muscular and hepatic glycogenolysis and of pancreatic hormonal secretion in exercising rats. Acta Physiol Scand 108: 235–242

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riedel W, Iriks S, and Simon E (1972) Regional differentiation of sympathetic activity during peripheral heating and cooling in anesthetized rabbits. Pflügers Arch 332: 239–247

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ring-Larsen H, Hesse B, Henriksen JH and Christensen NJ (1982) Sympathetic nervous activity and renal and systemic hemodynamics in cirrhosis: plasma norepi­nephrine concentration, hepatic extraction, and renal release. Hepatology 2: 304–310

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rizza RA, Cryer PE, and Gerich JE (1979) Role of glucagon, catecholamines, and growth hormone in human glucose counterregulation. J Clin Invest 64: 62–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson D, Johnson GA, Robertson RM, Nies AS, Shand DG, and Oates JA (1979 a) Comparative assessment of stimuli that release neuronal and adrenomedullary catecholamines in man. Circulation 59: 637–743

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson D, Shand DG, Hollifield JW, Nies AS, Jürgen C, Frölich JS, and Oates JA (1979b) Alterations in responses of the sympathetic nervous system and renin in borderline hypertension. Hypertension 1: 118–124

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson BF, Epstein SE, Beiser GD, and Braunwald E (1966) Control of heart rate by the autonomic nervous system. Circ Res 19: 400–411

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roffman M, Freedman LS, and Goldstein M (1973) The effects of acute and chronic swim stress on dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity. Life SciOxford 12: 369–376

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roizen MF, Moss J, Henry DP, Weise V, and Kopin IJ (1978) Effect of general anesthetics on handling- and decapitation-induced increases in sympathoadrenal discharge. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 204: 11–18

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roozekrans NT, Porsius AJ, and Van Zwieten PA (1979) Comparison between the pressor response and the rise in plasma catecholamines induced by acutely elevated intracranial pressure. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 240: 143–157

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal T, Birch M, Osikowska B, and Sever PS (1978) Changes in plasma noradrenaline concentration following sympathetic stimulation by gradual tilting. Cardiovasc Res 12: 144–147

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross RJ, Zavadil AP, Calil HM, Linnoila M, Kitanaka I, Blombery P, Kopin IJ and Potter WZ (1983) Effects of desmethylimipramine on plasma norepinephrine, pulse, and blood pressure. Clin Pharmacol Ther 33: 429–437

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowell LB (1974) Human cardiovascular adjustments to exercise and thermal stress. Physiol Rev 54: 75–159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin PC, Scott PJW, McLean K, Reid JL (1982) Noradrenaline release and clearance in relation to age and blood pressure in manfEur J Clin Invest 12: 121–125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rush RA, Geffen LB (1972) Radioimmunoassay and clearance of circulating dopamine β-hydroxylase. Circ Res 31: 444–452

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saelens JK, Schoen MS and Kovacsics GB (1967) An enzyme assay for norepinephrine in brain tissue. Biochem Pharmacol 16: 1403–1409

    Google Scholar 

  • Santiago JV, Clarke WL, Suresh DS, and Cryer PE (1980) Epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon, and growth hormone release in association with physiological decrements in the plasma glucose concentration in normal and diabetic man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51: 877–883

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarafoff M, Davis L, and Ruther E (1979) Clozapine induced increase of human plasma norepinephrine. J Neural Transm 46 (2): 175–180

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz L, Sole MJ, Vaughan-Neil EF, and Hussain NM (1979) Catecholamines in coronary sinus and peripheral plasma during pacing induced angina in man. Circulation 59: 37–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scriven AJI, Dollery CT, Murphy MB, MacQuin I and Brown MJ (1983) Blood pressure and plasma norepinephrine concentrations after endogenous norepinephrine release by tyramine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 33: 710–716

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sever PS, Osikowska B, Birch M, and Turnridge RDG (1977) Plasma noradrenaline in essential hypertension. Lancet, 1078–1081

    Google Scholar 

  • Sever PS, Peart WS, Meade TW, Davies IB, Gordon D, and Turnbridge RDG (1978) Are racial differences in essential hypertension due to different pathogenetic mechanisms? Clin SciMol Med 55: 383s–386s

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sever PS, Peart WS, Davies IB, Turnbridge RDG, and Gordon D (1979) Ethnic differences in blood pressure with observations on noradrenaline and renin. Clin Exper Hypertens. 1: 745–760

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel JH, Gilmore JP, and Sarnoff SJ (1961) Myocardial extraction and production of catecholamines. Circ Res 9: 1336–1350

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siggers DC, Salter C, and Fluck DC (1971) Serial plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline levels in myocardial infarction using a new double isotope technique. Br Heart J 33: 878–883

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silverberg AB, Shah SD, Haymond MW, and Cryer PE (1978) Norepinephrine: hor­mone and neurotransmitter in man. Am J Physiol 234 (3): E252–E256

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith AA, Dancis J (1967) Catecholamine release in familial dysautonomia. N Engl J Med 277: 61–64

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith AD, Winkler H (1972) Fundamental mechanisms in the release of catecholamines, In: Blaschko H, Muscholl E (Eds) Catecholamines. Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo (Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 33 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith RT (1980) Effect of in vitro hemolysis on assay of plasma catecholamines and DOPA. Clin Chem 26 (9): 1354–1356

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sole MJ, Hussain MN (1977) A simple specific radioenzymatic assay for the simultaneous measurement of picogram quantities of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine in plasma and tissue. Biochem Med 18: 301–307

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sole MJ, Drobac M, Schwartz L, Hussain MN, and Vaughan-Neil EF (1979) The extraction of circulating catecholamines by the lungs in normal man and in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 60: 160–163

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stjärne L, Kaijser L, Math EA, and Birke G (1975) Specific and unspeciflc removal of circulating noradrenaline in pulmonary and systemic vascular beds in man. Act Physiol Scand 95: 46–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoffer SS, Juang NS, Geomar CA, and Pikler GM (1973) Plasma catecholamines in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 36: 587–589

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stone RA, Gunnells JC, Robinson RR, Schanberg SM, and Kirshner N (1974 a) Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in primary and secondary hypertension. Circ Res Supp 11 34–35: 147–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone RA, Kirshner N, Gunnels JC, and Robinson J (1974 b) Changes of plasma dopamines-hydroxylase activity and other plasma constituents during the cold pressor test. Life Sci 14:1797–1805

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone RA, Lilley JJ, and Golden J (1976) Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in phaeochromocytoma. Clin Endocrinol 5: 181–185

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun CL, Thoa NB, and Kopin IJ (1979) Comparison of the effects of 2–deoxy-glucose and immobilization on plasma levels of catecholamines and corticosterone in awake rats. Endocrinology 105: 306–311

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sundlöf G, Wallin BG (1978) Human muscle nerve sympathetic activity at rest. Relationship to blood pressure and age. J Physiol (Lond) 274: 621–637

    Google Scholar 

  • Takishita S, Fukiyama K, Kumamoto K, Nöda Y, Kawaskai T, and Omae T (1977) Plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity in normal young men: its responsiveness to manipulation of sodium balance and upright posture. Jpn Circ J 41: 895–901

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas JA, Marks BH (1978) Plasma norepinephrine in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 41 (2): 233–243

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson DA, Lilavivathana U, Campbell RG, Welle SW, and Craig AB (1980) Ther­moregulatory and related response to 2–deoxy-glucose administration in humans. Am J Physiol 239: R291–R295

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tibbs PA, Young B, Ziegler MG, and McAllister RG (1979) Studies of experimental cervical spinal cord transection. Part II. Plasma norepinephrine levels after acute cervical spinal cord transection. J Neurosurg 50 (5): 629–632

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tohmeh JF, Shah SD, and Cryer PE (1979) The pathogenesis of hyperadrenergic postural hypotension in diabetic patients. Am J Med 67: 772–778

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turton MB, Deegan T (1974) Circadian variations of plasma catecholamine, Cortisol and immunoreactive insulin concentrations in supine subjects. Clin Chem Acta 55: 389–397

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tyrer J, Leder MH (1974) Physiological response to propranolol and diazepam in chronic anxiety. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1: 387–390

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Loon GR, Schwartz L, and Sole MJ (1979 a) Plasma dopamine responses to standing and exercise in man. Life Sci 11: 24: 2273–2277

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Loon GR, Sole MJ, Bain J, and Ruse JL (1979b) Effecs of bromocriptine on plasma catecholamines in normal men. Neuroendocrinology 28: 425–434

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Varagic V (1955) Action of eserine on blood pressure of rat. Br J Pharmacol Chemother 10: 349–353

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vecht RJ, Graham GW, and Sever PS (1978) Plasma noradrenaline concentrations during isometric exercise. Br Heart J 40: 1216–1220

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Veith RC, Raskind MA, Barnes RF, Gumbrecht G, Ritchie JL and Halter JB (1983) Tricyclic antidepressants and supine, standing, and exercise plasma norepinephrine levels. Clin Pharmacol Ther 33: 763–769

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Velasquez MT, Alexander N (1979) Plasma and lymph dopamines-hydroxylase and norepinephrine during carotid occlusion. Am J Physiol 236: H96–H100

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vendasalu A (1960) Studies on adrenaline and noradrenaline in human plasma. Acta Physiol Scand (Suppl) 49: 39–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincent HH, Manin’tVeld AJ, Boomsma F, Wenting GJ and Schalekamp MADH (1982) Elevated plasma noradrenaline in response to beta-adrenoceptor stimulation in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 13: 717–721

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vlachakis ND, Aledort L (1980) Hypertension and propranolol theraphy: effect on blood pressure, plasma catecholamines and platelet aggregation. Am J Cardiol 45: 321–325

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallin BG, Sundlof G (1979) A quantitative study of muscle nerve sympathetic activity in resting normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 1: 67–77

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallin BG, Sundlof G, Eriksson BM, Dominiak P, Grobecker H and Lindblad LE (1981) Plasma noradrenaline correlates to sympathetic muscle nerve activity in normotensive man. Acta Physiol Scand 111: 69–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watson RD, Page AJ, Littler WA, Jones DH, and Reid JL (1979) Plasma noradrenaline concentrations at different vascular sites during rest and isometric and dynamic exercise. Clin Sci 57: 545–547

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watson RD, Hamilton CA, Jones DH, Reid JL, Stallard TJ, and Littler WA (1980) Sequential changes in plasma noradrenaline during bicycle exercise. Clin Sci 58: 37–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weil-Malherbe H, Bone AD (1953) Adrenergic amines of human blood. Lancet 1: 974–977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinshilboum RM (1978 a) Human biochemical genetics of plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and erythrocyte catechol-O-methyltransferase. Hum Genet, Suppl 1: 101–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinshilboum RM (1978 b) Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Pharmacol Rev 30(2):133–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinshilboum RM, Axelrod J (1971a) Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity. Cir Res 28: 307–315

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinshilboum RM, Axelrod J (1971b) Serum dopamineS-hydroxylase: decrease of chemical sympathectomy. Science 173: 931–934

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinshilboum RM, Axelrod J (1971c) Reduced plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in familial dysautonomia. N Eng J Med 285: 938–942

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinshilboum RM, Kvetnansky R, Axelrod J, and Kopin IJ (1971) Elevation of serum dopamines-hydroxylase activity with forced immobilization. Nature New Biol 230: 287–288

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinshilboum RM, Schrott HG, Raymond RA, Weidman WH, and Elveback LR (1975) Inheritance of very low serum dopamines-hydroxylase activity. Am J Hum Genetics 27: 573–585

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstock M, Zavadil AP, Chiueh CC, and Kopin IJ (1979) The effect of oxotremorine on blood pressure and plasma catecholamines in conscious and anesthetized rats. Life Sci 24:301–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner U, Hackenberg K, Schley G, and Reinwein D (1976) Plasma catecholamines in patients with thyroid gland function disorders. Med Welt 27 (24): 1187–1188

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wetterberg L, Gustavson KH, Backstrom M, Ross SB, and Froden O (1972) Low dopa-mines-hydroxylase in Down’s syndrome. Clin Genet 3: 152–153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox G, Beaven MA (1976) A sensitive and specific tritium release assay for dopa­mines-hydroxylase in serum. Anal. Biochem 75: 484–497

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams LT, Lefkowitz RJ, Watanabe AM, Hathaway DR, and Besch HR (1977) Thyroid hormone regulation of β-adrenergic receptor number. J Biol Chem 252: 2787–2789

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winder WW, Hickson RC, Hagberg JM, Ehsani AA, and McLane JA (1979) Training-induced changes in hormonal and metabolic responses to submaximal exercise. J Appl Physiol Respirat Environ Exercise Physiol 46: 766–771

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winer N, Carter C (1977) Effect of cold pressor stimulation on plasma norepinephrine, dopamineS-hydroxylase, and renin activity. Life Sci 20:887–894

    Google Scholar 

  • Wing LMH, Reid JK, Hamilton CA, Sever P, Davies DS, and Dollery CT (1977) Effect of Clonidine on biochemical indices of sympathetic function and plasma renin activity in normotensive man. Clin Sci Mol Med 53: 33–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Wise VK, Kopin IJ (1976) Assay of catecholamines in human plasma: studies of a single isotope radioenzymatic procedure. Life Sci 19:1673–1686

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood WG, Britton BJ, Irving MH (1979) Effects of adrenergic blockade on plasma catecholamine levels during adrenaline infusion. Horm Metab Res 11: 52–57

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wooten GF, Cardon PV (1973) Plasma dopamines-hydroxylase activity: elevation in man during cold pressor test and exercise. Arch Neurol 28: 103–106

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wooten GF, Ciaranello RD (1974) Proportionality between dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and immunoreactive protein concentration in human serum. Pharmacology 12 (4–5): 272–282

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wyatt RJ, Portnoy B, Kupfer DJ, Snyder F, and Engelman K (1971) Resting plasma concentrations in patients with depression and anxiety. Arch Gen Psychiatry 24: 65–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi I, Kopin IJ (1979) Plasma catecholamine and blood pressure responses to sympathetic stimulation in pithed rats. Am J Physiol 237: H305–H310

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi I, Kopin IJ (1980) Blood pressure, plasma catecholamines, and sympathetic outflow in pithed SHR and WKY rats. Am J Physiol 238: H365–H372

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi N, De Champlain J, and Nadeau R (1975) Correlation between the response of the heart to sympathetic stimulation and the release of endogenous cate­cholamines into the coronary sinus of the dog. Circ Res 36: 662–668

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young JB, Cohen WR, Rappaport EB, and Landsberg L (1979) High plasma norepin­ephrine concentrations at birth in infants of diabetic mothers. Diabetes 28: 697–699

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young JB, Rowe JW, Pallotta JA, Sparrow D, and Landsberg L (1980) Enhanced plasma norepinephrine response to upright posture and oral glucose administration in elderly human subjects. Metabolism 29: 532–539

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ziegler MG, Lake CR, and Kopin IJ (1976 a) Plasma noradrenaline increases with age. Nature 261:5558–333–335

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziegler MG, Lake CR, and Kopin IJ (1976 b) Deficient sympathetic nervous response in familial dysautonomia. N Engl J Med 294:630–633

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziegler MG, Lake CR, and Kopin IJ (1977) The sympathetic nervous system defect in primary orthostatic hypotension. N Engl J Med 296: 293–297

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ziegler MG, Lake CR, Williams AC, Teychenne PF, Shoulson I, and Steinsland O (1979) Bromocriptine inhibits norepinephrine release. Clin Pharmacol Therp 25: 137–142

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kopin, I.J. (1989). Plasma Levels of Catecholamines and Dopamine-β-Hydroxylase. In: Trendelenburg, U., Weiner, N. (eds) Catecholamines II. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 90 / 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73551-6_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73551-6_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-73553-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-73551-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics