Abstract
The quinoxaline-di-N-dioxide derived feed additives carbadox, olaquindox, and cyadox are widely used as growth promoters in modern pig husbandry (Aumaitre and Raynaud 1978; Bronsch et al. 1976; Herzig et al. 1984). Carbadox and olaquindox have also been demonstrated to protect against several enteric pathogens such as Treponema hyodysenteriae, an anaerobic spirochete involved in the pathogenesis of swine dysentery (Blobel and Schliesser 1979). In earlier studies from this institute it was demonstrated that doses of carbadox in feed of less than twice the recommended one of 50 ppm induced toxic side-effects, causing specific adrenal lesions (Van der Molen et al. 1985), and it was suggested that carbadox interacts with the biosynthesis of aldosterone (Van der Molen et al. 1986a, b).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aumaitre A, Raynaud JP (1978) Effectiveness of carbadox at 50 ppm on the performance of the young pig: methodology and the influence of initial weight. Z Tierphysiol Tierernähr Futtermittelkd 40:67–74
Blobel H, Schliesser T (1979) Handbuch der bacteriellen Infektionen bei Tieren, vol. 1. Fischer, Jena, pp 506–509
Bronsch K, Schneider D, Rigal-Antonelli F (1976) Olaquindox, ein neuer Wachstumspromotor in der Tierernährung. Z Tierphysiol Tierernähr Futtermittelkd 36:211–221
De Graaf GJ, Spierenburg TJ (1985) Liquid chromatographic determination of carbadox and desoxycarbadox in medicated feeds and in porcine gastrointestinal tract. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 68:658–660
De Graaf GJ, Jager LP, Baars AJ, Spierenburg TJ (1988) Some pharmacokinetic observations of carbadox medication in pigs. Vet Q 10:34–41
Ferguson PR, James PS, Paterson JYF, Saunders JC, Smith MW (1979) Aldosterone induced changes in colonic sodium transport occurring naturally during development in the neonatal pig. J Physiol (Lond) 292:495–504
Herzig I, Toulova M, Pisarikova B (1984) Effect of the growth promoter cyadox on the digestibility of nutrients in the feed for fattening pigs. Biol Chem Zivocisne Vyroby Vet 20:235–239
Hewick DS (1982) Reductive metabolism of nitrogen-containing functional groups. In: Jakoby WB, Bend JR, Caldwell J (eds) Metabolic basis of detoxification. Academic, New York, pp 151–170
Nelson DH (1980) Aldosterone and the mineralocorticoids. In: Nelson DH, The adrenal cortex: physiological function and disease. Saunders, Philadelphia, Chapt 7, pp 89–101
Spierenburg TJ, Baars AJ, De Graaf GJ, Jager LP (1988) Carbadox-induced inhibition of aldosterone production in porcine adrenals in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2:141–143
Van der Molen EJ, Nabuurs MJA, Jager LP (1985) Pathological and clinical changes related to toxicity of carbadox in weaned pigs. J Vet Med [A] 32:540–550
Van der Molen EJ, De Graaf GJ, Baars AJ, Schopman W (1986a) Carbadox induced changes in aldosterone, sodium and potassium levels in the blood of weaned pigs. J Vet Med [A] 33:617–623
Van der Molen EJ, De Graaf GJ, Spierenburg TJ, Nabuurs MJA, Baars AJ, Jager LP (1986b) Hypoaldosteronism in piglets induced by carbadox. Experientia 42:1247–1249
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Springer-Verlag
About this paper
Cite this paper
Baars, A.J., van der Molen, E.J., Spierenburg, T.J., de Graaf, G.J., Nabuurs, M.J.A., Jager, L.P. (1988). Comparative Toxicity of Three Quinoxaline-di-N-dioxide Feed Additives in Young Pigs. In: Chambers, P.L., Chambers, C.M., Dirheimer, G. (eds) The Target Organ and the Toxic Process. Archives of Toxicology, vol 12. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73113-6_77
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73113-6_77
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-18512-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-73113-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive