Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Der Plötzliche Herztod pp 38–64Cite as

Der akute Herztod

Bedeutung elektrophysiologischer Stimulationsverfahren

  • Conference paper

Zusammenfassung

Klinische und epidemiologische Daten sprechen dafür, daß der akute Herztod in der Mehrzahl der Fälle durch Kammerflimmern zustande kommt (15, 37, 59). Nur in weniger als einem Viertel der außerhalb der Klinik reanimierten Fälle findet sich eine Asystolie (59), wobei eine sekundäre Asystolie nach primärem Kammerflimmern möglich erscheint. Ein totaler AV-Block wird nur selten beobachtet (59). Es ist unbestritten, daß Patienten mit ventrikulären Rhythmusstörungen, insbesondere mit Zwei- und Dreigefäßerkrankung und zusätzlichen Kontraktionsanomalien der linken Herzkammer (Akinesie, Hypokinesie, Aneurysma) besonders gefährdet sind. Hierbei sind die ventrikulären Arrhythmien weniger zum Ausmaß der Koronargefäßverände-rungen als vielmehr zum Vorhandensein von Kontraktionsanomalien korreliert (12–15, 19, 20, 35, 67, 72, 97, 101, 104).

Ein wesentlicher Teil der eigenen Untersuchungen wurde mit Unterstützung des Landesamtes für Forschung (NW) und des Sonderforschungsbereiches Kardiologie (SFB 30) durchgeführt.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  1. Abendroth, R. R., Seipel, L., Breithardt, G.: Reproduzierbarkeit ventrikulärer Echoschläge bei programmierter rechtsventrikulärer Stimulation. Z. Kardiol. 69, 211 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Akhtar, M., Damato, A. N., Batsford, W. P., Ruskin, J. N., Ogunkelu, J. B., Vargas, G.: Demonstration of reentry within the His-Purkinje system in man. Circulation 50, 1150 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Akhtar, M., Damato, A. N., Ruskin, J. N., Ogunkelu, J. B., Reddy, C. P., Leeds, C. J.: Characteristics and coexistence of two forms of ventricular echo phenomena. Amer. Heart J. 92, 174 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Akhtar, M., Gilbert, C., Wolf, F. G., Schmidt, D. H.: Reentry within the His-Purkinje system: Elucidation of reentrant circuit utilizing right bundle branch and His bundle recordings. Circulation 58, 295 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Akhtar, M.: Reentry within the His-Purkinje-System. In: Cardiac Arrhythmias: Electrophysiology, diagnosis and management. Ed. by O. S. Narula, Baltimore/London 1979, 397.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Akhtar, M., Gilbert, C. J., Wolf, F. G., Schmidt, D. H.: Retrograde conduction in the His-Purkinje system. Analysis of the routes of impulse propagation using His and right bundle branch recordings. Circulation 59, 1252 (1979).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Andresen, D., Tietze, U., v. Leitner, E. R., Lehmann, H. U., Thormann, I., Wessel, H. J., Schröder, R.: Spontanvariablilität tachykarder Rhythmusstörungen. Z. Kardiol. 69, 214 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Antoni, H.: Electrophysiological mechanisms underlying pharmacological models of cardiac fibrillation. Naunyn-Schmiede-bergs Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak. 269, 117 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Axelrod, P., Verrier, R., Lown, B., Thompson, P.: Changes invulnerability during recovery from myocardial infarction exposed by R/T pacing. Circulation 46, 11–127 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Axelrod, P. J., Verrier, R. L., Lown, B.: Vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation during acute coronary artery occlusion and release. Amer. J. Cardiol. 36, 776 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Benditt, D. G., Pritchett, E. L. C., Wallace, A. G., Gallagher, J. J.: Recurrent ventricular tachycardia in man: evaluation of disopyramide therapy by intracardiac electrical stimulation. Europ. J. Cardiol. 9, 255 (1979).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Bethge, K. P., Bethge, H. C., Graf, A., van den Berg, E., Lichtlen, P.: Kammer-Arrhythmien bei chronisch koronarer Herzkrankheit. Analyse anhand des Langzeit-Elektrokardiogrammes und der selektiven Koronaro-graphie bzw. linksventrikulären Angiographie. Z. Kardiol. 66, 1 (1977).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bethge, K.-P., Klein, H., Lichtlen, P.: Koronare Herzerkrankung, Rhythmusstörungen und plötzlicher Herztod. Intern. Welt 4,107 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Bigger, Jr., J. T., Dresdale, R. J., Heissenbuttel, R. H., Weld, F. M., Wit, A. L.: Ventricular arrhythmias in ischemic heart disease: Mechanism, prevalence, significance, and management. Progr. Cardiovasc. Dis. 14, 255 (1977).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Breithardt, G., Seipel, L., Loogen, F.: Häufigkeit, Prognose und Therapie von Herzrhythmusstörungen bei koronarer Herzkrankheit. Z. Kardiol. 67, 1 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Breithardt, G., Seipel, L., Haerten, K., Abendroth, R.-R., Loogen, F.: Effektivitätskontrolle der antiarrhythmischen Therapie bei Patienten mit chro-nisch-rezidivierenden ventrikulären Tachykardien mittels elektrophysiologischer Stimulationsverfahren. Z. Kardiol. 68, 725 (1979).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Breithardt, G., Seipel, L., Abendroth, R. R., Loogen, F.: Serial electrophysiological testing of antiarrhythmic drug efficacy in patients with recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Europ. Heart J. 1, 11 (1980).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Burgess, M.J., Williams, D., Ershler, P.: Influence of test site on ventricular fibrillation threshold. Amer. Heart. J. 94, 55 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Calvert, A., Lown, B., Gorlin, R.: Ventricular premature beats and anatomically defined coronary heart disease. Amer. J. Cordiol. 39, 627 (1977).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Califf R. M., Burks, J. M., Behar, V. S., Margolis, J. R., Wagner, G. S: Relationship among ventricular arrhythmias, coronary artery disease and angiographic and electrocardiographic indicators of myocardial fibrosis. Circulation 57, 725 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Castillo, C. A., Castellanos, A., Jr.: Retrograde activation of the His bundle during intermittent paired ventricular stimulation in the human heart. Circulation 47, 1079 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Castillo, C., Castellanos, A., Jr.: Retrograde activation of His bundle in the human heart. Am. J. Cardiol. 27, 264 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Cats, V. M., Lie, K. L., van Capelle, F. J. L., Dürrer, D.: Limitations of 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic recording in predicting coronary events after acute myocardial infarction. Amer. J. Cardiol. 44, 1257 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Cobb, L. A., Baum, R. S., Alvarez III, H, Schaffer, W. A.: Resuscitation from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation: 4 years follow-up. Circulation 52, Suppl. III–223 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Cooper, M. J., Abinader, E. G.: Atropine-induced ventricular fibrillation: Case report and review of the literature. Amer. Heart. J. 97, 225 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Cranefield, P. F., Aronson, R. S.: Initiation of sustained rhythmic activity by single propagated action potentials in canine cardiac Purkinje fibers exposed to sodium free solution or to ouabain. Circulation Res. 34, 477 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Cranefield, P. F., Wit, A. L.: Sustained rhythmicity in cardiac fibers with slow response activity triggered by propagated action potentials. Circulation 50, 97 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Damato, A. N., Lau, S. H, Bobb, G. A.: Studies on ventriculoatrial conduction and the reentry phenomenon. Circulation 41, 423 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Denes, P., Wu, D., Dhingra, R., Pietras, R. J., Rosen, K. M.: The effect of cycle length on cardiac refractory periods in man. Circulation 49, 32 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Denes, P., Wu, D., Dhingra, R. C., Amat-Y-Leon, F, Wyndham, C., Mautner, R. K., Rosen, K.M.: Electrophysiological studies in patients with chronic recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 54, 229 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Dense, P., Wu, D., Wyndham, Ch., Kehoe, R., Highley, R., Rosen, K.: Chronic elektrophysiological study of paroxysmal ventricular tachycarida. Circulation 58, suppl. II–155 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  32. Desilva, R. A., Verrier, R. L., Lown, B.: Protective effect of the vagotonic action of morphine sulphate on ventricular vulnerability. Cardiovasc. Res. 12, 167 (1978).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Dhatt, M. S., Akhtar, M., Ready, C. R., Gomes, J. A. C., Lau, S. H., Carada, A. R., Damato, A.N.: Modification and abolition of re-entry within the His-Purkinje system in man by diphenylhydantoin. Circulation 56, 720 (1977).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Drew, T. M., Josephson, M. E., Horowitz, L. N.: The significance of the repetitive ventricular response to programmed ventricular stimulation. Clin. Res. 25, 218 A (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  35. van Durme, J.-P., Pannier, R. H.: Prognostic significance of ventricular dysrhythmias 1 year after myocardial infarction. Amer. J. Cardiol. 37, 178 (abstr.) (1976).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Eberle, F., Schmitt, C. G., Köhler, F.: Kammerflimmern während der Funktionsprüfung eines Demand-Schrittmachers. Erhöhtes Risiko durch Schenkelblock, ventrikuläre Extrasystolen, Digitalisintoxikation und Hypokaliämie. Herz/Kreislauf 11, 585 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Effert, S., Erbel, R., Meyer, J.: Definition und Problematik des akuten Herztodes. Verh. Dtsch. Ges. Kreislauf-forschg. 1980, im Druck.

    Google Scholar 

  38. El-Sherif, N., Lazzara, R., Hope, R. R., Scherlag, B. J.: Re-entrant arrhythmias in the late myocardial infarction period 3. Manifest and concealed extrasystolic grouping. Circulation 56, 225 (1977).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Engel, T. R., Mendizabal, R., Meister, S. G., Bentivoglio, L. G., Franki, W. S.: Testing for ventricular tachycardia with programmed extra-systoles in sinus rhythm. Circulation 52, suppl. II–178 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  40. Farshidi, A., Michelson, E. L., Greenspan, A. M., Spielman, S. R., Kastor, J. A., Horrowitz, L. N., Josephson, M. E.: Repetitive responses to ventricular extrastimuli-Incidence, mechanism and significance. Amer. J. Cardiol. 43, 390 (abstr.) (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Fisher, J. D., Cohen, H. L., Mehra, R., Altschuler, H., Escher, D. J. W., Furman, S.: Cardiac pacing and pacemakers. II. Serial electrophysiologic-pharmacologic testing for control of recurrent tachyarrhythmias. Amer. Heart. J. 93, 658 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Fisher, J. D.: Ventricular tachycardia-practical and provocative electrophysiology (editorial). Circulation 58, 1000 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Fleischmann, D. W., Pop, T., DeBakker, J. M. T.: Evidence for re-entry within the His-Purkinje system in man during extrasystolic stimulation of the right ventricle: Macro-versus micro-re-entry. In: Re-entrant arrhythmias, p. 256. Editor: H. E. Kulbertus. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Fleischmann, D. W., Pop, T.: Assessment of refractoriness of the human Purkinje system. Cardiovasc. Res. 12, 681 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Fleischmann, D., Pop, T., Marschall, H., Wiesener, M., DeBakker, J. M. T., Erbel, R., Effert, S.: Über die Vulnerabilität der menschlichen Kammer bei vorzeitiger Reizung. Z. Kardiol. 68, 253 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  46. Fleischmann, D. W., Pop, T., Marschall, H. U., Wiesener, M. U., DeBakker, J. M. T., Erbel, R.: Über die Vulnerabilität der menschlichen Herzkammer bei vorzeitiger Stimulation. Elektrophysiologische Befunde. Z. Kardiol. 68, 419 (1979).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Fleischmann, D. W., Pop, T., Marschall, H. U., DeBakker, J. M. T.: Rate and rhythm dependent vulnerability of the human ventricular myocardium. Basic Res. Cardiol. 74, 203 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Gallagher, J. J., Damato, A. N., Varghese, P. J, Lau, S. H.: Localization of an area of maximum refractoriness or “gate” in the ventricular specialized conduction system in man. Amer. Heart. J. 84, 310 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Greene, H. L., Reid, R. R., Schaeffer, A. H.: The repetitive ventricular response in man. A predictor of sudden death. New Engl. J. Med. 299, 729 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Greene, H. L., Reid, P. R., Schaeffer, A. H: Induction of intraventricular reentry in man by programmed pacing techniques. Circulation 60, suppl. II–191 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Greene, H. L., Reid, P. R., Schaeffer, A. H: Mechanism of the repetitive ventricular response in man. Am. J. Cardiol. 45, 227 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Guerot, C. L., Valere, P. E., Castillo-Fenoy, A., Tricot, R.: Tachycardie par ré-entrée de branche à branche. Arch. Mal. Cœur, 67, 1 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Guss, S. B. Kastor, J. A., Josephson, M. E., Scharf, D. L.: Human ventricular refractoriness. Effects of cycle length, pacing site and atropine. Circulation 53, 450 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Han, J., Garcia de Jalon, P. D., Moe, G. K.: Fibrillation threshold of premature ventricular responses. Circulation Res. 18, 18 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Han, J.: Ventricular vulnerability during acute coronary occlusion. Amer. J. Cardiol. 24, 857 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Herling, I. M., Horowitz, L. N., Mitnick, G. S., Kastor, J. A., Josephson, M. E.: Is suppression of ventricular ectopic activity a marker for successful therapy of ventricular tachycardia? Circulation 60, suppl. II–255 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  57. Horowitz, L. N, Spear, J. F., Josephson, M. E., Kastor, J. A., MacVaugh, H., Moore, E. N: Ventricular fibrillation threshold in man. Amer. J. Cardiol. 39, 274 (abstr.) (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Horowitz, L. N, Josephson, M. E., Farshidi, A., Spielman, S. R., Michelson, E. L., Greenspan, A. M.: Recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia. 3. Role of the electrophysiologic study in selection of antiarrhythmic regimens. Circulation 58, 986 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Iseri, L., Humphrey, S. B., Siner, E. J.: Prehospital brady-asystolic cardiac arrest. Ann. Intern. Med. 88, 741 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Jenzer, H., Lohrbauer, L., Lown, B.: Response to single threshold stimuli following acute myocardial infarction. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 141, 606 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Josephson, M. E., Kastor, J. A.: His-Purkinje Conduction during retrograde stress. J. Clin. Investigation 61, 171 (1978).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Josephson, M. E., Horowitz, L. N., Farshidi, A., Kastor, J. A.: Recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia. I. Mechanisms. Circulation 57, 431 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Josephson, M. E., Horowitz, L. N., Farshidi, A., Spear, J. F., Kastor, J. A., Moore, E. N.: Recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia. 2. Endocardial mapping. Qrculation 57, 440 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Josephson, M. E., Horowitz, L. N., Greenspan, A. M., Spielman, S. R., Kastor, J. A.: Electrophysiologic findings in patients suffering cardiac arrest. Amer. J. Cardiol. 45, 406 (abstr.) (1980).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Kastor, J. A., Josephson, M. E.: Slow conduction-a constant feature of human His-Purkinje function. Am. J. Cardiol. 37, 147 (1976).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Kehoe, R., Bauernfeind, R. A., Wyndham, Ch. R. C., Meyers, S., Talano, J., Rosen, K. M.: Inducible ventricular tachycardia in patients without of hospital ventricular fibrillation. Amer. J. Cardiol. 45, 444 (abstr.) (1980).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Klein, M. D.: Asynergy and ventricular premature beats (Edit.) Chest 66, 346 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Klein, G. J., Ideker, R. E., Smith, W. M., Harrison, L. A., Kaseli, J., Wallace, A. G., Gallagher, J. J.: Epicardial mapping of the onset of ventricular tachycardia initiated by programmed stimulation in the canine heart with chronic infarction. Circulation 60, 1375 (1979).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Koch, R., Wiessmann, B.: Kammerflimmern durch Herzschrittmacher. Z. Kreislaufforschg. 60, 842 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Lazzara, R., El-Sherif, N., Befeler, B., Scherlag, B. J.: Regional refractoriness within the ventricular conduction system. Circ. Res. 39, 254 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Lemberg, L., Castellanos, A., Jr., Arcebal, A. G, Berkovits, B. V., Hernandez-Pierretti, O.: Systolic and diastolic pacemaker induced repetitive firing in the human heart. Analysis of 23 cases. J. Electrocardiol. 2, 353 (1979).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Lichtlen, R. R., Bethge, K. P.: Beziehungen zwischen malignen ventrikulären Rhythmusstörungen, linksventrikulärer Funktion und plötzlichem Koronartod. Verh. Dtsch. Ges. Kreislaufforschg. 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Lown, B., Kleiger, R., Williams, J.: Cardioversion and digitalis drugs: changed threshold to electric shock in digitalized animals. Circ. Res. 17, 519 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Lown, B.: Electrical stimulation to estimate the degree of digitalization. II. Experimental studies. Am. J. Cardiol. 22, 251 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Lown, B., Verrier, R. L.: Neural activity and ventricular fibrillation. N. Engl. J. Med. 294, 1165 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Lown, B., Graboys, T. B.: Management of patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Am. J. Cardiol. 39, 910 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Lown, B., Verrier, R. L., Blatt, C. M.: Precordial mechanical stimulation for exposing instability in the ischemic heart. Amer. J. Cardiol. 42, 425 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Lown, B.: Sudden cardiac death: the major challenge confronting contemporary cardiology. Amer. J. Cardiol. 43, 313 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Lyons, C. J., Burgess, M. J.: Demonstration of re-entry within the canine specialized conduction system. Am. Heart. J. 97, 595 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  80. Mason, J. W., Winkle, R. A.: Electrode catheter arrhythmia induction in the selection and assessment of antiarrhythmic drug therapy for recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 58, 971 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Mason, J. W.: Repetitive beating after single ventricular extrastimuli: incidence and prognostic significance in patients with recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Amer. J. Cardiol. 45, 407 (1980).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Matta, R. J., Verrier, R. L., Lown, B.: The repetitive extrasystole as an index of vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation. Am. J. Physiol. 230, 1469 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Mautner, R., Denes, P., Dhingra, R., Wu, D., Amat-y-Leon, F, Wyndham, C. R. C., Rosen, K.: Inability to reproduce chronic recurrent ventricular tachycardia in the catherization laboratory. Circulation 52, suppl. II–137 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  84. Merx, W., Han, J., Yoon, M. S.: Effects of unipolar cathodal and bipolar stimulation on vulnerability of ischemic ventricles to fibrillation. Amer. J. Cardiol. 35, 37 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Michelson, E. L., Spear, J. F., Moore, E. N.: Initiation of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias in a model of chronic infarction: importance of the site of stimulation. Amer. J. Cardiol. 45, 494 (1980).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Moe, G. K, Méndez, C., Han, J.: Aberrant A-V impulse propagation in the dog heart: a study of functional bundle branch block. Circ. Res. 16, 261 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Moore, E. N.: Microelectrode studies on retrograde concealment of multiple premature ventricular responses. Circ. Res. 20, 88 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Moore, E. N., Spear, J. F.: Ventricular fibrillation threshold. Its physiological and pharmacological importance. Arch. Intern. Med. 135, 446 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Morgenroth, J., Michelson, E. L., Horowitz, L. N., Josephson, M. E., Pearlman, A. S., Dunkman, W. B.: Limitations of routine long-term ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring to assess ventricular ectopic frequency. Circulation 58, 408 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  90. Myerburg, R. J, Sung, R. J., Conde, C., Mallon, S. M., Castellanos, A.: Intracardiac electrophysiologic studies in patients resuscitated from unexpected cardiac arrest outside the hospital. Amer. J. Cardiol. 39, 275 (abstr.) (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  91. Preston, T. A.: Anodal stimulation as a cause of pacemaker-induced ventricular fibrillation. Am. Heart. J. 86, 366 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Reddy, C. P., Gettes, L. S.: Use of isoproterenol as an aid to electric induction of chronic recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Am. J. Cardiology 44, 705 (1979).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Reddy, C. P., Harris, B.: Gap phenomenon in “the right and left bundle branch systems” during retrograde conduction in man. Amer. Heart. J. 97, 216 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Rinkenberger, R. L., Prystowsky, E. N., Jackman, W. M., Heger, J. J., Zipes, D. P.: Premature ventricular stimulation during sinus rhythm or atrial pacing has low sensitivity in identifying patients with recurrent ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. Clin. Res. 27, 619A (abstr.) (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  95. Ruskin, J. N., Garan, H.: Electrophysiologic observations and serial drug testing in survivors of prehospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 60, suppl. II–22 (abstr.) (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  96. Ruskin, J. N., Garan, H.: Repetitive ventricular responses in patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Amer. J. Cardiol. 45, 406 (abstr.) (1980).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Samek, L., Kirste, D., Roskamm, H., Stürzenhofecker, P., Prokoph, J.: Herzrhythmusstörungen nach Herzinfarkt. Beziehungen zur Bewegungstherapie, zu funktionellen und morphologischen Variablen. Herz/Kreislauf 9, 641 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  98. Schaeffer, A. H., Greene, H. L., Reid, P. R.: Suppression of the repetitive ventricular response: An index of long-term antiarrhythmic effectiveness of aprindine for ventricular tachycardia in man. Amer. J. Cardiol. 42, 1007 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Scheinman, M. M.: Induction of ventricular tachycardia: a promising new technique or clinical electrophysiology gone awry? (editorial). Circulation 58, 998 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Schuilenburg, R. M., Durrer, D.: Ventricular echo beats in the human heart elicited by induced ventricular premature beats. Circulation 40, 337 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  101. Schulze, R. A., Jr., Strauss, H. W., Pitt, B.: Sudden death in the year following myocardial infarction. Am. J. Med. 62, 192 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Seipel, L., Bub, E., Loogen, F.: Ventricular fibrillation induced by a unipolar implanted pacemaker (cathodal stimulation). Am. Heart. J. 92, 810 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Seipel, L., Breithardt, G.: Electrophysiological effects of mexiletine in man: influence on stimulus-induced ventricular arrhythmias. In: Management of ventricular tachycardia-role of mexiletine, eds. Sandoe, E., Julian, D. G, Bell, J. W., Excerpta Medica Amsterdam, Oxford 1978, p. 219.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Sharma, S. D., Ballantyne, F., Goldstein, S.: The relationship of ventricular asynergy in coronary artery disease to ventricular premature beats. Chest 66, 358 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Sharma, B., Hodges, M., Asinger, R. W., Francis, G.: Lack of effect of associated myocardial infarction on long-term survival of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Amer. J. Cardiol. 45, 443 (1980) (abstr.).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Shumway, N. E., Johnson, J. A., Stish, R. J.: The study of ventricular fibrillation by threshold determinations. J. Thorac. cardiovasc. Surgery 34, 643 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Spielman, S. R., Michelson, E. L., Horowitz, L. N., Spear, J. F., Moore, E. N.: The limitations of epicardial mapping as a guide to the surgical therapy of ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 57, 666 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Spielman, S. R., Farshidi, A., Horowitz, L. N., Josephson, M. E.: Ventricular fibrillation during programmed ventricular stimulation: incidence and clinical implications. Amer. J. Cardiol. 42, 913 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Spurrell, R. A. J., Sowton, E., Deuchar, D. C.: Ventricular tachycardia in 4 patients evaluated by programmed electrical stimulation of heart and treated in 2 patients by surgical division of anterior radiation of left bundle-branch. Brit. Heart. J. 35, 1014 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Spurrell, R. A. J., Yates, A., Thorburn, C. W., Lawton, G. E., Deuchar, D. C: Surgical treatment of ventricular tachycardia after epicardial mapping. Brit. Heart. J. 37, 115 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Stein, G., Jungmann, H.: Spontanschwankungen von Rhythmusstörungen bei Infarktrehabilitanden. Herz/Kreislauf 11, 346 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  112. Steinbeck, G., Manz, M., Lüderitz, B.: Möglichkeiten und Risiken der programmierten Ventrikelstimulation bei rezidivierenden Kammertachykardien. Z. Kardiol. 69, 211 (abstr.) (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  113. Surawicz, B., Steffens, T.: Cardiac vulnerability. Cardiovasc. Clinics 6, 160 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  114. Thompson, P. L., Lown, B.: Sequential R/T pacing to expose electrical instability in the ischemic ventricle. Clin. Res. 20, 401 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  115. Trautwein, W., Gottstein, U., Dudel, J.: Der Aktionsstrom der Myokardfaser im Sauerstoffmangel. Pflueger’s Archiv 260, 40 (1954).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Vande Pol, Ch. J., Farshidi, A., Spielman, S. R., Greenspan, A. M., Horowitz, L. N., Kastor, J. A., Josephson, M. E.: Sensitivity and specificity of programmed ventricular stimulation in patients with ventricular tachycardia. Amer. J. Cardiol. 45, 407 (abstr.) (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  117. Verrier, R. L., Thompson, P. L., Lown, B.: Ventricular vulnerability during sympathetic stimulation: role of heart rate and blood pressure. Cardiovasc. Res. 8, 602 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Verrier, R. L., Calvert, A., Lown, B.: Effect of posterior hypothalamic stimulation on ventricular fibrillation threshold. Amer. J. Physiol. 228, 923 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Wellens, H. J., Schuilenburg, R. M., Durrer, D.: Electrical stimulation of the heart in patients with ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 46, 216 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Wegria, R., Moe, G. K, Wiggers, C. J.: Comparisons of the vulnerable periods and fibrillation threshold of normal and idioventricular beats. Amer. J. Physiol. 133, 651 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  121. Wellens, H. J. J., Lie, K. L, Dürrer, D.: Further observations on ventricular tachycardia as studied by electrical stimulation of the heart. Chronic recurrent ventricular tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia during acute myocardial infarktion. Circulation 49, 647 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Wellens, H. J: Pathophysiology of ventricular tachycardia in man. Arch. Intern. Med. 135, 473 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Wellens, H. J. J., Düren, D. R., Lie, K. I.: Observations on mechanism of ventricular tachycardia in man. Circulation 54, 237 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Wellens, H. J. J.: Value and limitations of programmed electrical stimulation of the heart in the study and treatment of tachycardias. Circulation 57, 845 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Wellens, H. J., Bär, F. W., Farré, J., Gorgels, A. P.: Characteristics of patients with ventricular tachycardia initiated by supraventricular stimuli. Circulation 58, suppl. II–154 (abstr.) (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  126. Wellens, H. J. J., Bär, F. W., Wiener, L, Farré, J., Ross, D. L., Kersemaker, J.: Ginical relevance of tachycardias induced during programmed cardiac stimulation. Amer. J. Cardiol. 43, 400 (abstr.) (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  127. Wick, E., Bell, U., Dengler, H. J.: Die Wirkung von Sparteinsulfat auf mechanisch ausgelöste Extrasystolen beim Menschen. Med. Welt 22, 303 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  128. Wiggers, C. J., Wegria, R.: Ventricular fibrillation due to single, localized induction and condenser shocks applied during the vulnerable phase of ventricular systole. Amer. J. Physiol. 128, 40, 500 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  129. Wiggers, C. J.: The mechanism and nature of ventricular fibrillation. Am. Heart. J. 20, 399 (1940).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. Wiggers, J. C., Wegria, R., Pinera, B.: The effects of myocardial ischemia on the fibrillation threshold. Mechanism of spontaneous ventricular fibrillation following coronary occlusion. Amer. J. Physiol. 131, 309 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  131. Williams, D. O., Scherlag, B. J., Hope, R. R., El-Sherif, N., Lazzara, R.: The pathophysiology of malignant ventricular arrhythmias during acute myocardial ischemia. Circulation 50, 1163 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Winkle, R. A.: Antiarrhythmic drug effect mimicked by spontaneous variability of ventricular ectopy. Circulation 57, 1116 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Wit, A. L., Bigger, Jr., J. T.: Possible electrophysiological mechanisms for lethal arrhythmias accompanying myocardial ischemia and infarction. Circulation 52, suppl. III–96 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  134. Wu, D., Wyndham, C. R., Denes, P., Amat-Y-Leon, F., Miller, R. H, Dhingrd, R. C., Rosen, K. M.: Chronic electrophysiological study in patients with recurrent paroxysmal tachycardia: a new method for developping successful oral antiarrhythmic therapy. In: Re-entrant arrhythmias. Mechanisms and treatment, ed. H. E. Kulbertus, MTP 1977, Lancaster, p. 294.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Yoon, M. S., Han, J. Fabregas, R. A.: Effect of ventricular aberrancy on fibrillation threshold. Amer. Heart. J. 89, 599 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Younossi, K., Rüdiger, H. J., Haap, Kp., Antoni, H.: Untersuchungen über die Flimmerschwelle des isolierten Meerschweinchen-Herzens für Gleichstrom und sinusförmigem Wechselstrom. Basic Res. Cardiol. 68, 551 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Zipes, D. P.: Electrophysiological mechanisms involved in ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 52, suppl. III–120 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  138. Zipes, D. P., Foster, P. R., Troup, P. J., Pedersen, D. H.: Atrial induction of ventricular tachycardia: Reentry versus triggered automaticity. Am. J. Cardiology 44, 1 (1979).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Med. Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinik B, Universität Düsseldorf, Deutschland

    Priv. Doz. Dr. G. Breithardt, L. Seipel & F. Loogen

  2. Med. Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinik B, Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 4000, Düsseldorf, Deutschland

    Priv. Doz. Dr. G. Breithardt

Authors
  1. Priv. Doz. Dr. G. Breithardt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. L. Seipel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. F. Loogen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Bad Nauheim, Deutschland

    Wolfgang Schaper  & Martin G. Gottwik  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1980 Dr. Dietrich Steinkopff Verlag GmbH & Co. KG · Darmstadt

About this paper

Cite this paper

Breithardt, G., Seipel, L., Loogen, F. (1980). Der akute Herztod. In: Schaper, W., Gottwik, M.G. (eds) Der Plötzliche Herztod. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Herz- und Kreislaufforschung, vol 46. Steinkopff. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72351-3_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72351-3_6

  • Publisher Name: Steinkopff

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-7985-0587-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-72351-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation