Abstract
A former advisee, student, apprentice, and now colleague gives a historical account of Richard H. Rapp’s contributions to our knowledge of the Earth’s gravity field. Clearly, his most prominent products are the spherical harmonic degree models that have emphasized theoretical rigor, wide geodetic applicability, and computational economy, and that are used by scientists and professionals throughout the world. Though the study and development of these models occupied the center of Richard Rapp’s attention over most of his career, he contributed much to related endeavors, including gravity estimation techniques, geoid determination, satellite altimetry data processing, ellipsoidal parameter determination, world height datum definition, sea surface topography, and ocean circulation models. Richard Rapp’s forte and credo are the numerics of data, always with a keen understanding of the underlying theory that they ought to support. His proven methods, organization, and enthusiasm were inculcated in many of his students who now also practice what he (still) preaches.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Basic, T. and R.H. Rapp, 1992: Oceanwide prediction of gravity anomalies and sea surface heights using Geos-3, Seasat, and Geosat altimeter data and ETOPO5U bathymetric data. Rep.416, Dep. Geod. Sci. & Surv., Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH.
Denker, H. and R.H. Rapp, 1990: Geodetic and oceanographic results from the analysis of one year of Geosat data. J. Geophys. Res., 95(C8), 13, 151–13, 168.
Ekman, M., 1989: Impacts of geodynamic phenomena on systems for height and gravity. Bulletin Geodesique, 63, 281–296.
Heck, B. and R. Rummel, 1991: Strategies for solving the vertical datum problem using terrestrial and satellite geodetic data. IAG Symposium 104 on Sea Surface Topography and the Geoid, H. Sünkel, T. Baker (eds.), pp. 116–127, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Heiskanen, W.A. and H. Moritz, 1967: Physical Geodesy, W. H. Freeman, New York.
Jeffreys, H., 1943: The determination of the Earth’s gravitational field (second paper), Monthly Notices Roy. Ast Soc., Geo. Supp. 5, 55–66.
Kaula, W.M., 1959: Statistical and harmonic analysis of gravity, J. Geophys. Res., 64, 2401–2421.
Lemoine, F.G. et al., 1996: The development of the NASA GSFC and NIMA Joint Geopotential Model. Proc. International Symposium on Gravity, Geoid, and Marine Geodesy (GRAGEOMAR 1996), Univ. Tokyo, 30 Sep. — 5 Oct., 1996.
Nerem, R.S., C. Jekeli, and W.M. Kaula, 1995: Gravity field determination and characteristics: retrospective and prospective, J. Geophys. Res., 100(B8), 15,053–15,074.
Rapp, R.H., 1968: The gravitational potential of the Earth from a combination of satellite, observed, and model anomalies. J. Geophys. Res., 73(20), 6555–6562.
Rapp, R.H., 1969a: Analytical and numerical differences between two methods for the combination of gravimetric and satellite data. Boll. Geof. Theo. Appl., 11(41), 108–118.
Rapp, R.H., 1969b: The geopotential to (14, 14) from a combination of satellite and gravimetric data, Bulletin Geodesique, 91, 47–80.
Rapp, R.H., 1974: Current estimates of mean earth ellipsoid parameters. Geophys. Res. Lett., 1, 35–38.
Rapp, R.H., 1975: Effects of certain anomaly corrections terms on potential coefficient determinations of the Earth’s gravitational field. Bulletin Geodesique, 115, 57–63.
Rapp, R.H., 1977: Determination of potential coefficients to degree 52 from 5 degree mean anomalies. Bulletin Geodesique, 51, 301–323.
Rapp, R.H., 1978: A global 1° × 1° anomaly field combining satellite, Geos-3 altimetry and terrestrial anomaly data. Report No. 278, Dep. Geod. Sci., Ohio State Univ., Columbus OH.
Rapp, R.H., 1979: Global anomaly and undulation recovery using Geos-3 altimeter data. Report No. 285, Department of Geodetic Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
Rapp, R.H., 1981a: Ellipsoidal Corrections for Geoid Undulation Computations Using Gravity Anomalies in a Cap. J. of Geophys. Res., 86(B1), 10843–10848.
Rapp, R.H., 1981b: The Earth’s gravity field to degree and order 180 using Seasat altimeter data, terrestrial gravity data, and other data. Rep.322, Dep. Geod. Sci., Ohio State Univ., Columbus OH.
Rapp, R.H., 1983: The determination of geoid undulations and gravity anomalies from Seasat altimeter data. J. Geophys. Res., 88(C3), 1552–1562.
Rapp, R.H., 1986: Gravity anomalies and sea surface heights derived from a combined Geos3/Seasat altimeter data set. J. Geophys. Res., 91(B5), 4867–4876.
Rapp, R.H., 1987: An estimate of equatorial gravity from terrestrial and satellite data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 14, 730–732.
Rapp, R.H., 1994: Separation between reference surfaces of selected vertical datums, Bulletin Geodesique, 69, 26–31.
Rapp, R.H., 1995: Equatorial radius estimates from Topex altimeter data. In: Festschrift to E. Groten; M. Becker, G. Hein, and R. Rummel (eds.), Institute of Geodesy and Navigation, Univ. FAF, Munich.
Rapp, R.H., 1997: Use of potential coefficient models for geoid undulation determinations using a spherical harmonic representation of the height anomaly/geoid undulation difference. J. Geodesy, 71(5), 282–289.
Rapp, R.H. and J.Y. Cruz, 1986: Spherical harmonic expansion of the Earth’s gravitational potential to degree 360 using 30′ mean anomalies. Rep.376, Dep. Geod. Sci. & Surv., Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH.
Rapp, R.H. and N.K. Pavlis, 1990: The development and analysis of geopotential coefficient models to spherical harmonic degree 360. J. Geophys. Res., 95(B13), 21,885–21,911.
Rapp, R.H., Y.M. Wang, and N.K. Pavlis, 1991: The Ohio State 1991 geopotential and sea surface topography harmonic coefficient models. Rep.410, Dep. Geod. Sci. & Surv., Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH.
Rapp, R.H., Y. Yi, and Y.M. Wang, 1994a: Mean sea surface and geoid gradient comparisons with Topex altimeter data. J. Geophys. Res., 99(C12), 24,657–24,667.
Rapp, R.H. and D. Smith, 1994b: Preliminary estimates of gulf stream characteristics from Topex data and a precise gravimetric geoid. J. Geophys. Res., 99(C12), 24,707–24,723.
Rapp, R.H. and Y. Yi, 1997: Role of ocean variability and dynamic ocean topography in the recovery of the mean sea surface and gravity anomalies from satellite altimeter data. J. Geodesy, 71(10), 617–629.
Rummel, R. and R.H. Rapp, 1976: The influence of the atmosphere on geoid and potential coefficient determinations from gravity data. J. Geophys. Res., 81, 5639–5642.
Rummel, R. and R.H. Rapp, 1977: Undulation and anomaly estimation using Geos-3 altimeter data without precise orbits. Bulletin Geodesique, 51, 73–88.
Tscherning, C.C. and R.H. Rapp, 1974: Closed Co variance Expressions for Gravity Anomalies, Geoid Undulations and Deflections of the Vertical Implied by Anomaly Degree Variance Models. Rep.208, Dep. Geod. Sci., Ohio State Univ., Columbus OH.
Yi, Y., 1995: Determination of gridded mean sea surface from Topex, ERS-1, and Geosat altimeter data. Rep.434, Dep. Geod. Sci. & Surv, Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Jekeli, C. (1998). The World of Gravity According to Rapp. In: Forsberg, R., Feissel, M., Dietrich, R. (eds) Geodesy on the Move. International Association of Geodesy Symposia, vol 119. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72245-5_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72245-5_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-72247-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-72245-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive