Abstract
The replacement of diseased organs is an important part of medical therapy. Since the first successful kidney transplantation in a human being in 1955 [23], transplantation has been performed with increasing frequency and the outcome has improved. Despite the success of transplantation medicine and immunobiology over the past two decades, the immune response to the grafted organs is the major obstacle to successful long-term graft survival. Immunological aspects play a predominant role in transplantation research. The knowledge of mechanisms involved in graft rejection allows us to control the immune response to the graft without the necessity for lifelong immunosuppressive therapy. We know that the immunological reactions that occur after transplantation are the result of histoincompatibility between the donor and the recipient. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the induction of specific immunological tolerance to alloantigens, the important goal in transplantation research, are not completely understood. They are still being intensively investigated [37, 38]. Before strategies for tolerance induction can be translated into clinical practice, the immunobiological and molecular mechanisms involved have to be elucidated in experimental systems, such as small animals.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ahmed SA, Gogal RM, Walsh JE (1994) A new rapid and simple non-radioactive assay to monitor and determine the proliferation of lymphocytes: an alternative to [3H]thymidine incorporation assay. J Immunol Methods 170:211–224
Ardavin C, Shortman K (1992) Cell surface marker analysis of mouse thymic dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 22:859–862
Aujame L, Sodoyer R, Teillaud JL (1997) Phage display and antibody engineering: a French overview. Trends Biotechnol 15:155–157
Bach FH, Hirschhorn K (1964) Lymphocyte interaction. A potential histocompatibility test in vitro. Science 143:813–814
Bain B, Vas MR, Lowenstein L (1964) The development of large immature mononuclear cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures. Blood 23:108–116
Brunner KT, Mauel J, Cerottini MC, Chapuis B (1968) Quantitative assay of the lytic action of immune lymphoid cells on 51Cr-labelled allogeneic target cells in vitro; inhibition by isoantibody and by drugs. Immunology 14:181–196
Coligan JE, Kriusbeek AM, Margulis DH, Shevach EM, Strober W (eds) (1994) Current protocols in immunology. Wiley, New York
Crispe IN, Mehal WZ (1996) Strange brew: T cells in the liver. Immunol Today 17:522–525
Engvall E, Perlmann P (1971) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Quantitative assay of immunoglobulin G. Immunochemistry 8:871–874
Gavrieli Y, Sherman Y, Ben-Sasson S (1993) Identification of programmed cell death in situ via specific labeling of nuclear DNA fragmentation. J Cell Biol 119:493–501
Gill RG, Rosenberg AS, Lafferty KJ, Singer A (1989) Characterization of primary T cell subsets-mediated rejection of pancreatic islet grafts. J Immunol 143:2176–2178
Heidecke CD, Hancock WW, Westerholt S, Sewczik T, Jakobs F, Zantl N, Varzaru A, Siegling A, Kurrle R, Deusch K, Volk HD, Kupiec-Weglinski JW (1996) α/β-T cell receptor-directed therapy in rat allograft recipients. Transplantation 61:948–956
Iba Y, Kurosawa Y (1997) Comparison of strategies for the construction of libraries of artificial antibodies. Immunol Cell Biol 75:217–221
Janeway CA, Travers P (1996) Immunobiology. The immune system in health and disease. Current Biology, London
Julius MH, Simpson E, Herzenberg LA (1973) A rapid method for the isolation of functional thymus-derived murine lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 3:645–649
Kearsey JA, Stadnyk AW (1996) Isolation and characterization of highly purified rat intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. J Immunol Methods 194:35–48
Köhler G, Milstein C (1975) Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature 256:495–497
Korzeniewski C, Callewaert DM (1983) An enzyme-release assay for natural cytotoxicity. J Immunol Methods 64:313–320
Lichtenfels R, Biddison WE, Schulz H, Vogt AB, Martin R (1994) CARE-LASS (calcein-release-assay), an improved fluorescence-based test system to measure cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. J Immunol Methods 172:227–239
Loken MR (1990) Immunofluorescence techniques in flow cytometry and sorting, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 341–353
Macatonia SE, Knight SC, Edwards AJ, Griffiths S, Fryer P (1987) Localization of antigen on lymph node dendritic cells after exposure to the contact sensitizer fluorescein isothiocyan-ate. Functional and morphological studies. J Exp Med 166:1654–1667
Mage MG, McHugh LL, Rothstein TL (1977) Mouse lymphocytes with and without surface immunoglobulin: preparative scale separation in polystyrene tissue culture dishes coated with specifically purified anti-immunoglobulin. J Immunol Methods 15:47–56
Merill JP, Murray JE, Harrison JH, Guild WR (1956) Successful homotransplantation of the human kidney between identical twins. JAMA 160:277–282
Mintz B, Silvers WK (1967) “Intrinsic” immunological tolerance in allophenic mice. Science 158:1484–1486
Mosmann TR (1983) Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods 65:55–63
Mosmann TR, Fong TA (1989) Specific assays for cytokine production by T cells. J Immunol Methods 116:151–158
Piccotti JR, Chan SY, VanBuskirk AM, Eichwald EJ, Bishop DK (1997) Are Th2 helper T lymphocytes beneficial, deleterious, or irrelevant in promoting allograft survival? Transplantation 63:619–624
Prussin C, Metcalfe DD (1995) Detection of intracytoplasmic cytokine using flow cytometry and directly conjugated anti-cytokine antibodies. J Immunol Methods 188:117–128
Pugh CW, MacPherson GG, Steer HW (1983) Characterization of nonlymphoid cells derived from rat peripheral lymph. J Exp Med 157:1758–1779
Qian S, Lu L, Fu F, Li Y, Li W, Starzl TE, Fung JJ, Thomson AW (1997) Apoptosis within spontaneously accepted mouse liver allografts. Evidence for deletion of cytotoxic T cells and implications for tolerance induction. J Immunol 158:4654–4661
Ricordi C (1995) Methods in cell transplantation. Landes, Austin, Texas
Rosenberg AS, Singer A (1992) Cellular basis of skin allograft rejection: an in vivo model of immun mediated tissue destruction. Annu Rev Immunol 10:333–358
Singer A, Bach FH (1991) Allograft immunity: in vitro and in vivo studies. In: Bach FH, Auchincloss H (eds) Transplantation immunology. Wiley, New York, pp 105–111
Steinman RM, Kaplan G, Witmer MD, Cohn ZA (1979) Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice.V. Purification of spleen dendritic cells, new surface markers, and maintenance in vitro. J Exp Med 149:1–16
Sykes M (1996) Immunobiology of transplantation. FASEB J 10:721–730
Vermes I, Haanen C, Steffens-Nakken H, Reutelingsperger C (1995) A novel assay for apoptosis: flow cytometric detection of phosphatidylserine expression on early apoptotic cells using fluorescein-labelled Annexin V. J Immunol Methods 184:39–51
Waldmann H, Cobbold S (1993) The use of monoclonal antibodies to achieve immunological tolerance. Immunol Today 14:247–251
Wood KJ (1996) New concepts in tolerance. Clin Transplant 10:93–99
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Otto, C., Gasser, M., Ulrichs, K. (1998). Immunological Methods in Small Animal Research. In: Timmermann, W., Gassel, HJ., Ulrichs, K., Zhong, R., Thiede, A. (eds) Organtransplantation in Rats and Mice. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72140-3_33
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72140-3_33
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-72142-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-72140-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive