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Concepts and Mechanisms of Immune Activation, Graft Rejection, Immunosuppression, and Tolerance

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Book cover Organtransplantation in Rats and Mice

Abstract

A widely distributed understanding defines immunology as the science of self/nonself-discrimination. However, to discriminate an individual’s own tissues from genetically different ones and, more importantly, from structures which do not belong to its own species is by no means the speciality of the immune system. This capacity is vital for all invertebrates and vertebrates because of biotic threats to individuality, such as cellular or microbial parasitism. There is a wide variety of recognition systems, most of them poorly understood, such as lectins, adhesion molecular systems, and other systems of so-called innate immunity and specific immunity. In evolutionary terms, the latter developed relatively late, some 300–350 million years ago, among the deuterostomata; some people call it the ingenious immuno big bang of nature. Since then molecules are created which are composed of several variable regions, allowing a large variety of reaction specificities by genetic rearrangements of these regions. Rearrangement rather than prearrangement is the ingenious principle which became applied twofold, namely in T-lymphocyte cell surface receptors and in humoral antibodies, and which allows for a tremendous diversification of reaction specificities of these molecules.

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Authors
  1. W. Müller-Ruchholtz
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Chirurgische Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany

    Wolfgang Timmermann , Heinz-Jochen Gassel , Karin Ulrichs  & Arnulf Thiede , ,  & 

  2. Department of Surgery, University of Western Ontario, 339 Windermere Road, N6A 5A5, London, Ontario, Canada

    Robert Zhong

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© 1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Müller-Ruchholtz, W. (1998). Concepts and Mechanisms of Immune Activation, Graft Rejection, Immunosuppression, and Tolerance. In: Timmermann, W., Gassel, HJ., Ulrichs, K., Zhong, R., Thiede, A. (eds) Organtransplantation in Rats and Mice. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72140-3_27

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72140-3_27

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-72142-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-72140-3

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