Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Immune Response to Influenza Infection

  • Conference paper
Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 128))

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to review the nature of the immune response to influenza virus both in hosts which experience natural infection, particularly man, and in hosts which are experimentally infected, particularly mice, Until recently, an article on this topic may well have contained only a rather superficial account of the properties of the virion with hardly a mention of the replication process. However, the past few years have seen great advances in two almost separate developments. On the one hand, detailed information is now available on the viral genome and the expression of viral proteins: there are complete amino acid sequences and X-ray crystallographic analysis of the two surface glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase; we have a greater understanding of the roles of gene reassortment and mutation in the generation of antigenic shift and drift, and of the mechanism of viral replication and assembly. On the other hand, and although there are still very significant gaps, there has been a great increase in our knowledge of the different classes of lymphocytes, particularly T cells, and to a lesser extent of other cell types involved in the immune response to this virus. Significant correlations in the case of human studies and the findings from cell transfer studies in experimental systems have made possible the allocation of particular roles to different cell types.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Ada GL (to be published) The generation of cellular versus humoral immunity. In: Arnon R (ed) Synthetic vaccines. CRC, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ada GL, Skehel JJ (1985) Are peptides good antigens? Nature 316:764–765

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ada GL, Yap KL (1977) Matrix protein expressed at the surface of cells infected with influenza viruses. Immunochemistry 14:643–651

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ada GL, Leung K-N, Ertl HCJ (1981) An analysis of effector T cell generation and function in mice exposed to influenza A or Sendai viruses. Immun Rev 58:4–24

    Google Scholar 

  5. Allen PM, Matsueda GR, Haber E, Unanue ER (1985) Specificity of the T cell receptor: two different determinants are generated by the same peptide and the IAk molecule. J Immunol 135:368–373

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Anders EM, Katz JM, Jackson DC, White DO (1981) In vitro antibody response to influenza virus. II. Specificity of helper T cells recognising hemagglutinin. J Immunol 127:669–672

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Andrew ME, Coupar BEH, Ada GL, Boyle DB (to be published) Cell-mediated immune responses to influenza virus antigens expressed by vaccinia virus recombinants. Microbial Pathogenesis

    Google Scholar 

  8. Andrewes CH, Bang FB, Burnet FM (1955) A short description of the myxovirus group (influenza and related viruses). Virology 1:176–184

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Andrus L, Lafferty KJ (1982) Inhibition of T cell activity by cyclosporin A. Scand J Immunol 15:449–458

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ashman RB (1982) Persistence of cell-mediated immunity to influenza A virus in mice. Immunology 47:165–168

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ashman RB, Müllbacher A (1979) A helper T-cell for anti-viral cytotoxic T cell responses. J Exp Med 150:1277–1282

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Askonas BA, Webster RG (1980) Monoclonal antibodies to the haemagglutinin and to H-2 inhibit the cross reactive T cell populations induced by influenza. Eur J Immunol 10:151–156

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Askonas BA, Pala P (1985) Influenza specific cytotoxic T-cell clones and immune interferon. In: Feldman M, Lamb JR, Woody NJ (eds) Human T cell clones. Humana Press, New Jersey, pp 381–388

    Google Scholar 

  14. Askonas BA, McMichael AJ, Webster RG (1982a) The immune response to influenza viruses and the problem of protection against infection. In: Beare (ed) Basic and applied influenza research. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 159–188

    Google Scholar 

  15. Askonas BA, Müllbacher A, Ashman RB (1982b) Cytotoxic T memory cells in virus infection and the specificity of helper T cells. Immunology 45:79–84

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Astry CL, Yolken RH, Jakab GJ (1984) Dynamics of viral growth, viral enzymatic activity and antigenicity in murine lungs during the course of influenza pneumonia. J Med Virol 14:81–90

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Atassi MZ, Webster RG (1983) Localization, synthesis and activity of an antigenic site on influenza hemagglutinin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:840–844

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Babbitt BP, Allen PM, Matsueda G, Haber E, Unanue ER (1985) Binding of immunogenic peptides to Ia histocompatibility molecules. Nature 317:359–361

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Barry RD, Ives DR, Cruikshank JG (1962) Participation of deoxyribonucleic acid in the multiplication of influenza virus. Nature 194:1139–1140

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bean WJ (1984) Correlation of influenza A virus nucleoprotein with host species. Virology 133:438-442

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Becht H, Huang RTC, Fleischer B, Boschek CB, Rott R (1984) Immunologic properties of the small chain HA2 of the haemagglutinin of influenza viruses. J Gen Virol 65:173–183

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Belshe RB, Van Voris LP (1984) Cold-recombinant influenza A/California/10/76(H1N1) virus vaccine (CR-37) in seronegative children: infectivity and efficacy against investigational challenge. J Infect Dis 149:735–740

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Belshe RB, Van Voris LP, Bartram J, Crookshanks FK (1984) Live attenuated influenza A virus vaccines in children: results of a field trial. J Infect Dis 150:834–840

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bennink JR, Yewdell JW, Gerhard W (1982) A viral polymerase involved in recognition of influenza virus infected cells by a cytotoxic T cell clone. Nature 296:75–76

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Bennink JR, Yewdell JW, Smith GL, Moller C, Moss B (1984) Recombinant vaccinia virus primes and stimulates influenza haemagglutinin specific cytotoxic T cells. Nature 311:578–579

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Betts RF, Douglas RG, Murphy BR (1985) Resistance to challenge with influenza A/Hong Kong/123/77(H1N1) wild-type virus induced by live attenuated A/Hong Kong/123/77(H1N1) cold-adapted reassortant virus. J Infect Dis 151:744–745

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Biddison WE, Doherty PC, Webster RG (1977) Antibody to influenza virus matrix protein detects a common antigen on the surface of cells infected with type A influenza viruses. J Exp Med 146:690–697

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Both GW, Sleigh MJ, Cox NJ, Kendal AP (1983) Antigenic drift in influenza H3 hemagglutinin from 1968–1980. Multiple evolutionary pathways and sequential amino acid changes at key antigenic sites. J Virol 48:52–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Braciale TJ (1977) Immunologic recognition of influenza virus-infected cells. Cell Immunol 33:423–436

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Braciale TJ (1979) Specificity of cytotoxic T cells directed to influenza virus haemagglutinin. J Exp Med 149:856–869

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Braciale TJ, Yap KL (1978) Role of viral infectivity in the induction of influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T cells. J Exp Med 147:1236–1252

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Braciale TJ, Andrew ME, Braciale VL (1981) Heterogeneity and specificity of cloned lines of influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 153:910–923

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Braciale TJ, Braciale VL, Henkel TJ, Sambrook J, Gething MJ (1984) Cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognition of the influenza haemagglutinin gene product expressed by DNA mediated gene transfer. J Exp Med 159:341–354

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Burlington DB, Clements ML, Meiklejohn G, Phelan M, Murphy BR (1983) Hemagglutinin specific antibody responses in immunoglobulin G, A and M isotypes as measured by ELISA after primary or secondary infection of humans with influenza A virus. Infect Immun 41:540–545

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Burlington DB, Djeu JY, Wells MA, Kiley SC, Quinnan GV (1984) Large granular lymphocytes provide an accessory function in the in vitro development of influenza A virus-specific cytotoxic T cells. J Immunol 132:3154–3158

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Callard RE (1979) Specific in vitro antibody response to influenza virus by human blood lymphocytes. Nature 282:734–736

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Callard RE, McGaughan GW, Babbage J, Souhami RL (1982) Specific in vitro antibody responses by human blood lymphocytes: apparent nonresponsiveness of PBL is due to a lack of recirculating memory B cells. J Immunol 129:153–156

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Cambridge G, MacKenzie JS, Keast D (1976) Cell-mediated immune response to influenza virus infection in mice. Infect Immun 13:36–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Cancro MP, Gerhard W, Klinman NR (1978) The diversity of the influenza-specific primary B-cell repertoire in Balb/c mice. J Exp Med 147:776–787

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Cate TR, Mold NG (1975) Increased influenza pneumonia mortality of mice adoptively immunized with node and spleen cells sensitized by inactivated but not live virus. Infect Immun 11:908–914

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Cavanagh D, Mitkis F, Sweet C, Collie MH, Smith H (1979) The localisation of influenza virus in the respiratory tract of ferrets. J Gen Virol 44:505–514

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Clements ML, O’Donnell S, Levine MM, Chanock RM, Murphy BR (1983) Dose response of A/Alaska/6/77(H3N2) cold-adapted reassortant vaccine virus in adult volunteers: role of local antibody in resistance to infection with vaccine virus. Infect Immun 40:1044–1051

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Clements ML, Betts RF, Murphy BR (1984) Advantage of live attenuated cold-adapted influenza A virus over inactivated vaccine for A/Washington/80(H3N2) wild-type virus infection. Lancet i:705–708

    Google Scholar 

  44. Clements ML, Betts RF, Murphy BR (1985) Comparison of immune responses and efficacies of inactivated and live virus vaccines. J Cell Biochem Supp 9C:284–285

    Google Scholar 

  45. Colman PM, Varghese JN, Laver WG (1983) Structure of the catalytic and antigenic sites in influenza virus neuraminidase. Nature 303:41–44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Couch RB, Kasel JA (1983) Immunity to influenza in man. Ann Rev Microbiol 37:529–549

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Couch RB, Kasel JA, Six HR, Cate TR (1981) The basis for immunity to influenza in man. In: Nayak (ed) Genetic variation among influenza viruses. Academic, New York, pp 535–546

    Google Scholar 

  48. Couch RB, Quarles JM, Cate TR, Zahradnik JM (1985) Field trials among college students with live attenuated influenza virus vaccines. J Cell Biochem Supp 9C:285

    Google Scholar 

  49. Cox NJ, Kendal AP (1984) Genetic stability of A/Ann Arbor/6/60 cold-mutant (temperature-sensitive) live influenza virus genes: analysis by oligonucleotide mapping of recombinant vaccine strains before and after replication in volunteers. J Infect Dis 149:194–200

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Davis AR, Kostek B, Mason BB, Hsiao CL, Morin J, Dheer SK, Hung PP (1985) Expression of hepatitis B surface antigen with a recombinant adenovirus. In: Chanock P, Lerner R, Brown F (arranged) Modern approaches to vaccines. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, New York, p 85

    Google Scholar 

  51. Della-Porta AJ, Westaway EG (1978) A multihit model for the neutralization of animal viruses. J Gen Virol 38:1–19

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. DeLisi C, Berzofsky JA (1985) T cell antigenic sites tend to be amphipathic structures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:7048–7052

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Dennert G, Weiss S, Warner JF (1981) T cells may express multiple activities: specific allohelp, cytolysis and delayed-type hypersensitivity are expressed by a cloned T-cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:4540–4543

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Djeu JY, Stocks N, Zoon K, Stanton GJ, Tomonen T, Heberman RB (1982) Positive self regulation of cytotoxicity in human natural killer cells by production of interferon upon exposure to influenza and herpes viruses. J Exp Med 156:1222–1234

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Doherty PC, Effros RB, Bennink J (1977) Heterogeneity of the cytotoxic response of thymus derived lymphocytes after immunization with influenza virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:1209–1213

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Doherty PC, Biddison WE, Bennink JR, Knowles BB (1978) Cytotoxic T cell responses in mice infected with influenza and vaccinia viruses vary in magnitude with H-2 genotype. J Exp Med 148:534–543

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Effros RB, Frankel ME, Gerhard W, Doherty PC (1979) Inhibition of influenza immune T cell effector function by virus specific hybridoma antibody. J Immunol 123:1343–1346

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Ennis FA, Meager A (1981) Immune interferon produced to high levels by antigenic stimulation of human lymphocytes with influenza virus. J Exp Med 154:1279–1289

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Ennis FA, Meager A, Beare AS, Hua QY, Riley D, Schwarz G, Schild GC, Rook AH (1981) Interferon induction and increased natural killer-cell activity in influenza infections in man. Lancet 2:891–893

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Ennis FA, Rook AH, Qi Y-L, Schild GC, Riley D, Pratt R, Potter CW (1981) HLA-restricted virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses to live and inactivated influenza vaccines. Lancet 2:887–891

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Ertl HCJ, Finberg RW (1985) Induction of a virus specific immune response by an anti-idiotypic antibody. J Cell Biochem Supp 9C:294

    Google Scholar 

  62. Ettensohn DB, Roberts NJ (1984) Influenza virus infection of human alveolar and blood-derived macrophages: differences in accessory cell function and interferon production. J Infect Dis 149:942–949

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Fischer A, Nash S, Beverley PCL, Feldmann M (1982) An influenza virus matrix protein-specific human T cell line with helper activity for in vitro anti-hemagglutinin antibody production. Eur J Immunol 12:844–849

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Fleischer B, Becht H, Rott R (1985) Recognition of viral antigens by human influenza A virus specific T lymphocyte clones. J Immunol 135:2800–2804

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Gangemi JD, Hightower JA, Jackson RA, Maker MH, Welsh MG, Sigel MM (1983) Enhancement of natural resistance to influenza virus in lipopolysaccharide-responsive and non-responsive mice by Propionibacterium acnes. Infect Immun 39:726–735

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Gell PGH, Benacerraf B (1959) Studies on hypersensitivity. II. Delayed hypersensitivity to denatured proteins in guinea pigs. Immunology 2:64–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Gell PGH, Moss PAH (1985) Production of cell-mediated immune response to Herpes simplex virus by immunization with anti-idiotype heteroantisera. J Gen Virol 66:1801–1804

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Geraci JR, St Aubin DJ, Barker IK, Webster RG, Hinshaw VS, Bean WJ, Ruhnke HL, Prescott JH, Early G, Baker AS, Madoff S, Schooley RT (1982) Mass mortality of harbor seals. Pneumonia associated with influenza A virus. Science 215:1129–1131

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Gerhardt W, Yewdell J, Frankel ME, Webster R (1981) Antigenic structure of influenza virus haemagglutinin defined by hybridoma antibodies. Nature 290:713–716

    Google Scholar 

  70. Gething M-J, Sambrook J (1982) Construction of influenza hemagglutinin genes that code for intracellular and secreted forms of the protein. Nature 300:598–660

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Geyson HM, Rodda SJ, Mason TJ (1986) The delineation of peptides able to mimic assembled epitopes. In: Synthetic peptides as antigens. Pitman, London, pp 130–149

    Google Scholar 

  72. Gonchoroff NJ, Kendal AP, Phillips DJ, Reimer CB (1982) Immunoglobulin M and G antibody response to type- and subtype-specific antigens after primary and secondary exposures of mice to influenza A viruses. Infect Immun 35:510–517

    Google Scholar 

  73. Green JA, Charette RP, Yeh T-H, Smith CB (1982) Presence of interferon in acute- and convalescent-phase sera of humans with influenza or an influenza-like illness of undetermined etiology. J Infect Dis 145:837–841

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Green N, Alexander H, Olson A, Alexander S, Shinnick TM, Sutcliffe JG, Lerner RA (1982) Immunogenic structure of the influenza virus hemagglutinin. Cell 28:477–487

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Gresser I, Tovey MG, Maury C, Bandu MT (1976) Role of interferon in the pathogenesis of virus diseases in mice as demonstrated by the use of anti-interferon serum. II. Studies with Herpes simplex, Moloney sarcoma, vesicular stomatitis, Newcastle disease and influenza viruses. J Exp Med 144:1316–1323

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Haaheim LR, Schild GC (1980) Antibodies to the strain-specific and cross-reactive determinants of the haemagglutinin of influenza H3N2 viruses. 2. Antiviral activities of the antibodies in biological systems. Acta Path Microbiol Scand B 88:335–340

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Hackett CJ, Askonas BA, Webster RG, Van Wyke K (1980) Quantitation of influenza virus antigens on infected target cells and their recognition by cross reactive cytotoxic T cells. J Exp Med 151:1014–1025

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Hackett CJ, Dietzschold B, Gerhard W, Christ B, Knorr R, Gillessen D, Melchers F (1983) Influenza virus site recognised by a murine helper T cell specific for H1 strains. Localization to a nine amino acid sequence in the hemagglutinin molecule. J Exp Med 158:294–302

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Hall WJ, Douglas RG (1980) Pulmonary function during and after common respiratory infections. Annu Rev Med 31:233–238

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Haller O (1981) Inborn resistance of mice to orthomyxoviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 92:25–52

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Hashimoto G, Wright PF, Karzon DT (1983) Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against influenza virus-infected cells. J Infect Dis 148:785–794

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Hay AJ, Lomniczi B, Bellamy AR, Skehel JJ (1977) Transcription of the influenza virus genome. Virology 83:337–355

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Hicks JT, Ennis FA, Kim E, Verbonitz M (1978) The importance of an intact complement pathway in recovery from a primary viral infection: influenza in decomplemented and in C5-deficient mice. J Immunol 121:1437–1445

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Hinshaw VS, Bean WJ, Webster RG, Easterday BC (1978) The prevalence of influenza viruses in swine and the antigenic and genetic relatedness of influenza viruses from man and swine. Virology 84:51–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Hodgkin PD (1985) The activation and action of T lymphocytes. PhD Thesis, Australian National University, Canberra

    Google Scholar 

  86. Hoshino A, Takenaka H, Mizukoshi O, Imonishi J, Kishida T, Tovey MG (1983) Effect of anti-interferon serum on influenza virus infection in mice. Antiviral Res 3:59–65

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Hoskins TW, Davies JK, Smith AJ, Miller CL, Allchin A (1979) Assessment of inactivated influenza-A vaccine after three outbreaks of influenza A at Christ’s Hospital. Lancet 1:33–35

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Hruskova J, Syrucek L, Tumova B, Stumpa A, Bruckova M, Losova M, Berkovicova V (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  89. Levels of immunoglobulins and antibodies to haemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza virus in nasal secretions after natural infection. Acta Virol 30:126–134 Hurwitz JL, Heber-Katz E, Hackett CJ, Gerhard WJ (1984) Characterization of the murine TH response to influenza virus hemagglutinin. Evidence for three major specificities. J Immunol 133:3371–3377

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Husseini RH, Sweet C, Collie MH, Smith H (1981) The relation of interferon and nonspecific inhibitors to virus levels in nasal washes of ferrets infected with influenza viruses of differing virulence. Br J Exp Pathol 62:87–93

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Husseini RH, Sweet C, Collie MH, Smith H (1982) Elevation of nasal viral levels by suppression of fever in ferrets infected with influenza viruses of differing virulence. J Infect Dis 145:520–524

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Husseini RH, Sweet C, Overton H, Smith H (1984) Role of maternal immunity in the protection of newborn ferrets against infection with a virulent influenza virus. Immunology 52:389–394

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Jackson DC, Ada GL, Hapel AJ, Dunlop MBC (1976) Changes in the surface of virus-infected cells recognised by cytotoxic T cells. II. A requirement for glycoprotein synthesis in virus-infected target cells. Scand J Immunol 5:1021–1029

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Jackson DC, Murray JM, White DO, Fagan CN, Tregear GW (1982) Antigenic activity of a synthetic peptide comprising the “loop” region of influenza virus hemagglutinin. Virology 120:273–276

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Kaplan DV, Braciale VL, Braciale TJ (1984) Antigen-dependent regulation of IL-2 receptor expression of cloned human cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Immunol 133:1966–1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Katz JM, Laver WG, White DO, Anders EM (1985) Recognition of influenza virus hemagglutinin by sub-type specific and cross reactive proliferative T cells; contribution of HA1 and HA2 polypeptide chains. J Immunol 134:616–622

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Kees U, Krammer PH (1984) Most influenza A virus specific memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes react with antigenic epitopes associated with internal virus determinants. J Exp Med 159:365–377

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Kosinowski VH, Allen H, Gething MJ, Waterfield MD, Klenk H (1980) Recognition of viral glycoproteins by influenza A specific cross reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 151:945–958

    Google Scholar 

  99. Kris RM, Asofsky R, Evans CB, Small PA (1985) Protection and recovery in influenza virus-infected mice immunosuppressed with anti-IgM. J Immunol 132:1230–1235

    Google Scholar 

  100. Lamb RA, Choppin PW (1983) Gene structure and replication of influenza virus. Virology 81:382–397

    Google Scholar 

  101. Lamb JR, Feldmann M (1982) A human suppressor T cell clone which recognises an autologous helper T cell clone. Nature 300:456–468

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Lamb JR, Eckels DD, Lake P, Woody JN, Green N (1982) Human T cell clones recognise chemically synthesized peptides of influenza hemagglutinin. Nature 300:66–69

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Lamb JR, Skidmore BJ, Green N, Chiller JM, Feldmann M (1983) Induction of tolerance in influenza virus-immune T-lymphocyte clones with synthetic peptides of influenza hemagglutinin. J Exp Med 157:1434–1447

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Lambre CR, Thibon M, Le Maho S, Di Bella G (1983) Autoantibody dependent activation of the autologous classical complement pathway by guinea-pig red cells treated with influenza virus or neuraminidase. Immunology 49:311–319

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Langman RE, Cohn M (1985) T cell function via restricted recognition of antigen, not antigen-restricted recognition. Cell Immunol 94:598–608

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Lanzavecchia A (1985) Antigen-specific interaction between T and B cells. Nature 314:537–539

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Laver WG, Valentine RC (1969) Morphology of the isolated hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits of the influenza virus. Virology 38:105–119

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Lee PWK, Hayes EC, Joklik WC (1981) Protein 61 is the reovirus attachment protein. Virology 108:156–163

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Leung KN, Ada GL (1981a) Induction of natural killer cells during murine influenza virus infection. Immunobiol 160:342–366

    Google Scholar 

  110. Leung KN, Ada GL (1981b) The effect of helper T cells on the primary in vitro production of delayed-type hypersensitivity to influenza virus. J Exp Med 153:1029–1043

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Leung K-N, Ada GL (1982) Different functions of subsets of effector T cells in murine influenza virus infection. Cell Immunol 67:312–324

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Leung K-N, Schiltknecht E, Ada GL (1982) In vivo collaboration between precursor T cells and helper T cells in the development of delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to influenza virus in mice. Scand J Immunol 16:257–264

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Liew FY, Russell SM (1980) Delayed-type hypersensitivity to influenza virus. J Exp Med 151: 799–814

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Liew FY, Russell SM (1983) Inhibition of pathogenic effect of effector T cells by specific suppressor T cells during influenza infection in mice. Nature 304:541–543

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Lin YL, Askonas BA (1981) Biological properties of an influenza A virus-specific killer T cell clone. J Exp Med 154:225–234

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Lukacher AE, Braciale VL, Braciale TJ (1984) In vivo effector function of influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones is highly specific. J Exp Med 160:814–826

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Lukacher AE, Morrison LA, Braciale VL, Malissen B, Braciale TJ (1985) Expression of specific cytolytic activity by H-2 I region-restricted, influenza specific T lymphocyte clones. J Exp Med 162:171–187

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Lyons CR, Lipscomb MF (1983) Alveolar macrophages in pulmonary immune responses. I. Role in the initiation of primary immune responses and in the selective recruitment of T lymphocytes to the lung. J Immunol 130:1113–1119

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Mahy BWJ, Hastie ND, Armstrong SJ (1972) Inhibition of influenza virus replication by alpha-amantin: mode of action. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 69:1421–1424

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Mak NK, Leung KN, Ada GL (1982a) The generation of “cytotoxic” macrophages in mice during infection with influenza A or Sendai virus. Scand J Immunol 15:553–561

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Mak NK, Zhang Y-L, Ada GL, Tannock GA (1982b) Humoral and cellular responses of mice to infection with a cold adapted influenza A virus variant. Infect Immun 38:218–225

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Mak NK, Schiltknecht E, Ada GL (1983) Protection of mice against influenza virus infection: enhancement of nonspecific cellular responses by Corynebacterium parvum. Cell Immunol 78:314–325

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Mak NK, Sweet C, Ada GL, Tannock GA (1984) The sensitization of mice with a wild-type and cold-adapted variant of influenza A virus. II. Secondary cytotoxic T cell responses. Immunology 51:407–416

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Manca F, Clarke JA, Miller A, Sercarz EE, Shastri N (1984) A limited region within hen egg-white lysozyme serves as the focus for a diversity of T cell clones. J Immunol 133:2075–2078

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Masurel N, Ophof P, de Jong P (1981) Antibody response to immunisation with influenza A/USSR/71(H1N1) virus in young individuals primed or unprimed for A/New Jersey/76(H1N1) virus. J Hyg Camb 87:201–209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. McDermott MR, Befus AD, Bienenstock J (1982) The structural basis for immunity in the respiratory tract. Int Rev Exp Pathol 23:47–112

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. McGaughan GW, Adams E, Basten A (1984) Human antigen-specific IgA responses in blood and secondary lymphoid tissue: an analysis of help and suppression. J Immunol 132:1190–1196

    Google Scholar 

  128. McLaren C, Butchko GM (1978) Regional T- and B-cell responses in influenza-infected ferrets. Infect Immun 22:189–194

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. McLaren C, Pope B (1980) Macrophage dependency of in vitro B cell response to influenza virus antigens. J Immunol 125:2679–2684

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. McMichael AJ, Ting A, Zweerink HJ, Askonas BA (1977) HLA restriction of cell mediated lysis of influenza virus-infected human cells. Nature 270:524–526

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. McMichael AJ, Gotch F, Eullen P, Askonas BA, Webster RG (1981) The human cytotoxic T cell response to influenza A vaccination. Clin Exp Immunol 43:267–284

    Google Scholar 

  132. McMichael AJ, Gotch FM, Dongworth DW, Clark A, Potter CW (1983) Declining T-cell immunity to influenza 1977–1982. Lancet 2:762–764

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. McMichael AJ, Michie CA, Gotch FM, Smith GL, Moss B (to be published) Recognition of influenza A virus nucleoprotein by human cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Gen Virol

    Google Scholar 

  134. Milich DR, Thornton GB, McLachlan A, McNamara MK, Chisari FV (to be published) T and B cell recognition of native and synthetic pre-S-region determinants of HBsAg. In: Chanock RM, Lerner RA, Brown F (eds) Modern approaches to vaccines. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York

    Google Scholar 

  135. Mitchell DM, Fitzharris P, Knight RA, Schild GC (1982) Kinetics of specific in vitro antibody production following influenza immunisation. Clin Exp Immunol 48:491–498

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Mitchell DM, McMichael AJ, Lamb JR (1985) The immunology of influenza. Br Med Bull 41:80–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Mizuochi T, Golding H, Rosenberg AS, Glimcher LH, Malek TK, Singer A (1985) Both L3T4+ and Lyt2+ helper T cells initiate cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses against allogeneic major histocompatibility antigens but not against trinitrophenyl-modified self. J Exp Med 162:427–443

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Morein B, Sundquist B, Höglund S, Dalsgaard K, Osterhaus A (1984) Iscom, a novel structure for antigenic presentation of membrane proteins from enveloped viruses. Nature 308:457–560

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Muller GM, Shapira M, Arnon R (1982) Anti-influenza response achieved by immunization with a synthetic conjugate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:569–573

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Murphy BR, Chanock RM (1985) Immunization against viruses. In: Fields BN (ed) Virology. Raven, New York, pp 349–370

    Google Scholar 

  141. Murphy BR, Webster RG (1985) Influenza viruses. In: Fields BN, Knipe DM, Chanock RM, Melnick JL, Roizman B, Shope RE (eds) Virology. Raven, New York, pp 1179–1239

    Google Scholar 

  142. Murphy BR, Baron S, Chalhub EG, Uhlendorf CP, Chanock RM (1973) Temperature sensitive mutants of influenza virus. IV. Induction of interferon in the nasopharynx by wild-type and a temperature-sensitive recombinant virus. J Infect Dis 128:488–493

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Murphy BR, Nelson DL, Wright PF, Tierney EL, Phelan MA, Chanock RM (1982) Secretory and systemic immunological response in children infected with live attenuated influenza A virus vaccines. Infect Immun 36:1102–1108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Nayak DP, Davis AR, Ueda M, Bos TJ, Sivasubramanian N (1984) Characterization of influenza virus glycoproteins expressed from cloned cDNAs in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In: Chanock RM, Lerner RA (eds) Modern approaches to vaccines. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, pp 165–172

    Google Scholar 

  145. Nestorowicz A, Laver G, Jackson DC (1985a) Antigenic determinants of influenza virus haemagglutinin. X. A comparison of the physical and antigenic properties of monomeric and trimeric forms. J Gen Virol 65:1687–1695

    Google Scholar 

  146. Nestorowicz A, Tregear GW, Southwell CN, Martyn J, Murray JM, White DO, Jackson DC (1985b) Antibodies elicited by influenza virus hemagglutinin fail to bind to synthetic peptides representing putative antigenic sites. Mol Immunol 22:145–154

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Owen JA, Allouche M, Doherty PC (1982) Limiting dilution analysis of the specificity of influenzaimmune cytotoxic T cells. Cell Immunol 67:49–59

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Oxford JS, Schild GC, Potter CW, Jennings R (1979) The specificity of the anti-haemagglutinin antibody response induced in man by inactivated influenza vaccines and by natural infection. J Hyg Camb 82:51–61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Oxford JS, Haaheim LR, Slepushkin A, Werner J, Kuwert E, Schild GC (1981) Strain specificity of serum antibody to the haemagglutinin of influenza A (H3N2) viruses in children following immunisation or natural infection. J Hyg Camb 86:17–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Pala P, Askonas BA (1985) Induction of Kb-restricted anti-influenza cytotoxic T cells in C57B1 mice: importance of stimulator cell type and immunization route. Immunology 55:601–607

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Pala P, Townsend ARM, Askonas BA (1986) Viral recognition by influenza A virus crossreactive cytotoxic T cells: the proportion of Tc that recognise nucleoprotein varies between individual mice. Eur J Immunol 16:193–198

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Palese P, Kingsbury DW (eds) (1983) The genetics of influenza viruses. Springer, Vienna New York

    Google Scholar 

  153. Palese P, Ritchey MB, Schulman JL (1977) P1 and P3 proteins of influenza virus are required for complementary RNA syntheses. J Virol 21:1187–1195

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Panicali D, Paoletti E (1982) Construction of poxviruses as cloning vectors: insertion of the thymidine kinase gene from herpes simplex virus into the DNA of infectious vaccinia virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:4927–4931

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Perrin LH, Joseph BS, Cooper NR, Oldstone MBA (1976) Mechanism of injury of virus-infected cells by antiviral antibody and complement: participation of IgG, F(ab′)2, and the alternative complement pathway. J Exp Med 143:1027–1041

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Possee RD, Schild GC, Dimmock NJ (1982) Studies on the mechanisms of neutralization of influenza virus by antibody: evidence that neutralizing antibody (antihaemagglutinin) inactivates influenza virus in vivo by inhibiting virion transcriptase activity. J Gen Virol 58:373–386

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Potter CW (1982) Inactivated influenza virus vaccine. In: Beare AS (ed) Basic and applied influenza research. CRC Press, Florida, pp 119–156

    Google Scholar 

  158. Puck JM, Glezen WP, Frank AL, Six HR (1980) Protection of infants from infection with influenza A virus by transplacentally acquired antibody. J Infect Dis 142:844–849

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Reiss CS, Schulman JL (1980a) Influenza type A virus M protein expression on infected cells is responsible for cross-reactive recognition by cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes. Infect Immun 29:719–723

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Reiss CS, Schulman JL (1980b) Cellular immune responses of mice to influenza virus infection. Cell Immunol 56:502–509

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Reiss CS, Burakoff SJ (1981) Specificity of the helper T cell for the cytolytic T lymphocyte response to influenza viruses. J Exp Med 154:541–546

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Reuman PD, Paganini CMA, Ayoub EM, Small PA (1983) Maternal-infant transfer of influenza-specific immunity in the mouse. J Immunol 130:932–936

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Rodgers BC, Mims CA (1981) Interaction of influenza virus with mouse macrophages. Infect Immun 31:751–757

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Rodgers BC, Mims CA (1982a) Influenza virus replication in human alveolar macrophages. J Med Virol 9:177–184

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Rodgers BC, Mims CA (1982 b) Role of macrophage activation and interferon in the resistance of alveolar macrophages from infected mice to influenza virus. Infect Immun 36:1154–1159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Roitt IM, Thanavala YM, Male DK, Hay FC (1985) Anti-idiotypes as surrogate antigens: structural considerations. Immunol Today 6:265–267

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Roizman B (1985) Multiplication of viruses: an overview. In: Fields BN et al. (eds) Virology. Raven, New York, pp 69–75

    Google Scholar 

  168. Roizman B, Jenkins FJ (1985) Genetic engineering of novel genomes of large DNA viruses. Science 229:1208–1213

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Rosenthal AS, Shevach EM (1973) Function of macrophages in antigen recognition by guinea pig T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 138:1194–1212

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Rosztoczy I, Sweet C, Toms GL, Smith H (1975) Replication of influenza virus in organ cultures of human and simian urogenital tissues and human foetal tissues. Br J Exp Pathol 56:322–328

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Russell SM, Liew FY (1979) T cells primed by influenza virion internal components can co-operate in the antibody response to haemagglutinin. Nature 280:147–148

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Scalzo AA, Anders EM (1984) Role of I-E antigens in the mitogenic response to influenza viruses. Proc Aust Soc Imm 14:93

    Google Scholar 

  173. Schiltknecht E, Ada GL (1985a) In vivo effects of cyclosporin on influenza A virus-infected mice. Cell Immunol 91:227–239

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Schiltknecht E, Ada GL (1985b) The generation of effector T cells in influenza A-infected, cyclosporine A-treated mice. Cell Immunol 95:340–348

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Schiltknecht E, Ada GL (1985c) Influenza virus-specific T cells fail to reduce lung virus titers in cyclosporin-treated, infected mice. Scand J Immunol 22:99–103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Schulman JL (1975) Immunology of influenza. In: Kilbourne ED (ed) Influenza viruses and influenza. Academic, New York, pp 373–393

    Google Scholar 

  177. Sela M (1969) Antigenicity: some molecular aspects. Science 166:1365–1374

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Shapira M, Jibson M, Muller G, Arnon R (1984) Immunity and protection against influenza virus by synthetic peptide corresponding to antigenic sites of hemagglutinin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:2461–2465

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Shaw MW, Lamon EW, Compans RW (1981) Surface expression of a non-structural antigen on influenza A virus-infected cells. Infect Immun 34:1065–1068

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Shaw MW, Lamon EW, Compans RW (1982) Immunologie studies of the influenza A virus non-structural protein NS1. J Exp Med 156:243–254

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Shvartsman YS, Zykov MP (1976) Secretory anti-influenza immunity. Adv Immunol 22:291–330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Shvartsman YS, Agranovskaya EN, Zykov MP (1977) Formation of secretory and circulating antibodies after immunisation with live and inactivated influenza virus vaccines. J Infect Dis 135:697–705

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Simons K, Garoff H, Helenius A (1982) How an animal virus gets into and out of its host cell. Sci Am 246:58–66

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Sinickas VG, Ashman RB, Hodgkin PD, Blanden RV (1985) The cytotoxic response to murine cytomegalovirus. III. Lymphokine release and cytotoxicity are dependent upon phenotypically similar immune cell populations. J Gen Virol 66:2551–2562

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Skehel JJ, Bayley PM, Brown EB, Martin SR, Waterfield DM, White JM, Wilson IA, Wiley DC (1982) Changes in the conformation of influenza virus hemagglutinin at the pH optimum of virus-mediated membrane fusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:968–972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Smith GL, Murphy BR, Moss B (1983) Construction and characterisation of an infectious vaccinia virus recombinant that expresses the influenza haemagglutinin gene and induces resistance to influenza virus infection in hamsters. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:7155–7159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Stein-Streilein J, Bennett M, Mann D, Kumor V (1983) Natural killer cells in mouse lung: surface phenotype, target preference and response to local influenza virus infection. J Immunol 131:2699–2704

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Sterkers G, Michon J, Henin Y, Gomard E, Hannoun C, Levy JP (1985) Fine specificity analysis of human influenza-specific cloned cell lines. Cell Immunol 94:394–405

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Stitz L, Huang RTC, Hengartner H, Rott H, Zinkernagel RM (1985) Cytotoxic T cell lysis of target cells fused with liposomes containing influenza virus haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. J Gen Virol 66:1333–1339

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Streicher HZ, Berkower IJ, Busch M, Gurd FRN, Berzofsky JA (1984) Antigen conformation determines processing requirements for T-cell activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:6831–6835

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Sweet C, Smith H (1980) Pathogenicity of influenza virus. Microbiol Rev 44:303–330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Sweet C, Cavanagh D, Collie MH, Smith H (1978) Sensitivity to pyrexial temperatures: a factor contributing to virulence differences between two clones of influenza virus. Br J Exp Pathol 59:373–380

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Sweet C, Macartney JC, Bird RA, Cavanagh D, Collie MH, Husseini RH, Smith H (1981) Differential distribution of virus and histological damage on the lower respiratory tract of ferrets infected with influenza viruses of differing virulence. J Gen Virol 54:103–114

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Tannock GA, Paul GA (1985) Homologous and heterologous immunity to influenza A virus induced by recombinants of the cold-adapted master strain A/Ann Arbor/6/60-Ca. J Cell Biochem Supp 9C:294

    Google Scholar 

  195. Tannock GA, Paul JA, Barry RD (1984) Relative immunogenicity of the cold-adapted influenza virus A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (A/AA/6/60-ca), recombinants of A/AA/6/60-ca and parental strains with similar surface antigens. Infect Immun 43:457–462

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Tao SJ, Mak NK, Ada GL (1985) Sensitization of mice with wild-type and cold-adapted influenza virus variants: immune responses to two H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. J Virol 53:645–650

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Taylor HP, Dimmock NJ (1985a) Mechanisms of neutralization of influenza virus by secretory IgA is different from that of monomeric IgA or IgG. J Exp Med 161:198–209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Taylor HP, Dimmock NJ (1985b) Mechanisms of neutralization of influenza virus by IgM. J Gen Virol 66:903–907

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Taylor PA, Askonas BA (1983) Diversity in the biological properties of anti-influenza cytotoxic T cell clones. Eur J Immunol 13:707–711

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Taylor PM, Wraith DC, Askonas BA (1985) Control of immune interferon release by cytotoxic T-cell clones specific for influenza. Immunology 54:607–614

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Thomas DB, Hackett CJ, Askonas BA (1982) Evidence for two T-helper populations with distinct specificity in the humoral response to influenza A viruses. Immunology 47:429–436

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Toms GL, Davies JA, Woodward CG, Sweet C, Smith H (1977) The relation of pyrexia and nasal inflammatory response to virus levels in nasal washings of ferrets infected with influenza viruses of differing virulence. Br J Exp Pathol 58:444–458

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Townsend ARM, McMichael AJ (1985) Specificity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes stimulated with influenza virus. Prog Allergy 36:10–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Townsend ARM, Skehel JJ (1984) The influenza virus nucleoprotein gene controls the induction of both subtype specific and cross reactive T cells. J Exp Med 160:552–563

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Townsend ARM, McMichael AJ, Carter NP, Huddieston JA, Brownlee GG (1984a) Cytotoxic T cell recognition of the influenza nucleoprotein and haemagglutinin expressed in transfected mouse L cells. Cell 39:13–25

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Townsend ARM, Skehel JJ, Taylor PM, Palese P (1984b) Recognition of influenza A virus nucleoprotein by an H-2 restricted cytotoxic T cell clone. Virology 133:456–459

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Townsend ARM, Gotch FM, Davey J (1985) Cytotoxic T cells recognise fragments of the influenza nucleoprotein. Cell 42:457–567

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Van Voorhis WC, Valnisky J, Hoffman E, Luban J, Hair LS, Steinman RN (1983) The relative efficacy of human monocytes and dendritic cells as accessory cells for T cell regulation. J Exp Med 158:174–191

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Van Wyke KL, Hinshaw VS, Bean WJ, Webster RG (1980) Antigenic variation of influenza A virus nucleoprotein detected with monoclonal antibodies. J Virol 35:24–30

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Van Wyke KL, Yewdell JW, Reck LJ, Murphy BR (1984) Antigenic characterization of influenza A virus matrix protein with monoclonal antibodies. J Virol 49:248–252

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Varghese JN, Laver WG, Colman PM (1983) Structure of the influenza virus glycoprotein antigen neuraminidase at 2.9f resolution. Nature 303:35–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Verbonitz MW, Ennis FA, Hicks JT, Albrecht P (1978) Hemagglutinin-specific complement-dependent cytolytic antibody response to influenza infection. J Exp Med 147:265–270

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Virelizier JL (1975) Host defenses against influenza virus: the role of anti-hemagglutinin antibody. J Immunol 115:434–439

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Virelizier JL, Oxford JS, Schild GC (1976) The role of humoral immunity in host defence against influenza A infection in mice. Postgrad Med J 52:332–337

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Virelizier JL, Allison A, Oxford C, Schild GC (1977) Early presence of nucleoprotein antigen on the surface of influenza virus-infected cells. Nature 266:52–53

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Wabuke-Bunoti MAN, Fan DP (1983) Isolation and characterization of a CNBr cleavage peptide of influenza viral hemagglutinin stimulatory for mouse cytolytic T lymphocytes. J Immunol 130:2386–2391

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Waldman RH, Wood SH, Torres EJ, Small PA (1970a) Influenza antibody response following aerosol administration of inactivated virus. Am J Epidem 91:575–584

    Google Scholar 

  218. Waldman RH, Wigley FM, Small PA (1970b) Specificity of respiratory secretion antibody against influenza virus. J Immunol 104:1477–1483

    Google Scholar 

  219. Waldman RH, Jurgensen PF, Olsen GN, Ganguly R, Johnson JE (1973) Immune responses of the human respiratory tract. I. Immunoglobulin levels and influenza virus vaccine antibody response. J Immunol 111:38–41

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Waldman RH, Lazzell VA, Bergmann C, Khakoo R, Jacknowitz AI, Howard SA, Rose C (1981) Oral immunization against influenza. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 93:133–140

    Google Scholar 

  221. Webster RG, Askonas BA (1980) Cross-protection and cross-reactive cytotoxic T cells induced by influenza virus vaccines in mice. Eur J Immunol 10:396–401

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Webster RG, Laver WG (1980) Determination of the number of non-overlapping antigenic areas on Hong Kong (H3N2) influenza virus hemagglutinin with monoclonal antibodies and the selection of variants with potential epidemiological significance. Virology 104:139–148

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Wells MA, Albrecht P, Daniel S, Ennis FA (1978) Host defense mechanisms against influenza virus: interaction of influenza virus with murine macrophages in vitro. Infect Immun 22:758–762

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Wells MA, Daniel S, Djeu J, Kiley S, Ennis FA (1983) Recovery from a viral respiratory tract infection. IV. Specificity of protection by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Immunol 130:2908–2914

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Welsh RM (1981) Natural cell-mediated immunity during viral infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 92:83–103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. White J, Helenius A, Gething MJ (1982) Haemagglutinin of influenza virus expressed from a clonal gene promoter membrane fusion. Nature 300:658–659

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Wiley DC, Wilson IA, Skehel JJ (1981) Structural identification of the antibody binding sites of Hong Kong influenza haemagglutinin and their involvement in antigenic variation. Nature 289:373–378

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Wilson IA, Skehel JJ, Wiley DC (1981) Structure of the haemagglutinin membrane glycoprotein of influenza virus at 3f resolution. Nature 289:366–373

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Wong GHW, Clark-Lewis I, McKimm-Breschwin JL, Harris AW, Schrader JW (1983) Interferon-gamma induces enhanced expression of Ia and H-2 antigens on B lymphoid, macrophage and myeloid cell lines. J Immunol 131:788–793

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Wraith DC, Askonas BA (1985) Induction of influenza A virus specific cross-reactive T cells by a nucleoprotein/haemagglutinin preparation. J Gen Virol 66:1327–1331

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Wright PF, Okabe N, McKee KT, Maassab HF, Karzon DT (1982) Cold-adapted reeombinant influenza A virus vaccines in seronegative young children. J Infect Dis 146:71–79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Wright PF, Murphy BR, Keruina M, Lawrence EM, Phelan MA, Karzon DT (1983) Secretory immunological response after intranasal inactivated influenza A virus vaccination: evidence for IgA memory. Infect Immun 40:1092–1095

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Wyde PR, Wilson MR, Cate TR (1982) Interferon production by leucocytes infiltrating the lungs of mice during primary influenza virus infection. Infect Immun 38:1249–1255

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Wylie DE, Sharman LA, Klinman NR (1982) Participation of the major histocompatibility complex in antibody recognition of viral antigens expressed on infected cells. J Exp Med 155:403–414

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Yamada A, Ziese MR, Young JF, Yamada YK, Ennis FA (1985) Influenza virus hemagglutinin-specific cytotoxic T cell response induced by polypeptide produced in Escherichia coli. J Exp Med 162:663–674

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Yap KL, Ada GL (1977) Cytotoxic T cells specific for influenza virus-infected target cells. Immunology 32:151–159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Yap KL, Ada GL (1978) The recovery of mice from influenza A virus infection: adoptive transfer of immunity with influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognising a common virion antigen. Scand J Immunol 8:413–420

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Yap KL, Ada GL (1979) The effect of specific antibody on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and the recovery of mice from influenza virus infection. Scand J Immunol 10:325–332

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Yap KL, Ada GL, McKenzie IFC (1978) Transfer of specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes protects mice inoculated with influenza virus. Nature 273:238–239

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Yap KL, Braciale TJ, Ada GL (1979) Role of T-cell function in recovery from murine influenza infection. Cell Immunol 43:341–351

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Yarchoan R, Nelson DL (1984) Specificity of in vitro anti-influenza virus antibody production by human lymphocytes: analysis of original antigenic sin by limiting dilution cultures. J Immunol 132:928–935

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Yarchoan R, Murphy BR, Strober W, Clements ML, Nelson DL (1981) In vitro production of anti-influenza virus antibody after intranasal inoculation with cold-adapted influenza. J Immunol 125:1958–1963

    Google Scholar 

  243. Yewdell JW, Frank E, Gerhardt W (1981) Expression of influenza A virus internal antigens on the surface of infected P815 cells. J Immunol 126:1814–1819

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Yewdell JW, Bennink JR, Smith GL, Moss B (1985) Influenza A virus nucleoprotein is a major target antigen for cross reactive anti-influenza A virus cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:1785–1789

    Google Scholar 

  245. Young JF, Desselberger U, Palese P, Ferguson B, Shatzman AR, Rosenberg M (1983) Efficient expression of influenza virus NS1 non-structural proteins in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:6105–6109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Zahradnik JM, Kasel JA, Martin RR, Six HR, Cate TR (1983) Immune responses in serum and respiratory secretions following vaccination with a live cold-recombinant (CR35) and inactivated A/USSR/77 (H1N1) influenza virus vaccine. J Med Virol 11:227–285

    Google Scholar 

  247. Zee YC, Osebold JW, Dotson WM (1979) Antibody responses and interferon titers in the respiratory tracts of mice after aerosolised exposure to influenza virus. Infect Immun 25:202–207

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Zweerink HJ, Courtneidge SA, Skehel JJ, Crumpton MJ, Askonas BA (1977) Cytotoxic T cells kill influenza virus-infected cells but do not distinguish between serologically distinct type A viruses. Nature 267:354–356

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, 2601, GPO Box 334, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia

    G. L. Ada & P. D. Jones

Authors
  1. G. L. Ada
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. P. D. Jones
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Victoria, Parkville, USA

    A. Clarke

  2. Alabama, Birmingham, UK

    R. W. Compans

  3. Alabama, Birmingham, UK

    M. Cooper

  4. Paris, France

    H. Eisen

  5. Würzburg, Germany

    W. Goebel

  6. Philadelphia, USA

    H. Koprowski

  7. Basel, Switzerland

    F. Melchers

  8. La Jolla, California, USA

    M. Oldstone

  9. Gießen, Germany

    R. Rott

  10. Los Angeles, USA

    P. K. Vogt

  11. Ulm, Germany

    H. Wagner

  12. La Jolla, California, USA

    I. Wilson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Ada, G.L., Jones, P.D. (1986). The Immune Response to Influenza Infection. In: Clarke, A., et al. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 128. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71272-2_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71272-2_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-71274-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-71272-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation