Skip to main content
  • 115 Accesses

Abstract

National crises or catastrophes not only arouse emotions but also lead to discoveries and innovations, usually because of astute observations and scientific enquiries made by a few individuals. The media and politics also play their part, and the entire process eventually ensures that further catastrophes are prevented, or at least their impact on society is softened. For example, the thalidomide tragedy affected 500 babies in the UK. The media sensationalized the reports, arousing public sympathy for the victims; this led to massive compensation from the drug company, in addition to the establishment, in 1964, of the Committee on Safety of Drugs. The loss of 4000 lives during the intense fog of London in December 1952 aroused public opinion and political debates which resulted in the Clean Air Act of 1956. Similar catastrophes — like infectious disease epidemics, road accidents, train or plane crashes, diseases resulting from industrial or occupational exposures — have led to the discovery of antibiotics, mass immunisation, numerous safety regulations, stronger legal action concerning drinking and driving, and compulsory seat belt wearing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alfredsson L, Ahlbom A (1983) Increasing incidence and mortality from myocardial infarction in Stockholm County. Br Med J 286: 1931–1933

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bali LR (1979) Long term effect of relaxation on blood pressure and anxiety levels in essential hypertensive males. A controlled study. Psychosom Med 41: 637–646

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benson H, Shapiro D, Tursky B, Schwartz G (1971) Decreased systolic blood pressure through operant conditioning techniques in patients with essential hypertension. Science 173: 740–742

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benson H, Rosner BA, Marzetta BR, Klemchuk BD (1974) Decreased blood pressure in pharmacologically treated hypertensive patients who regularly elicited the relaxation response. Lancet I: 289–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell B, Bloomfield S, Gartside P, Robinson A, Hanenson I, Magenheim H, Nidich S, Zigler R (1976) Transcendental Meditation in hypertension. Lancet 1: 223–226

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blanchard EB, Young LD, Haynes MR (1975) A simple feedback system for the treatment of elevated blood pressure. Behav Hier 6: 241–245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brady JP, Luborsky L, Kron RE (1974) Blood pressure reduction in patients with essential hypertension through metronome–conditioned relaxation: a preliminary report. Behav Ther 5: 203–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brauer P, Horlick LF, Nelson B, Farquhar JW, Agras WS (1979) Relaxation therapy for essential hypertension. A Veterans Administration outpatients study. J Behav Med 2: 21–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Buell P, Breslow L (1960) Mortality from coronary heart disease in Californian men who work long hours. J Chron Dis 2: 615–626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christoph P, Luborsky L, Kron R, Fishman H (1978) Blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory responses to a single session of relaxation: a partial replication. J Psychosom Res 22: 493–501

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Connolly MB (1976) Life events before myocardial infarction. J Human Stress 2: 3–17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Committee of Principal Investigators (1978) A co–operative trial in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease using Clofibrate. Br Heart J 40: 1069–1118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cottington EM, Matthews KA, Talbot E, Kuller LH (1980) Environmental events preceding sudden death in women. Psychosom Med 42: 567–573

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crowther JH (1983) Stress management training and relaxation imagery in the treatment of essential hypertension. J Behav Med 6: 169–187

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Datey KK, Deshmukh SN, Dalvi CP, Vinekar MD (1969) “Shavasan”, a yogic exercise in the management of hypertension. Angiology 20: 325–333

    Google Scholar 

  • Deabler HL, Fidel E, Dillenkoffer RL, Elder ST (1973) The use of relaxation and hypnosis in lowering high blood pressure. Am J Clin Hypn 16,2: 75–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Doll R, Peto R (1976) Mortality of physicians from smoking: observations in male British doctors. Br Med J II: 1525–1536

    Google Scholar 

  • Elder ST, Eustis NK (1975) Instrumental blood pressure conditioning of diastolic blood pressure in out–patient essential hypertension. Behav Res Ther 13: 185–188

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elder ST, Ruiz R, Deabler HL, Dillenkoffer RL (1973) Instrumental conditioning of diastolic blood pressure in essential hypertensive patients. J Appl Behav Anal 6: 377–382

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engel GL (1971) Sudden and rapid death during psychological stress. Folklore or folk wisdom. Ann Intern Med 74: 771–782

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Folklow B, Hallback M, Lundgren Y, Sivertsson R, Weiss L (1973) Importance of adaptive changes in vascular design for establishment of primary hypertension. Studied in man and in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circ Res [Suppl 1] 32,33: 2–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankel BL, Patel DJ, Horwitz D, Friedwald MT, Gaardner KP (1978) Treatment of hypertension with biofeedback and relaxation techniques. Psychosom Med 40: 276–293

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman EG, Hellerstein HK (1968) Occupational stress. Law school hierarchy and coronary artery disease in Cleveland attorneys. Psychosom Med 30: 72–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman H, Taub HA (1977) The use of hypnosis and biofeedback procedures for essential hypertension. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 25: 335–347

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman M, Rosenman R (1974) Type A behaviour and your heart. Knopf, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Glasgow MS, Gaardner KR, Engel BT (1982) Behavioural treatment of high blood pressure: II. Acute and sustained effects of relaxation and systolic blood pressure biofeedback. Psychosom Med 44: 155–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein IB, Shapiro D, Thananopavarn C, Sambhi MP (1982) Comparison of drug and behavioural treatment of essential hypertension. Health Psychol I: 7–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon T (1957) Mortality experience among the Japanese in the United States, Hawaii and Japan. Public Health Report 72, Washington DC, pp 543–553

    Google Scholar 

  • Harburg E, Blakelock EH, Roeper PJ (1979) Resentful and reflective coping with arbitrary authority and blood pressure. Detroit. Psychosom Med 3: 189–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Havlik RJ, Feinleib M (eds) (1979) Proceedings of the conference on the decline in coronary heart disease mortality. US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. NIH publ. no. 79–1610

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill JD, Hampton JR, Mitchell JRA (1976) A randomised trial of Home–versus–Hospital management for patients with suspected myocardial infarction. Br Med J II: 1035–1038

    Google Scholar 

  • Hjiermann I, Home I, Byre KW, Leren P (1983) Effect of diet and smoking intervention on the incidence of coronary heart disease. Lancet II: 1301–1310

    Google Scholar 

  • Hypertension Detection and Follow Up Program (1979) Co–operative Group. Five-year findings of the Hypertension Detection and Follow Up Program 1. Reduction in mortality of persons with high blood pressure, including mild hypertension. JAMA 242: 2562–2571

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Intersociety Commission for Heart Disease Resources (1970) Primary prevention of the atherosclerotic diseases. Circulation 42, II: A55–A95

    Google Scholar 

  • Irvine M J (1983) A controlled study of relaxation and stress management in the treatment of essential hypertension. DPhil Thesis, Trinity College, Oxford University

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob RG, Kramer HG, Agras WS (1977) Relaxation therapy in the treatment of hypertension. Arch Gen Psych 34: 1417–1427

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson E (1939) Variation of blood pressure with skeletal muscle tension and relaxation. Ann Intern Med 12: 1194–1212

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen RS, Housten BK, Zurawski RM (1981) Anxiety management training in the treatment of essential hypertension. Behav Res Ther 19: 467–474

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kallinke D, Kullick B, Heim P (1982) Behaviour analysis and treatment of essential hypertension. J Psychosom Res 26: 541–549

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan BH, Cassel JC, Tyroler HA, Cornoni JC, Kleinbaum DG, Harnes CG (1971) Occupational mobility and coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 128: 936–942

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karasek RA (1979) Job demands. Job decision latitude and mental strain: implications for job redesign. Am Sei Q 24: 285–308

    Google Scholar 

  • Karasek RA, Schnall P, Schwartz J, Thoreil T, Piper C (1981) Psychosocial characteristics of occupations in relation to prevalence of myocardial infarction: a study of two national random samples of American working men. Columbia University, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Klumbies G, Eberhardt G (1966) Results of autogenic training. In: Ibar JJ (ed) The treatment of hy–pertension. International Congress series 117. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp 46–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobasa SC (1982) The hardy personality: towards a social psychology of stress and health. In: Suis J, Sanders (eds) The social psychology of health and illness. Erlbaum, Hillsdale

    Google Scholar 

  • Kristt D, Engel BT (1975) Learned control of blood pressure in patients with high blood pressure. Circulation 51: 370–378

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lipid Research Clinics Trial Investigators (1984) Lipid Research Clinics Trials: primary prevention trial results. JAMA 251: 351–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Little BE, Hayworth J, Benson P, Beard RW, Dewhurst J, Priest RG (1984) Treatment of hypertension in pregnancy by relaxation and biofeedback. Lancet I: 865–867

    Google Scholar 

  • Luborsky L, Christoph P, Brady JP, Kron RE, Weiss T, Cohen M, Levy L (1982) Behavioural vs pharmacological treatment for essential hypertension: a needed comparison. Psychosom Med 44: 203–214

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luthe W (1969) Autogenic therapy, vols 1–6. Grune and Stratton, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Management Committee (1980) The Australian therapeutic trial in mild hypertension. Lancet I: 1261–1267

    Google Scholar 

  • Marmot MG, Syme SL (1976) Acculturation and coronary heart disease in Japanese-Americans. Am J Epidemiol 104: 225–246

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marmot MG, Adelstein AM, Robinson N, Rose G A (1978) Changing social class distribution of heart disease. Br Med J II: 1109–1112

    Google Scholar 

  • Marmot MG, Booth M, Beral V (1982) International trends in heart disease mortality. In: Gotto AM, Paoletti R (eds) Atherosclerosis reviews, vol 9. Raven, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Mather HG, Pearson NG, Reed KLQ (1971) Acute myocardial infarction. Home and hospital treatment. Br Med J 3: 334

    Google Scholar 

  • Mather HG, Morgan DC, Pearson NG (1976) Myocardial infarction: a comparison between home and hospital care for patients. Br Med J I: 925–927

    Google Scholar 

  • McGrady WV, Yonker R, Tan SY, Fine TH, Woewrner M (1981) The effect of biofeedback-assisted relaxation on blood pressure and selected biochemical parameters in patients with essential hypertension. Biofeedback Self Regul 6: 343–354

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Medical Research Council Working Party (1985) MRC trial of treatment of mild hypertension: principal results. Br Med J 291: 97–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Medical Research Council (1981) Report of the Working Party on Mild to Moderate Hypertension. Adverse reaction to bendrofluazide and propranolol in the treatment of mild hypertension. Lancet II: 536–543

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller NE (1972) Postscript. In: Singh D, Morgan CT (eds) Current status of physiological psychology. Readings. Brooke/Cole, Monterey

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris JN, Everitt MG, Pollard R, Change SPW Semmence AM (1980) Vigorous exercise in leisure time. Protection against coronary heart disease. Lancet 1: 1207–1210

    Google Scholar 

  • Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group (1982) Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Risk factor changes and mortality results. JAMA 248: 1465–1477

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver MF (1983) Should we not forget about mass control of coronary risk factors? Lancet II: 37–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkes CM, Benjamin B, Fitzgerald RG (1969) Broken heart: a statistical study of increased mortality among widowers. Br Med J 1: 740–743

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patel C (1973) Yoga and biofeedback in the management of hypertension. Lancet II: 1053–1055

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel C (1975 a) Yoga and biofeedback in the management of ‘stress’ in hypertensive patients. Clin Sci Mol Med [Suppl] 48:171s–174s

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel C (1975 b) 12-month follow up of yoga and biofeedback in the management of hypertension. Lancet I: 62–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel C, North WRS (1975) Randomised controlled trial of yoga and biofeedback in the management of hypertension. Lancet II: 93–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel C, Marmot MG, Terry DJ (1981) Controlled trial of biofeedback–aided behavioural methods in reducing mild hypertension. Br Med J 282: 2005–2008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patel C, Marmot MG, Terry DJ, Carruthers M, Hunt B, Patel M (1985) Trial of relaxation in reducing coronary risk: four year follow up. Br Med J 290: 1103–1106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters RK, Benson H, Peters D (1977a) Daily relaxation response breaks in a working population: I. Effects on self–reported measures of health, performance and well–being. Am J Public Health 67: 946–953

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters RK, Benson H, Peters JM ( 1977 b) Daily relaxation breaks in working population. II. Effects on blood pressure. Am J Public Health 67: 954–959

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollack AA, Case DB, Weber MA, Laragh JH (1977) Limitation of transcendental meditation in the treatment of essential hypertension. Lancet 1: 71–73

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Puska P, Tuomilehto J, Salonon J (1979) Changes in coronary risk factors during comprehensive five–year community programme to control cardiovascular disease ( North Karelia project ). Br Med J II: 1173–1178

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid D, Hamilton PJS, McCartney P, Rose G, Jarrett RS, Keen H (1976) Smoking and other risk factors for coronary heart disease in British civil servants. Lancet II: 979–984

    Google Scholar 

  • Richter-Heinrich E, Knust V, Muller W, Schmidt KH, Sprung M (1975) Psychophysiological inves–tigations in essential hypertensives. J Psychosom Res 19: 251–258

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richter-Heinrich E, Homouth B, Heinrich K, Schmidt H, Wiedermann R, Gohlke HR (1981) Long term application of behavioural treatment in essential hypertensives. Physiol Behav 26: 915–920

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose GA (1975) The contribution of intensive coronary care. Br J Prev Soc Med 29: 147–150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose G (1981) Strategy for prevention: lessons from cardiovascular diseases. Br Med J 282: 1847–1851

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose GA, Reid DD, Hamilton PJ, McCartney P, Keen H, Jarrett RJ (1977) Myocardial ischaemia, risk factors and death from coronary heart disease. Lancet 1: 105–109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russek HI, Zohman BL (1958) Relative significance of heredity, diet and occupational stress in coronary heart disease of young adults. Am J Med Sci 235: 266–277

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sales SM, House J (1971) Job dissatisfaction as a possible risk factor in coronary heart disease. J Chronic Dis 23: 861–873

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salonen JT, Puska P, Mustaniemi H (1979) Changes in morbidity and mortality during comprehensive community programme to control cardiovascular diseases during 1972–1977 in North Karelia. Br Med J 2: 1178–1183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz GE, Shapiro D (1973) Biofeedback and essential hypertension. Current findings and theoretical concerns. Semin Psychiatry 5: 495–503

    Google Scholar 

  • Seer P, Raeburn JM (1980) Meditation training and essential hypertension: a methodological study. J Behav Med 3: 59–73

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shoemaker JE, Tasto DL (1975) The effect of muscle relaxation on blood pressure of essential hypertensives. Behav Res Ther 13: 29–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stone RA, De Leo J (1976) Psychotherapeutic control of hypertension. N Engl J Med 294: 80–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Southam MA, Agras WS, Taylor CB, Kraemer HC (1982) Relaxation training: blood pressure dur–ing the working day. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39: 715–717

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Surwit TS, Shapiro D, Good MI (1978) Comparison of cardiovascular biofeedback in the treatment of borderline hypertension. J Consult Clin Psychol 46: 252–263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Surwitt R, Shapiro D (1977) Biofeedback and meditation in the treatment of borderline hypertension. In: Beatty J, Legewie H (eds) Biofeedback and behaviour Plenum, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Syme SL (1975) Social and psychological risk factors in coronary heart disease. Modern Concepts Cardiovasc Dis 44,4: 17–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Syme SL, Hyman MM, Enterline PE (1964) Some social and cultural factors associated with the occurrence of coronary heart disease. J Chronic Dis 17: 277–289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Syme SL, Borhani NO, Buechley RW (1965) Cultural mobility and coronary heart disease in an urban area. Am J Epidemiol 82: 334–336

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor CB, Farquhar JW, Nelson E, Agras WS (1977) Relaxation therapy and high blood pressure. Arch Gen Psychiatry 34: 339–342

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theorell T, Floderus–Myrhed B (1977) Workload and risk of myocardial infarction. A prospective psychosocial analysis. Int J Epidemiol 6: 17–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyroler HA, Cassel J (1964) Health consequences of cultural change. II. The effect of urbanization on coronary heart mortality among rural residents. J Chronic Dis 17: 167–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan Williams EM, Hassan MO, Floras JS, Sleight P, Jones VJ (1980) Adaptation of hypertensives to treatment with cardioselective and non-selective beta-blockers. Absence of correlation between bradycardia and blood pressure control and reduction in slope of QT/RR relation. Br Heart J 44: 437–487

    Google Scholar 

  • Waddon TA (1984) Relaxation therapy for essential hypertension: specific or non–specific effects. J Psychosom Res 28: 53–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh P, Dale A, Anderson DE (1977) Comparison of biofeedback pulse wave velocity and progressive relaxation in essential hypertension. Percept Motor Skills 44: 839–843

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO Collaborative Group (1983) Multifactorial trial in the prevention of coronary heart disease: III. Incidence and mortality results. Eur Heart J 4: 141–147

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Statistics Annual (1981) WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Patel, C. (1986). Prevention Paradox in Coronary Heart Disease. In: Schmidt, T.H., Dembroski, T.M., Blümchen, G. (eds) Biological and Psychological Factors in Cardiovascular Disease. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71234-0_34

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71234-0_34

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-71236-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-71234-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics