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Thermodynamics of Carbohydrate Monomers and Polymers in Aqueous Solution

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Book cover Thermodynamic Data for Biochemistry and Biotechnology

Abstract

Carbohydrate monomers and polymers are the most ubiquitous natural products, and are the subject of expanding interest because of their physical, biochemical, and industrially useful properties. Among the known polymers, starch and cellulose are frequently cited as the two canonical examples of homopolysaccharides that display different properties due to different linkage geometry. Starch has been subjected to intensive investigation for many years, probably to a greater extent than any other biopolymer, but much of the early work is confusing and unsatisfactory to the point that in 1975 Suggett [1] wrote: “Although many volumes have been written over the years on the chemistry of starches, it is often difficult to separate scientific observations from folklore”. In the same year, a note in the J Chem Education [2] revealed that out of 22 popular organic textbooks “only four correctly stated that amylopectin is the water-soluble, and amylose the water-insoluble starch component”. The two cited examples perhaps give an idea of the difficulties in selecting good thermodynamic data in the field of carbohydrates. By and large these are due either to the inadequate sensitivity of the tech niques, which were developed for other polymers and then extended to carbohydrates, or to the poor chemical characterization of the materials sometimes employed with even advanced physicochemical methods.

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Abbreviations

J:

any thermodynamic property

∆J:

any change in a thermodynamic property

JE :

any “excess” thermodynamic property

JO :

any thermodynamic property in a standard state

\(\rm \overline J \) :

any partial molal property

\(\rm \overline J ^0 \) :

any property at infinite dilution

\(\rm \overline C _p^0 \) :

partial molal heat capacity

∆H 0F :

heat of formation

gij(r):

radial distribution function

B*:

second virial coefficient

jij :

virial-like coefficients of the property J

K0 :

partial molar isoentropic compressibility

\(\rm \overline \alpha^0 \) :

partial molal isobaric expansibility

m:

molality

φ:

osmotic coefficient

R:

concentration ratio

α:

degree of dissociation

β:

degree of binding (complexation, protonation)

ξ:

charge density parameter

k :

Debye screening parameter

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Authors
  1. Attilio Cesàro
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  1. Institut für Biophysik und Physikalische Biochemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 8400, Regensburg, Germany

    Hans-Jürgen Hinz

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Cesàro, A. (1986). Thermodynamics of Carbohydrate Monomers and Polymers in Aqueous Solution. In: Hinz, HJ. (eds) Thermodynamic Data for Biochemistry and Biotechnology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71114-5_6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71114-5_6

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