Abstract
Photochemical oxidants produced over urban areas in North America contribute to the development of regional levels of air pollution which have been injurious to forests. Ozone data recorded since 1974 suggest that the Pacific Southwest and the Atlantic North-east have the greatest potential for tree damage. Ozone persists longer in nonurban areas because of the absence of chemical scavengers. Factors influencing oxidant accumulation include terrain features which result in the formation of inversion layers, elevation, and seasonal patterns of air movement. Ozone concentrations typical of several mountain sites are presented. Information on the effects of ozone on North American forest species is limited. Caution is recommended in the use of sensitivity rankings from the limited available data because of variability in methods used to assess ozone injury. Tree and forest decline in response to ozone has been demonstrated in a limited number of studies in North America. Chronic injury to forests has been reported in the transverse mountain ranges of southern California, the Blue Ridge and southern Appalachian Mountains, and the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee. Recent observations indicate that similar levels of chronic injury are occurring in the mountains southwest of Mexico City. Increased ability to characterize oxidant-caused foliar damage Symptoms may also implicate ozone and associated oxidants as important elements of tree and forest decline observed in other regions of the United States and Europe.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Arndt U, Seufert G, Nobel W (1982) Die beteiligung von ozon an der komplexkrankheit der Tanne (Abies alba Mill.) — eine prufenswerte hypothese. Staub-Reinhalt Luft 42: 243–247
Axelrod MC, Coyne PI, Bingham GE, Kercher JR, Miller PR, and Hung RC (1980) Canopy analysis of pollutant injured ponderosa pine in the San Bernardino National Forest. In: Miller PR (ed) Proc. Symposium effects of air pollutants on mediterranean and temperate forest ecosystems, USDA, Forest Service, PSW, Gen. Tech. Rpt. PSW 43, p 256
Berry CR (1964) Differences in concentrations of surface oxidant between Valley and mountaintop conditions in the southern Appalachians. J Air Pollut Contr Assoc 14: 238–239
Bravo H (personal communication). Dep. Contaminacion Ambiental, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmosfera, Cd. Universitaria, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
Coyne PI, Bingham GE (1981) Comparative dose response of gas exchange in a ponderosa pine stand exposed to long-term fumigations. J Air Pollut Contr Assoc 31: 38–41
Davis DD, (1977) Response of ponderosa pine primary needles to separate and simultaneous ozone and PAN exposures. Plant Dis Reptr 61: 640–644
de Lourdes de Bauer M, Hernandez Tejeda T, Manning WJ (1985) Ozone causes needle injury and tree decline in Pinus hartweggii at high altitudes in the mountains arond Mecixo City. J Air Pollut Contr Assoc 35: 838
Davis DD, Wilhour RG (1976) Susceptibility of woody plants to sulfur dioxide and photochemical oxidants. USEPA Report EPA-600/3–76-102 p 72
Demerjian KL, Kerr JA, Calvert JG (1974) The mechanisms of photochemical smog formation. Adv Environ Sci Technol 4: 1–264
Edinger JG, McCutchan MH, Miller PR, Ryan BC, Schroeder MJ, Behar JV (1972) Penetration and duration of oxidant air pollution in the south coast air basin of California. J Air Pollut Contr Assoc 22: 882–886
Evans G, Finkelstein P, Martin B, Possiel N, Graves M (1983) Ozone measurements from a network of remote sites. J Air Pollut Contr Assoc 33: 291–296
Farber RJ, Huang AA, Bregman LD, Mahoney RL, Eatough DJ, Hansen LD, Blumenthal DL, Keifer WS, Allard DW (1982) The third dimension in the Los Angeles basin. Sci Total Environ 23: 345–360
Genys JB, Heggestad HE (1978) Susceptibility of different species, clones and strains of pines to acute injury caused by ozone and sulfur dioxide. Plant Dis Reptr 62: 687–691
Guderian R, Tingey DT, Rabe R (1985) Effects of photochemicals on plants. In: Guderian R (ed) Air pollution by photochemical oxidants. Springer-Verlag, New York, p 129–169
Heath RL (1975) Ozone. In: Mudd JB, Kozlowski TT (eds) Responses of plants to air pollution. Academic Press, New York, p 23–55
Hernandez Tejeda T (1984) Effecto de los gases oxidantes sobre algunas especies del genero Pinus nativas del Valle de Mexico. Tesis de Maestria en ciencias, Colegio de Postgraduados, Institucion de Ensenanza e Investigacion en Ciencis Agricolas, Chapingo, Mexico, p 109
Hoffer TE, Farber RJ, Ellis EC (1982) Background continental ozone levels in the rural U.S. Southwest desert. Sci Total Environment 23: 17–30
INIF (Instito Nacional Investigaciones Forestales) (1984) Plan integral de investigacion Parque Recreativo Y Cultural Desierto De Los Leones, Subsecretaria Forestal, Mexico D.F., p 54
Jacobson JS, Hill AC (eds) (1970) Recognition of air pollution injury to Vegetation: a pictoral atlas. Air Pollut Contr Assoc, Pittsburgh, PA, p 41
Jensen, KF (1973) Response of nine forest tree species to chronic ozone fumigation. Plant Dis Reptr 57: 914–917
Kohut RJ, Davis DD, Merrill W (1976) Response of hybrid poplar to simultaneous exposure to ozone and PAN. Plant Dis Reptr 60: 777–780
Krause GHM, Prinz B, Jung KD (1983) Forest effects in West Germany. In: Davis DD, Millen AA, Dochinger LS (ed) Symposium on Air Pollution and the Productivity of the Forest. Izaak Walton League of America, Washington, DC, p 344
Linzon SN, Pearson RG, Donnan JA, Durham FN (1984) Ozone effects on crops in Ontario and related monetary values. ARB-13–84-Phyto, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, p 60
Ludwig FL, Shelar E. Jr (1980) Empirical relationships between observed ozone concentrations and geographical areas with concentrations likely to be above 120 ppb. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 30: 894–897
Lynn DA, Steigerwald BJ, Ludwig JH (1964) The November-December 1962 air pollution episode in the eastern United States. U.S. Public Health Service, National Air Pollution Control Administration, Cincinnati, OH, Pub No 999-AP-77
Macdowall FDH, Vickery LS, Runeckles VC, Patrick ZA (1963) Ozone damage to tobaeco in Canada. Can Plant Dis Survey 43: 131–151
Manion PD (1981) Tree disease coneepts. Prentice-Hall, Inc Engelwood Cliffs, NJ, p 399
Mann LK, McLaughlin SB, Shriner DS (1980) Seasonal physiological responses of white pine under chronic air pollution stress. Environ Exper Botany 20: 99–105
McBride JR, Miller PR, Laven R (in press) Effects of oxidant air pollutants on forest succession in the mixed conifer forest type of southern California. In: Proc. Efffects of air pollutants on forest ecosystems. May 8–9, 1985, Univ Minn, St Paul, MN
McClenahen JR (1978) Community changes in a deeiduous forest exposed to air pollution. Can J For Res 8: 432–438
McLaughlin DL, Linzon SN, Dimma DE, McIlveen WD (1985) Sugar maple decline in Ontario. ARB-144–85-Phyto, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, p 18
Miller PR (1983) Ozone effects in the San Bernardino National Forest. In: David DD, Millan AA, Dochinger L (ed) Symposium on air pollution and the productivity of the forest. Izaak Walton League of America, Washington, DC, p 344
Neiburger M, Johnson DS, Chen CW (1961) Studies of the strueture of the atmosphere over the Eastern Pacific Ocean in the summer. I. The inversion over the eastern Pacific Ocean. Univ Calif Pubs Meteor, 1: 1, Univ Calif Press, Berkeley, CA, p 94
Peake E, Maclean MA, Sandhu HS (1983) Surface ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate observations at rural locations in Alberta, Canada. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 33: 881–883
Rennie PJ (1985) Statements on long-range transport of air pollutants and air pollution studies. In: 1985 Edition of the Canadian Research Catalogue, Canadian Forestry Service
Samson PJ (1978) Nocturnal ozone maxima. Atmos Environ 12: 951–955
Schutt P, Cowling EB (1985) Waldsterben - a general decline of forests in Central Europe: Symptoms, development, and possible causes. Plant Dis 69: 548–558
Skelly JM, Yang Y-S, Chevone BI, Long SJ, Nellessen JE, Winner WE (1983) Ozone concentrations and their influence on forest species in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia. In: Davis DD, Millen AA, Dochinger L (ed) Symposium on air pollution and the productivity of the forest. Izaac Walton League of America, Washington, DC p 344
Smith WH (1984) Ecosystem pathology: a new perspective for phytopathology. Forest Ecol Man 9: 193–219
Stasiuk WN, Coffey PE (1974) Rural and urban ozone relationships in New York State. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 24: 564–568
Temple PJ and Taylor OC (1983) World-wide ambient measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and implications for plant injury. Atmos Environ 17: 1583–1587
Tingey DT, Wilhour RG, Standley E (1976) The effect of chronic ozone exposures on the metabolite content of ponderosa pine seedlings. For Sci 22: 234–241
Tuazon EC, Winer AM, Graham RA, Pitts JN, Jr (1981) Trace pollutant concentrations in a multiday smog episode in the California south coast air basin by long path length Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Environ Sci Tech 15: 1232–1237
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, SAROAD Data Files (1982) Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC
Viezee W, Singh HB, Shigeishi H (1982) The impact of stratospheric ozone on tropospheric air quality - implications from an analysis of existing field data. Final Report. Prepared for Coordinating Research Council, Atlanta GA, for Contract No. CAPA-15–76(l-80) by SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
Vogler D (1982) Ozone monitoring in the southern Sierra Nevada, 1976–1981. USDA, Forest Service Pacific Southwest Region, Forest Pest Management Report No. 82–17, p 43
Walker HM (1985) Ten-year ozone trends in California and Texas. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 35: 903–912
Wilkinson TC, Barnes RL (1973) Effects of ozone on 14C02 fixation patterns in pines. Can J Bot 9: 1573–1558
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
McBride, J.R., Miller, P.R. (1987). Responses of American Forests to Photochemical Oxidants. In: Hutchinson, T.C., Meema, K.M. (eds) Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants on Forests, Wetlands and Agricultural Ecosystems. NATO ASI Series, vol 16. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70874-9_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70874-9_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-70876-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-70874-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive