Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Genetic Approaches to Microbial Pathogenicity pp 53–69Cite as

Biochemical and Genetic Aspects of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Virulence

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 118))

Abstract

The Pseudomonas species includes at least 30 recognized strains, widely distributed in natural environments (e.g., soil and water) and as part of normal intestinal flora of mammals. Of these only a handful can cause infections in human hosts, and only Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been identified as a potentially life-threatening pathogen. This organism is usually associated with patients with an underlying disease who are subjected to extensive chemotherapy and hospitalization.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Bayer ME (1979) The fusion sites between outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria: their role in membrane assembly and virus infection. In: Inouye M (ed) Bacterial outer membranes: biogenesis and function. Wiley, New York, pp 167–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Berka R, Vasil ML (1982) Phospholipase (heat-labile hemolysin) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Purification and preliminary characterization. J Bacteriol 152:239–245

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berka RM, Gray GL, Vasil ML (1981) Studies of phospholipase C (heat-labile hemolysin) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 34:1071–1074

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjorn MJ, Vasil ML, Sadoff JC, Iglewski BH (1977) Incidence of exotoxin production by Pseudomonas species. Infect Immun 16:362–366

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjorn MJ, Iglewski BH, Ives SK, Sadoff JC, Vasil ML (1978) Effect of iron on yields of exotoxin Ain cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA-103. Infect Immun 19:785–791

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjorn MJ, Sokol PA, Iglewski BH (1979) Influence of iron on yields of extracellular products in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures. J Bacteriol 138:193–200

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blackwood LL, Stone RM, Iglewski BH, Pennington JE (1983) Evaluation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A and elastase as virulence factors in acute lung infection. Infect Immun 39:198–201

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bodey GP, Bolivar R, Fainstein V, Jadeja L (1983) Infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Rev Infect Dis 5:279–313

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley DE (1979) Mobilization of chromosomal determinants for the polar pili of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO by FP plasmids. Can J Microbiol 26:155–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley DE (1980) A function of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO polar pili: twitching motility. Can J Microbiol 26:146–154

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chung DW, Collier RJ (1977) Enzymatically active peptide from the adenosine diphosphate-ribosylating toxin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 16:832–841

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman K, Dougan G, Arbuthnott JP (1983) Cloning and expression in E. coli K-12 of the chromosomal hemolysin (phospholipase C) determinant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 153:909–915

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collier RJ (1975) Diphtheria toxin: mode of action and structure. Bacteriol Rev 39:54–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cross AS, Sadoff JC, Iglewski BH, Sokol PA (1980) Evidence for the role of toxin A in the pathogenesis of infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in humans. J Infect Dis 142:538–546

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cryz SJ, Friedman RL, Iglewski BH (1980) Isolation and characterization of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutant producing a nontoxic, immunologically crossreactive toxin A protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:7199–7203

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cryz SJ Jr, Furer E, Germanier R (1983 a) Protection againstPseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a murine burn wound sepsis model by passive transfer of antitoxin A, antielastase, and antilipo- polysaccharide. Infect Immun 39:1072–1079

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cryz SJ Jr, Furer E, Germainier R (1983 b) Passive protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in an experimental leukopenic mouse model. Infect Immun 40:659–664

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ding JB, Lory S, Tai PC (1985) Orientation and expression of the cloned hemolysin gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Gene 33:313–321

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans LR, Linker A (1973) Production and characterization of the slime polysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 116:915–924

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fyfe JAM, Gowan JRW (1980) Alginate synthesis in mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a chromosomal locus involved in control. J Gen Microbiol 119:443–450

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg JB, Ohman DE (1984) Cloning and expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa of a gene involved in production of alginate. J Bacteriol 158:1115–1121

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Govan JRW, Fyfe JAM (1978) MucoidPseudomonas aeruginosa and cystic fibrosis: resistance of the mucoid form to carbenicillin, flucloxacillin and tobramycin and the isolation of mucoid variants in vitro. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 4:233–240

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray GL, Vasil ML (1981a) Isolation and genetic characterization of toxin-deficient mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO. J Bacteriol 147:275–281

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray GL, Vasil ML (1981b) Mapping of a gene controlling the production of phospholipase C and alkaline phosphatase inPseudomonas aeruginosa. Mol Gen Genet 183:403–405

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray GL, Berka RM, Vasil ML (1981) A Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutant nonderepressible for orthophosphate-regulated proteins. J Bacteriol 147:675–678

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray GL, Berka RM, Vasil ML (1982) Phospholipase C regulatory mutation of Pseudomonas aerugin- osa which results in the constitutive synthesis of several phosphate-repressible proteins. J Bacteriol 150:1221–1226

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray G, Smith DH, Baldridge JS, Harkins RH, Vasil ML, Chen EY, Heyneker HL (1984) Cloning, nucleotide sequence and expression inEscherichia coli of the exotoxin A structural gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:2645–2649

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanne LF, Howe TR, Iglewski BH (1983) Genetic locus for Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin A. J Bacteriol 154:383–386

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirayama T, Kato I (1984) Mode of cytotoxic action of pseudomonal leukocidin on phosphatidylin- ositol metabolism and activation of lysosomal enzyme in rabbit leukocytes. Infect Immun 43:21–27

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howe TR, Iglewski BH (1984) Alkaline protease deficient mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; isolation and characterization in vitro and in a mouse eye model. Infect Immun 43:1058–1063

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howe TR, Wretlind B, Iglewski BH (1983) Comparison of two methods of genetic exchange in determination of the genetic locus of the structural gene for Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase. J Bacteriol 156:58–61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iglewski BH, Kabat D (1975) NAD-dependent inhibition of protein synthesis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:2284–2298

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iglewski BH, Sadoff J, Bjorn MJ, Maxwell ES (1978) Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S: an adenosine diphosphate ribosyltransferase distinct from toxin A. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:3211–3215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jagger K, Nikkol MM, Sealinger CB (1980) Resistance of exotoxin A to purified Pseudomonas proteolytic enzymes. Infect Immun 28:746–752

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jagger KS, Robinson DL, Franz MN, Warren RL (1982) Detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of antibody specific for Pseudomonas proteases and exotoxin A in sera from cystic fibrosis patients. J Clin Microbiol 15:1054–1058

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis FG, Johnson MJ (1949) A glycolipid produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Am Chem Soc 71:4124–4126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen SE, Phillippe L, Teng Tseng J, Stemke GW, Campbell JN (1980) Purification and characterization of exocellular proteases produced by a clinical isolate and a laboratory strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Can J Microbiol 26:77–86

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson MK, Boese-Marrazzo D (1980) Production and properties of heat-stable extracellular hemolysin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 29:1028–1033

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones NC, Osborn MJ (1977) Translocation of phospholipids between the outer and inner membranes of Salmonella typhimurium. J Biol Chem 252:7405–7412

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawaharajo K, Homma JY (1975) Pathogenesis of the mouse keratitis produced with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Jpn J Exp Med 45:515–524

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klinger JD, Straus DC, Hilton CB, Bass JA (1978) Antibodies to proteases and exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis: demonstration by radioimmunoassay. J Infect Dis 138:49–58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krieger AS, Gray LD (1978) Purification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteases and microscopic characterization of Pseudomonal protease-induced rabbit corneal damage. Infect Immun 19:630–648

    Google Scholar 

  • Kropinski AMB, Chan L, Milazzo FH (1979) The extraction and analysis of lipopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO and three rough mutants. Can J Microbiol 25:390–398

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurioka S, Liu PV (1967) Effect of the hemolysin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on phosphatides and on phospholipase C activity. J Bacteriol 93:670–674

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langeley KE, Hawrot E, Kennedy EP (1982) Membrane assembly; movement of phosphatidylserine between the cytoplasmic and outer membranes of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 152:1033–1041

    Google Scholar 

  • Leppla SH, Martin OC, Muehl LA (1978) The exotoxin of P. aeruginosa: a proenzyme having an unusual mode of activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 81:532–538

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu PV (1973) Exotoxins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. I. Factors that influence the production of exotoxin A. J Infect Dis 128:506–513

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linker A, Jones RS (1966) A new polysaccharide resembling alginic acid isolated from pseudomonads. J Biol Chem 241:3845–3851

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu PV, Yoshii S, Hsieh H (1973) Exotoxins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. II. Concentration, purification and characterization of exotoxin A. J Infect Dis 128:514–519

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lory S, Collier RJ (1980) Expression of enzymic activity by exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 28:494–501

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lory S, Tai PC (1983) Characterization of the phospholipase C gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cloned inEscherichia coli. Gene 22:95–101

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lory S, Tai PC, Davis BD (1983) Mechanism of protein excretion by Gram-negative bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. J Bacteriol 156:695–702

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin DR (1973) Mucoid variation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced by the action of phage. J Med Microbiol 6:111–118

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milazzo FH, Delisle GJ (1984) Immunoglobulin A protease in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from human urinary tract infections. Infect Immun 43:11–13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morihara K (1963) Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteinase. I. Purification and general properties. Bio-chim Biophys Acta 73:113–124

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morihara K (1964) Production of elastase and proteinase by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 88:745–757

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morihara K, Tsuzuki H, Oda T, Inoue H, Ebata M (1965) Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase. Isolation, crystallization and preliminary characterization. J Biol Chem 240:3295–3304

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morihara K, Tsuzuki H, Oda K (1979) Protease and elastase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: inactivation of human plasma a-proteinase inhibitor. Infect Immun 24:188–193

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicas TI, Iglewski BH (1984) Isolation and characterization of transposon induced mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa deficient in exoenzyme S. Infect Immun 45:470–474

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishino N, Powers JC (1980) Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase: Development of a new substrate, inhibitors and an affinity ligand. J Biol Chem 255:3482–3486

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohman DE, Chakrabarty AM (1981) Genetic mapping of chromosomal determinants for the production of the exopolysaccharide alginate in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa cystic fibrosis isolate. Infect Immun 33:142–148

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohman DE, Cryz SJ, Iglewski BH (1980 a) Isolation and characterization of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO mutant that produces altered elastase. J Bacteriol 142:836–842

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohman DE, Sadoff JC, Iglewski BH (1980 b) Toxin A deficient mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAI 03: isolation and characterization. Infect Immun 28:899–908

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohman DE, Burns P, Iglewski BH (1980c) Corneal infections in mice with toxin A and elastase mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Infect Dis 142:547–555

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paranchych W, Frost LS, Carpenter M (1978) N-Terminal-Terminal amino acid sequence of pilin isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 134:1179–1180

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paranchych W, Sastry PA, Frost LS, Carpenter M, Armstrong GD, Watts TH (1979) Biochemical studies on pili isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO. Can J Microbiol 25:1175–1181

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pier GB, Sidberry HF, Sadoff JC (1978 a) Protective immunity reduced in mice by immunization with high-molecular-weight polysaccharide from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 22:919–925

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pier GB, Sidberry HF, Zolyomi S, Sadoff JC (1978 b) Isolation and characterization of a high- molecular-weight polysaccharide from the slime of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 22:908–918

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollack M, Callahan LT III, Taylor NS (1976) Neutralizing antibody toPseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin in human sera: evidence for in vivo toxin production during infections. Infect. Immun 14:942–947

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramphal R, Pyle M (1983) Evidence for mucins and sialic acid as receptors for Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the lower respiratory tract. Infect Immun 41:339–344

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramphal R, Sadoff JC, Pyle M, Silipigni J (1984) Role of pili in the adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to injured tracheal epithelium. Infect Immun 44:38–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Royle PL, Matsumoto H, Holloway BW (1981) Genetic circularity of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO chromosome. J Bacteriol 145:145–155

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sadoff JC, Buck GA, Iglewski BH, Bjorn MJ, Groman NB (1982) Immunological cross-reactivity in the absence of DNA homology between Pseudomonas toxin A and diphtheria toxin. Infect Immun 37:250–254

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sastry PA, Pearlstone JR, Smillie LB, Paranchych W (1983) Amino acid sequence of pilin isolated fromPseudomonas aeruginosa PAK. FEBS Lett 151:253–256

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scharmann W (1976 a) Formation and isolation of leukocidin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Gen Microbiol 93:283–291

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scharmann W (1976b) Purification and characterization of leukocidin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Gen Microbiol 93:292–302

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scharmann W, Jacobs F, Porstendorfer J (1976) The cytotoxic action of leukocidin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Gen Microbiol 93:303–308

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sokol PA, Iglewski BH, Hagar TH, Sadoff JC, Cross AS, McManus A, Farber BF, Iglewski WJ (1981) Production of exoenzyme S by clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 34:147–153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sokol PA, Cox DC, Iglewski BH (1982) Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants altered in their sensitivity to the effect of iron on toxin A or elastase yields. J Bacteriol 151:783–787

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stapleton MJ, Jagger KS, Warren RL (1984) Transposon mutagenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoprotease genes. J Bacteriol 157:7–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stinson MW, Hayden C (1979) Secretion of phospholipase C by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 25:558–564

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tahara Y, Wilkinson SG (1983) The lipopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 8505. Eur J Biochem 134:299–304

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Ness BG, Howard JB, Bodley JW (1980) ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2 by diphteria toxin. NMR spectra and proposed structures of ribosyl-diphthamide and its hydrolysis products. J Biol Chem 255:10710–10716

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vasil ML, Iglewski BH (1978) Comparative toxicities of diphtherial toxin and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A: evidence for different cell receptors. J Gen Microbiol 108:333–337

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vasil ML, Kabat D, Iglewski BH (1977) Structure-activity relationships of an exotoxin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 16:335–361

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasil ML, Berka RM, Gray GL, Nakar H (1982) Cloning of a phosphate-regulated hemolysin gene (phospholipase C) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 152:431–440

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woods DE, Straus DC, Johanson WG Jr, Berry VK, Bass J A (1980) Role of pili in adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to mammalian buccal epithelial cells. Infect Immun 29:1146–1151

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woods DE, Cryz SJ, Friedman RL, Iglewski BH (1982 a) Contribution of toxin A and elastase to virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chronic lung infections of rats. Infect Immun 36:1223–1228

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woods DE, Iglewski BH, Johanson WG Jr (1982b) In: Schlessinger D (ed) Host and Bacterial Factor in the Colonization of the Respiratory Tract Microbiology-1982. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., pp 348–352

    Google Scholar 

  • Wretlind B, Pavlovskis OR (1984) Genetic mapping and characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants defective in the formation of extracellular proteins. J Bacteriol 158:801–808

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wretlind B, Wadstrom T (1977) Purification and properties of a motease with elastase activity from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Gen Microbiol 103:319–327

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wretlind B, Sjoberg L, Wadstrom T (1977) Protease-deficient mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pleiotropic change in activity of other extracellular enzymes. J Gen Microbiol 103:329–336

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Washington, WA 98195, Seattle, USA

    S. Lory

  2. Department of Metabolic Regulation, Boston Biomedical Research Institute, MA 02114, Boston, USA

    P. C. Tai

  3. Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, MA 02115, Boston, USA

    P. C. Tai

Authors
  1. S. Lory
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. P. C. Tai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für genetik und Mikrobiologie, Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, D-8700, Würzburg, Germany

    W. Goebel

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lory, S., Tai, P.C. (1985). Biochemical and Genetic Aspects of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Virulence. In: Goebel, W. (eds) Genetic Approaches to Microbial Pathogenicity. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 118. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70586-1_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70586-1_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-70588-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-70586-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation