Abstract
Among both scientific and commercial reasons for cloning genes related to bacterial virulence, the most compelling is the contribution that analysis of cloned virulence determinants can make to advancing an understanding of infectious disease. Establishment of an infectious disease is the result of an imbalance in the steady-state “host-parasite” relationship. As the host defense mechanisms are many and interrelated, the ability of a bacterium to invade and cause disease is the result of the complex interaction of many bacterial traits. To understand bacterial pathogenicity, then, it is essential to isolate and characterize the components of this multifactorial process, identify regulatory features, and assess their respective contribution to the infectious disease. Recombinant DNA technology provides the necessary tool for isolating the genes encoding virulence factors.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alouf JE (1977) Cell membranes and cytolytic bacterial toxins. In: Cuatrecasas P (ed) The specificity and action of animal, bacterial, and plant toxins. Receptors and recognition, series B vol 1. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 219–270
Alouf JE (1980) Streptococcal toxins (streptolysin O, streptolysin S, erythrogenic toxin). Pharmacol Ther 11:661–717
Altemeier WA, Lewis SA, Schlievert PM, Bergdoll MS, Bjornson HS, Staneck JL, Crass BA (1982) Staphylococcus aureus associated with toxic shock syndrome. Ann Intern Med 96(2): 978–982
Avery OT, MacLeod CM, McCarty M (1944) Induction of transformation by a deoxyribonucleic acid fraction isolated from pneumococcus type III. J Exp Med 79:137–158
Behnke D (1981) Plasmid transformation of Streptococcus sanquis (Challis) occurs by circular and linear molecules. MGG 183:490–497
Behnke D, Ferretti J J (1980 a) Molecular cloning of an erythromycin resistance determinant in streptococci. J Bacteriol 144:806–813
Behnke D, Ferretti JJ (1980b) Physical mapping of pDBlOl: a potential vector plasmid for molecular cloning in streptococci. Plasmid 4:130–138
Behnke D, Gilmore MS (1981) Location of antibiotic resistance determinants, copy control, and replication functions on the double-selective streptococcal cloning vector pGB301. MGG 184:115–120
Behnke D, Gilmore MS, Ferretti J J (1981) Plasmid pGB301, a new multiple resistance streptococcal cloning vehicle and its use in molecular cloning of a gentamicin/kanamycin resistance determinant. MGG 183:414–421
Behnke D, Gilmore MS, Ferretti J J (1982) pGB301 vector plasmid family and its use for molecular cloning in streptococci. In: Schlessinger D (ed) Microbiology-1982. American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, pp 239–242
Bergdoll MS, Crass BA, Reiser RF, Robbins RN, Lee AC-M, Chesney PJ, Davis JP, Vergeront JM, Wand PJ (1982) An enterotoxin-like protein in Staphylococcus aureus strains from patients with toxic shock syndrome. Ann Intern Med 96(2): 969–971
Bernheimer AW (1974) Interactions between membranes and cytolytic bacterial toxins. Biochim Biophys Acta 344:27–50
Bernheimer AW (1976) Sulfhydryl-activated toxins. In: Bernheimer AW (ed) Mechanisms in bacterial toxicology. Wiley, New York, pp 85–97
Blattner FR, Williams BG, Blechl AE, Denniston-Thompson K, Faber HE, Furlong L, Grunwald DJ, Kiefer DO, Moore DD, Schumm JW, Sheldon EL, Smithies O (1979) Charron phages: safer derivatives of bacteriophage lambda for DNA cloning. Science 194:161–169
Bonventre PF, Weckbach L, Staneck J, Schlievert PM, Thompson M (1983) Production of staphylococcal enterotoxin F and pyrogenic exotoxin C by Staphylococcus aureus isolates from toxic shock syndrome-associated sources. Infect Immun 40:1023–1029
Burdett V (1980) Identification of tetracycline-resistant R-plasmids in Streptococcus agalactiae (group B). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 10:128–131
Burdett V, Beachy E (1984) Cloning and expression of streptococcal M protein in Escherichia coli. Abstracts of the Annual Meeting. American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC
Canosi U, Morelli G, Trautner TA (1978) The relationship between molecular structure and transformation efficiency of someS. aureus plasmids isolated from B. subtilis. MGG 166:259–267
Carlier C, Courvalin P (1982) Resistance of streptococci to aminoglycoside-aminocyclitol antibiotics. In: Schlessinger D (ed) Microbiology-1982. American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, pp 162–166
Chang S, Cohen SN (1979) High frequency transformation of Bacillus subtilis protoplasts by plasmid DNA. MGG 168:111–115
Clewell DB (1981) Plasmids, drug resistance, and gene transfer in the genus Streptococcus. Microbiol Rev 45:409–436
Clewell DB, Fitzgerald G, Dempsey L, Pearce L, An FY, White BA, Yagi Y, Gawron-Burke C (to be published) Streptococcal conjugation: plasmids, sex pheromones, and conjugative transposons. In: Mergenhagen S, Rosan B (eds) Molecular basis of oral microbial adhesion. American Society for Microbiology, Washongtin DC
Collins J, Bruning HJ (1978) Plasmids useable as gene-cloning vectors in an in vitro packaging by coliphage lambda: “cosmids”. Gene 4:85–107
Collins J, Hohn B (1978) Cosmids: a type of plasmid gene-cloning vector that is packageable in vitro in bacteriophage lambda heads. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:4242–4246
Colwell JL, Grushoff-Kosyk PS, Bernheimer AW (1976) Purification of cereolysin and the electrophoretic separation of the active (reduced) and inactive (oxidized) forms of purified toxin. Infect Immun 14:144–154
Davis RW, Botstein D, Roth JR (1980) Advanced bacterial genetics (a manual for genetic engineering). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor
Ehrlich SD (1978) DNA cloning in Bacillus subtilis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:1433–1436
Fairweather N, Kennedy S, Foster TJ, Kehoe M, Dougan G (1983) Expression of a cloned Staphylococcus aureus α-hemolysin determinant in Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 41:1112–1117
Fischetti VA, Jones KR, Manjula BN, Scott JR (1984) Streptococcal M6 protein expressed in Escherichia coli: localization, purification, and comparison with streptococcal derived M protein. J Exp Med 159:1083–1095
Freeman VJ (1951) Studies on the virulence of bacteriophage-infected strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. J Bacteriol 61:675–688
Freeman V, Moore IU (1952) Further observations on the change to virulence of bacteriophage- infected avirulent strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae as a result of exposure to specific bacteriophage. J Bacteriol 63:407–414
Gawron-Burke C, Clewell DB (1984) Regeneration of insertionally inactivated streptococcal DNA fragments following excision of Tn916 in Escherichia coli. A strategy for targeting and cloning genes from gram-positive bacteria. J Bacteriol 159:214–221
Gilmore MS, Goebel W (to be published)
Gilmore MS, Goebel W, Brans W (to be published)
Granato PA, Jackson RW (1969) Bicomponent nature of lysin from Streptococcus zymogenes. J Bacteriol 100:865–868
Grov A (1977) Biological aspects of protein A. In: Schlessinger D (ed) Microbiology 1977. American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, pp 350–352
Gryczan TJ, Dubnau D (1978) Construction and properties of chimeric plasmids in Bacilus subtilis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:1428–1432
Gryczan T, Contente S, Dubnau D (1980) Molecular cloning of heterologous chromosomal DNA by recombination between a plasmid vector and a homologous resident plasmid in Bacillus subtilis. MGG 177:459–467
Hacker J, Hughes C, Hof H, Goebel W (1983) Cloned hemolysin genes from Escherichia coli that cause urinary tract infection determine different levels of toxicity in mice. Infect Immun 42:57–63
Imanaka T, Fujii M, Aramori I, Aiba S (1982) Transformation of Bacillus stearothermophilus with plasmid DNA and characterization of shuttle vector plasmids between Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 149:824–830
Johnson LP, Schlievert PM (1984) Group A streptococcal phage T12 carries the structural gene for pyrogenic exotoxin type A. MGG 194:52–56
Johnson MK, Geoffroy C, Alouf JE (1980) Binding of cholesterol by sulfhydryl-activated cytolysins. Infect Immun 27:97–101
Kaczorek M, Delpeyroux F, Chenciner N, Streeck RE, Murphy JR, Boquet P, Tiollais P (1983) Nucleotide sequence and expression of the diphtheriatox228 gene in Escherichia coli. Science 221:855–858
Keggins KM, Lovett PS, Duvall EJ (1978) Molecular cloning of genetically active fragments of Bacillus DNA in Bacillus subtilis and properties of the vector plasmid pUBllO. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:1423–1427
Kehoe M, Timmis KN (1984) Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the streptolysin O determinant fromStreptococcus pyogenes: characterization of the cloned streptolysin O determinant and demonstration of the absence of substantial homology with determinants of other thiol-activated toxins. Infect Immun 43:804–810
Kehoe M, Duncan J, Foster T, Fairweather N, Dougan G (1983) Cloning, expression, and mapping of the Staphylococcus aureus α-hemolysin determinant in Escherichia coli K-12. Infect Immun 41:1105–1111
Keller G, Schleifer KH, Gotz F (1983) Construction and characterization of plasmid vectors for cloning in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus carnosus. Plasmid 10:270–278
Kreft J, Bernhard K, Goebel W (1978) Recombinant plasmids capable of replication in B. subtilis and E. coli. MGG 162:59–67
Kreft J, Berger H, Hartlein M, Muller B, Weidinger G, Goebel W (1983) Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis of the hemolysin (cereolysin) determinant from Bacillus cereus. J Bacteriol 155:681–689
Kreiswirth BN, Lofdahl S, Betley MJ, O’Reilly M, Schlievert PM, Bergdoll MS, Novick RP (1983) The toxic shock syndrome exotoxin structural gene is not detectably transmitted by a prophage. Nature 305:709–712
Lancefield RC (1962) Current knowledge of type specific M antigens of group A streptococci. J Immunol 89:307–313
LeBlanc DJ, Lee LN, Clewell DB, Behnke D (1983) Broad geographical distribution of a cytotoxin gene mediating beta-hemolysis and bacteriocin activity among Streptococcus faecalis strains. Infect 40:1015–1022
Leong D, Coleman KD, Murphy JR (1983) Cloned fragment A of diphtheria toxin is expressed and secreted into the periplasmic space ofEscherichia coli K-12. Science 220:515–517
Lofdahl S, Sjostrom J-E, Philipson L (1978) A vector for recombinant DNA in Staphylococcus aureus. Gene 3:161–172
Löfdahl S, Grass B, Uhlen M, Philipson L, Lindberg M (1983) Gene for staphylococcal protein A. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:697–701
Loenen WAM, Brammar WJ (1980) A bacteriophage lambda vector for cloning large DNA fragments made with several restriction enzymes. Gene 10:249–259
Macrina F (1985) Molecular cloning of bacterial antigens and virulence determinants. Annu Rev Microbiol 38:193–219
Macrina F, Jones KR, Wood PH (1980) Chimeric streptococcal plasmids and their use as molecular cloning vehicles in Streptococcus sanquis (Challis). J Bacteriol 143:1425–1435
Macrina FL, Jones KR, Welch RA (1981) Transformation ofStreptococcus sanquis with monomeric pVA736 plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid. J Bacteriol 146:126–830
Macrina FL, Tobian JA, Evans RP, Jones KR (1982 a) Molecular cloning strategies for theStreptococcus sanquis host vector system. In: Schlessinger D (ed) Microbiology-1982. American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, pp 234–238
Macrina FL, Tobian J A, Jones KR, Evans RP, Clewell DB (1982 b) A cloning vector able to replicate in Escherichia coli and Streptococcus sanquis. Gene 19:345–353
Malke H, Ferretti J J (1984) Streptokinase: cloning, expression, and excretion by Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:3557–3561
Malke H, Holm SE (1982) Helper plasmid system for DNA cloning with pSMlO-related vehicles. In: Schlessinger D (ed) Microbiology-1982. American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, pp 243–247
Malke H, Burman LG, Holm SE (1981) Molecular cloning in streptococci: physical mapping of the vehicle plasmid pSMlO and demonstration of intergroup DNA transfer. MGG 181:259–267
Maniatis T, Fritsch EF, Sambrook J (1982) Molecular cloning (a laboratory manual). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, Cold Spring Harbor
Martin PAW, Lohr JR, Dean DH (1981) Transformation of Bacillus thuringiensis protoplasts by plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid. J Bacteriol 145:980–983
McCarty M, Avery OT (1946) Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types. III. An improved method for the isolation of the transforming substance and its application to pneumococcal types II, III, and IV. J Exp Med 83:97–103
McKay LL, Baldwin KA (1982) Characterization and transferability of plasmids among group N streptococci. In: Schlessinger D (ed) Microbiology-1982. American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, pp 210–212
Mottes M, Grandi G, Sgaramella V, Canosi U, Morelli G, Trautner TA (1979) Different specific activities of the monomeric and oligomeric forms of plasmid DNA in transformation of B. subtilis and E. coli. MGG 174:281–286
Murphy JR, Bacha J (1979) Regulation of diphtheria toxin production. In: Schlessinger D (ed) Microbiology-1979, American Society for Microbiology. Washington DC, pp 181–186
Pakula R, Walczak W (1958) Transformation reactions between streptococci, pneumococci, and staphylococci. Bull Acad Pol Sci CI 2 Ser Sci Biol 6:325–329
Pappenheimer AM Jr (1977) Diphtheria toxin. Annu Rev Biochem 46:69–94
Perry D, Kuramitsu K (1981) Genetic transformation of Streptococcus mutans. Infect Immun 32:1295–1297
Poirier TP, Kehoe MA, Dale JB, Timmis KN, Beachey EH (1984) Expression of heart cross-reactive and protective epitopes of types 5 and 19 streptococcal M protein in Escherichia coli. Abstracts of the Annual Meeting. American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC
Rodriguez RL, Tait RC (1983) Recombinant DNA techniques: an introduction. Addison-Wesley, Reading
Rogolsky M (1979) Nonenteric toxins of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Rev 43:320–360
Sako T, Tsuchida N (1983) Nucleotide sequence of the staphylokinase gene from Staphylococcus aureus. Nucleic Acids Res 11:7679–7693
Sako T, Sawaki S, Sakurai T, Ito S, Yoshizawa Y, Kondo I (1983) Cloning and expression of the staphylokinase gene of Staphylococcus aureus in Escherichia coli. MGG 190:271–277
Saunders CW, Guild WR (1981) The pathway of plasmid transformation in Pneumococcus. Open circular and linear molecules are active. J Bacteriol 146:517–526
Schlievert PM (1982) Enhancement of host susceptibility to lethal endotoxin shock by staphylococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C. Infect Immun 36:123–128
Schlievert PM, Shands KN, Dan BB, Schmid GP, Nishimura RD (1981) Identification and characterization of an exotoxin from Staphylococcus aureus associated with toxic shock syndrome. J Infect Dis 143:509–516
Schutzer SE, Fischetti VA, Zabriskie JB (1983) Toxic shock syndrome and lysogeny in Staphylococcus aureus. Science 220:316–318
Scott JR, Fischetti VA (1983) Expression of streptococcal M protein in Escherichia coli. Science 221:758–760
Smyth CJ, Duncan JL (1978) Thiol-activated (oxygen-labile) cytolysins. In: Jeljaszewicz J, Wadstrom T (eds) Bacterial toxins and cell membranes. Academic, London, pp 129–183
Spanier JG, Jones SJC, Cleary P (1984) Small DNA deletions creating avirulence in Streptococcus pyogenes. Science 225:935–938
Sparling PF (1979) Use of microbial genetics in the study of pathogenicity: differentiation between correlation and causation. In: Schlessinger D (ed) Microbiology-1979. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, pp 249–253
Stassi DL, Lopez P, Espinosa M, Lacks SA (1981) Cloning of chromosomal genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:7128–7032
Takahashi W, Yamagata H, Yamaguchi LK, Tsukagoshi N, Udaka S (1983) Genetic transformation of Bacillus brevis 47, a protein-secreting bacterium, by plasmid DNA. J Bacteriol 156:1130–1134
Thompson NE, Pattee PA (1981) Genetic transformation in Staphylococcus aureus: demonstration of a competence-conferring factor of bacteriophage origin in bacteriophage 80a lysates. J Bacteriol 148:294–300
Thompson NE, Ketterhagan MJ, Bergdoll MS, Schantz EJ (1984) Isolation and some properties of an enterotoxin produced by Bacillus cereus. Infect Immun 43:887–894
Todd J, Fishaut M, Kapral F, Welch T (1978) Toxic-shock syndrome associated with phage-group-I staphylococci. Lancet 1978:1116–1118
Tweten RK, Collier RJ (1983) Molecular cloning and expression of gene fragments from corynebacteriophage β encoding enzymatically active peptides of diphtheria toxin. J Bacteriol 156:680–685
Wannamaker LW (1983) Streptococcal toxins. Rev Infect Dis 5: S723-S732
Weeks CR, Ferretti JJ (1984) The gene for type A streptococcal exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) is located in bacteriophage T12. Infect Immun 46:531–536
Welch RA, Falkow S (1984) Characterization of Escherichia coli hemolysins conferring quantitative differences in virulence. Infect Immun 43:156–160
Welch RA, Dellinger EP, Minshew B, Falkow S (1981) Hemolysin contributes to virulence of extraintestinal E. coli infections. Nature 294:665–667
Wilson CR, Baldwin JN (1978) Characterization and construction of molecular cloning vectors within Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 136:402–413
Wilson CR, Skinner SE, Shaw WV (1981) Analysis of two chloramphenicol resistance plasmids from Staphylococcus aureus: insertional inactivation of CM resistance, mapping of restriction sites, and construction of cloning vehicles. Plasmid 5:245–258
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gilmore, M.S. (1985). Molecular Cloning of Genes Encoding Gram-Positive Virulence Factors. In: Goebel, W. (eds) Genetic Approaches to Microbial Pathogenicity. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 118. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70586-1_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70586-1_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-70588-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-70586-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive