Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Ergebnisse der Inneren Medizin und Kinderheilkunde/Advances in Internal Medicine and Pediatrics pp 59–156Cite as

Asthma bronchiale im Kindesalter

  • Conference paper

  • 16 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Eine der häufigsten chronischen Erkrankungen des Kindesalters ist das Asthma bronchiale. Obwohl die klassische Verlaufsform des Status asthmaticus keine diagnostischen Schwierigkeiten bereitet, werden häufig die abortiv verlaufenden Formen, die sich gerade bei Kleinkindern oft nur in Form von rezidivierendem oder chronischem Husten äußern, verkannt.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   44.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  • Aas K (1971) Hyposensitization in house dust allergy asthma. Acta Paediatr Scand 60:264

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aas K (1981) Heterogeneity of bronchial asthma. Allergy 36:3

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ACCP-ATS Joint Committee on pulmonary nomenclature (1975) Pulmonary terms and symbols. Chest 67:383

    Google Scholar 

  • Adkinson NF Jr (1980) The radioallergosorbent test: Uses and abuses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 65:1

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahlquist RP (1948) A study of the adrenotropic receptors. Am J Physiol 153:586

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander AB, Cropp GJ, Chai H (1979) Effects of relaxation training on pulmonary mechanics in children with asthma. J Appl Behav Anal 12:27

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Altounyan REC (1980) Review of clinical activity and mode of action of sodium cromoglycate. Clin Allergy 10(Suppl):481

    Google Scholar 

  • Altounyan REC (1981) Sodium cromoglycate in allergic and non-allergic obstructive airway disease. Pharmakotherapie 4:163

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson HR, Bailey PA, Cooper JS, Palmer JC (1981) Influence of morbidity, illness label, and social, family, and health service factors on drug treatment of childhood asthma. Lancet VII: 1030

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SD, Silverman M, König P, Godfrey S (1975) Exercise induced asthma. Br J Dis Chest 69:1

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SD, Schoeffel RE, Follet R, Perry CP, Daviskas E, Kendall M (1982) Sensitivity to heat and water loss at rest and during exercise in asthmatic patients. Eur J Respir Dis 63:459

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold JD, Hill GN, Sansom LN (1981) A comparison of the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in asthmatic children in the acute episode and in remission. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 20:443

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bancalari E, Jesse MJ, Gelbrand H, Garcia O (1977) Lung mechanics in congenital heart disease with increased and decreased pulmonary blood flow. J Pediatr 90:192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barr LW, Logan GB (1964) Prognosis of children having asthma. Pediatrics 34:856

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer P, Schwager R (1983) Über die Wirksamkeit der Hyposensibilisierung bei Asthma bronchiale im Kindesalter unter Berücksichtigung der Histaminreagibilität des Bronchialsystems. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 131:140

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baur X, Frühmann G, v Liebe V (1978) Allergologische Untersuchungsmethoden (inhalativer Provokationstest, Hauttest, RAST) für die Diagnose des Asthma bronchiale. Klin Wochenschr 56:1205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein IL, Siegel SC, Brandon ML, Brown EB, Evans RR, Friedlaender S, Krumholz RA, Hadley RA, Handelman NI, Thurston D, Yamate M (1972) A controlled study of cromolyn sodium sponsored by the Drug Committee of the American Academy of Allergy. J Allergy 50:235

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berquist WE, Rachelefsky GS, Kadden M, Siegel SC, Katz RM, Fonkalsrud EM, Ament ME (1981) Gastroesophageal reflux-associated recurrent pneumonia and chronci asthma in children. Pediatrics 68:29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bishopric NH, Cohen HJ, Lefkowitz RJ (1980) Beta adrenergic receptors in lymphocyte subpopulations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 65:29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blair H (1977) Natural history of childhood asthma. Arch Dis Child 52:613

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bleeker ER, Norman PS, Mason PL (1982) The effect of atropine on antigen — induced changes in airways reactivity to inhaled histamine in allergic asthma (Abstr). J Allergy Clin Immunol 69:95

    Google Scholar 

  • Bousquet J, Menardo JL, Robinet-Levy M, Michel FB (1983) Möglichkeiten der Vorhersage allergischer Erkrankungen im Säuglingsalter. In: Wahn U (Hrsg) Aktuelle Probleme der päd. Allergologie. Fischer, Stuttgart New York, S 53

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner M, Marsiske C, Kunkel G, Lasius D, Sladek M, Kirchhoff E (1983) Erste Erfahrungen einer ambulanten Schnellhyposensibilisierung bei Graspollen-Allergikern mit einem hochgereinigten Extrakt (Spectralgen). Allergologie 6:204

    Google Scholar 

  • Bretz U, Martin U, Mazzoni L, Engel G, Reinert H (1982) Modulation des β-adrenergen Systems: mögliche Implikationen für die prophylaktische Wirkung von Ketotifen beim Asthma. Triangel 21:133

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brogden RN (1983) Inhaled steroids: Pharmacology and toxicology. In: Clark TJH (ed) Steroids in asthma. Adis, Auckland New York London, p 121

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks SM, McGowan K, Bernstein L, Altenau P, Peagler J (1979) Relationship between numbers of beta adrenergic receptors in lymphocytes and disease severity in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 63:401

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown HM, Bhowmik M, Jackson FA, Thantrey N (1980) Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosols in the treatment of asthma in childhood. Practitioner 224:847

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buffum WP, Settipane GA (1966) Prognosis of asthma in childhood. Am J Dis Child 112:214

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burge PS (1983) Trigger factors in asthma. In: Clark TJH (ed) Steroids in asthma. Adis, Auckland New York London, p 61

    Google Scholar 

  • Cade JF, Pain MCF (1973) Pulmonary function during clinical remission of asthma. How reversible is asthma? Aust NZ J Med 3:545

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clasen I, Wüthrich B (1976) Neuere Ergebnisse der peroralen Hyposensibilisierung beim kindlichen Asthma bronchiale. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 124:248

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cloutier MM, Loughlin GM (1981) Chronic cough in children: A manifestation of airway hyperreactivity. Pediatrics 67:6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cochrane GM (1983) Systemic steroids in Asthma. In: Clark TJH (ed) Steroids in asthma. Adis, Auckland New York London, p 103

    Google Scholar 

  • Cockcroft DW, Killian DN, Mellon JJA, Hargreave FE (1977) Bronchial reactivity to inhaled histamine: A method and clinical survey, Clin Allergy 7:235

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cockcroft DW, Ruffin RE, Frith PA, Cartier A, Juniper EF, Dolovich J, Hargreave FE (1979) Determination of allergen-induced asthma: Dose of allergen, circulating IgE antibody concentration, and bronchial responsiveness to inhaled histamine. Am Rev Respir Dis 120:1053

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen SJ (1977) Psychological factors. In: Clark TJH, Godfrey S (eds) Asthma. Chapman & Hall, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Connel JT, Sherman WB (1964) Skin sensitizing antibody titer. III. Relationship of the skin sensitizing antibody titer to the intracutaneous skin test, to the tolerance of injections of antigens, and to effects of prolonged treatment with antigen. J Allergy 35:169

    Google Scholar 

  • Conolly ME, Greenacre JK (1977) The beta adrenoceptor of the human lymphocyte and human lung parenchyma. Br J Pharmacol 59:17

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coombs RRA, Gell PGH (1963) The classification of allergic reactions underlying disease. In: Gell PGH, Coombs RRH (eds) Clinical aspects of immunology. Blackwell, Oxf

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper EJ, Grant IWB (1977) Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in treatment of chronic asthma. Br J Clin Pharmacol 4Suppl:253

    Google Scholar 

  • Croner S, Hedenskog S, Kjellman NIM, Odelram H (1980) Salbutamol by powder or spray inhalation in childhood asthma. Allergy 35:589

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Croner S, Kjellman NIM, Eriksson B, Roth A (1982) IgE screening in 1701 newborn infants and the development of atopic disease during infancy. Arch Dis Child 57:364

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dale HH (1913) The anaphylactic reaction of plain muscle in the guinea pig. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 4:167

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dale HH (1906) On some physiological actions of ergot. J Physiol Lond 34:163

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dannaeus A, Johansson SGO, Foucard T (1978) Clinical and immunological aspects of food allergy in childhood. II. Development of allergic symptoms and humoral immune response to foods in infants of atopic mothers during the first 24 months of life. Acta Paediatr Scand 67:497

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis MH, Saunders DR, Creer TL, Chai H (1973) Relaxation training facilitated by biofeedback apparatus as a supplemental treatment in bronchial sthma. J Psychosom Res 17:121

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson W, Tomlinson R (1974) Effects of cromoglycate and ETYA on the release of prostaglandins and SRS-A from immunologically challenged guinea-pig lungs. Br J Pharmacol 52:107

    Google Scholar 

  • Debelic M (1983) Bedeutung der exogenen Allergie bei Kindern mit obstruktiven Atemwegserkrankungen. Päd Prax 27:649

    Google Scholar 

  • Dees SC (1969) Asthma in infants and young children. Br Med J IV:321

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickson W (1970a) A one year trial of intal compound in 24 children with severe asthma. In: Pepys J, Frankland AW (eds) Disodium cromolgycate in allergic airways disease. Butterworth, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickson W (1980b) Intal-compound in children. In: Pepys J, Frankland AW (eds) Disodium cromoglycate in allergic airway disease. Butterworth, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon M, Jackson DM, Richards JM (1980) The action of sodium cromoglycate on “C” fibre endings in the dog lung. Br J Pharmacol 70:11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dolovich MB, Killian D, Wolff RK, Obminski G, Newhouse MT (1977) Pulmonary aerosol deposition in chronic bronchitis: Intermittent positive pressure breathing versus quiet breathing. Am Rev Respir Dis 115:397

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dubo S, McLean JA, Ching AYT, Wright HL, Kauffman PE, Sheldon JM (1961) A study of relationships between family situation, bronchial asthma, and personal adjustment in children. J Pediatr 59:402

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eberlein WR, Bongiovanni AM, Rodriguez CS (1967) Diagnosis and treatment: The complications of steroid treatment. Pediatrics 40:279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eigen H (1982) The clinical evaluation of chronic cough. Pediatr Clin North Am 29:67

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Empey DW, Laitinen LA, Jakobs L, Gold WM, Nadel JA (1976) Mechanisms of bronchial hyper-reactivity in normal subjects after upper respiratory tract infection. Am Rev Respir Dis 113:131

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Endres D (1980) Die Bedeutung des α 1-Atitypsins in der Pneumologie. Atemweg Lungenkrankh 6:9

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahrländer H (1983) Die Pathophysiologie der Überempfindlichkeitsreaktion auf Nahrungsmittel. Allergologie 6:169

    Google Scholar 

  • Faith RE, Hessler JR, Small PA Jr (1977) Respiratory allergy in the dog: Induction by the respiratory route and the effects of passive antibody. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 53:530

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fanta CH, Rossing TH, McFadden ER (1982) Glucocorticoids in acute asthma. A critical controlled trial. Am Rev Respir Dis 125:94

    Google Scholar 

  • Fass B (1979) Glucocorticoid therapy for nonendocrine disorders: Withdrawal and coverage. Pediatr Clin North Am 26:251

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson AC, Murray AB, Tze WJ (1982) Short-stature and delayed skeletal maturation in children with allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 69:461

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Field WF (1962) Mucous gland hypertrophy in babies and children aged 15 years or less. Br J Dis Chest 62:11

    Google Scholar 

  • Fireman P (1983) Status asthmaticus in children. In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF (eds) Allergy, principles and practice, vol 3. Mosby, St. Louis Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer B, Schmutzler W (1982) Quantitative Methoden der Allergologie. II. Bestimmung von Immunmodulatoren (Biological response modifiers). RABS — Referenz Allergen Bioassay. Standardisierung von Allergenextrakten — Prinzipien und Ausführung. Allergologie 5:303

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleisch JH, Kent KM, Cooper T (1973) Drug receptors in smooth muscle. In: Austen KF, Lichtenstein LM (eds) Asthma, physiology, immunpharmacology and treatment. Academic Press, New York, p 139

    Google Scholar 

  • Foreman JC, Garland LG (1976) Cromoglycate and other antiallergic drugs: A possible mechanism of action. Br Med J I:820

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucard T, Johannsson SGO (1971) In vitro diagnosis of atopic allergy. II. IgE and reaginic antibodies during and after rush desensitization. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 41:434

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis RS (1976) Long-term beclomethasone diproprionate aerosol therapy in juvenile asthma. Thorax 31:309

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser CM, Venter JC (1980) The synthesis of β-adrenergic receptors in cultured human lung cells induced by glucocorticoids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 94:390

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • French TM, Alexander F (1941) Psychogenic factors in bronchial asthma. Psychosom Med 4/1

    Google Scholar 

  • Freyschmidt J (1982) Radiologie allergischer Lungenerkrankungen. Internist (Berlin) 23:514

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frick OL, German DF, Mills J (1979) Development of allergy in children. I. Association with virus infections. J Allergy Clin Immunol 63:228

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaddie J, Legge JS, Petrie G, Palmer KNV (1972) The effect of an α-adrenergic receptor blocking drug on histamine sensitivity in bronchial asthma. Br J Dis Chest 66:141

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galant SP, Duriseti L, Underwood S, Allred S, Insel PA (1980) Beta adrenergic receptors of polymorphonuclear particulates in bronchial asthma. J Clin Invest 65:577

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gebbie T (1983) Therapeutic choices in asthma. In: Clark TJH (ed) Steroids in asthma. Adis, Auckland New York London, p 83

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelb AF, Lyons HA, Fairshter RD, Glauser FL, Morrissey R, Chetty K, Schiffmann P (1979) P. pulmonale in status asthmaticus. J Allergy Clin Immunol 64:18

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geller-Bernstein C, Sneh N (1980) The management of bronchial asthma in children under the age of 3 1/2 years using intal (sodium cromoglycate) administered by spinhaler. Clin Allergy 10:503

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson GJ (1983) Pathophysiology and clinical correlates of asthma. In: Clark TJH (ed) Steroids in asthma. Adis, Auckland New York London, p 11

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillard C, Dierckx JP, Jorde W, Werdermann K, Matthys H, Cegla UH, Migures J, Krempf M, Pauli G, Bessot JC (1978) Sodium cromoglycate with and without isoprenaline in older patients with bronchial obstruction. J Pharmacotherapy 1:78

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginchansky E, Weinberger M (1977) Relationship of theophylline clearance to oral dosage in children with chronic asthma. J Pediatr 91:655

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Girard JP (1981) Ketotifen and bronchial hyperreactivity in asthmatic patients, Clin Allergy 11:449

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gleich GJ, Larson JB, Jones RT, Baer H (1974) Measurement of the potency of allergy extracts by their inhibitory capacities in the radio-allergosorbent test. J Allergy Clin Immunol 53:158

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Godfrey S (1975) Exercise induced asthma — clinical, physiological and therapeutic implications. J Allergy Clin Immunol 56:1

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Godfrey S (1977) Childhood asthma. In: Clark TJH, Godfrey S (eds) Asthma. Chapman & Hall, London, p 324

    Google Scholar 

  • Godfrey S, König P (1974) Treatment of childhood asthma for 13 months and longer with beclo-methasone dipropionate aerosol. Arch Dis Child 49:591

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonsior E, Schultze-Werninghaus G (1980) Diagnostik und Therapie des exogen-allergischen Asthma bronchiale. Fortschritte der letzten 10 Jahre. Internist (Berlin) 21:75

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gortmaker SL, Klein I, Walker D, Jacobs FH, Ruch-Ross H (1982) Parental smoking and the risk of childhood asthma. AJPH 72:574

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graff-Lonnevig V, Kraepelien S (1979) Long-term treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in asthmatic children, with special reference to growth. Allergy 34:57

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gregg J (1977) Epidemiology. In: Clark TJH, Godfrey S (eds) Asthma. Chapman & Hall, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Grobecker H, McCarthy R, Saavedra R, Chiueh CC (1977) Dopamine β-hydroxylase activity and catecholamine concentrations in plasma: Experimental and essential hypertension. Postgrad Med J 53Suppl:43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groggins RC, Hiller EJ, Milner AD, Stokes GM (1981) Ketotifen in the prophylaxis of childhood asthma. Arch Dis Child 56:304

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halpern SR, Sellars WA, Johnson RB, Anderson DW, Saperstein S, Reisch JS (1973) Development of childhood allergy in infants fed breast, soy or cowmilk. J Allergy Clin Immunol 51:139

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanley SP (1981) Asthma variation with menstruation. Br J Dis Chest 75:306

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardt von der H, Menger W (1980) Spiromechanische und atemmechanische Untersuchungen bei asthmakranken Kindern während eines Aufenthaltes an der Nordsee. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 128:766

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harries MG (1981) Bronchial irritant receptors and a possible new action for cromolyn sodium. Ann Allergy 46:156

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauspie R, Susanne C, Alexander F (1977) Maturational delay and temporal growth retardation in asthmatic boys. Pediatrics 59:200

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hendeles L, Weinberger M (1983) Theophylline. In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF (eds) Mosby, St. Louis Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson WR, Shelhamer JH, Reingold DB, Smith LJ, Evans R, Kaliner M (1979) Alpha-adrenergic hyper-responsiveness in asthma. N Engl J Med 300:642

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill DJ, Shelton MJ, Hosking CS, Turner MW (1981) Growing out of asthma: Clinical and immunological changes over 5 years. Lancet II:1359

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodges JGC, Milner AD, Stokes GM (1981a) Assessment of a new device for delivering aerosol drugs to asthmatic children. Arch Dis Child 56:787

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodges IGC, Groggins RC, Milner AD, Stokes GM (1981b) Bronchodilator effect of inhaled ipratropium bromide in wheezy toddlers. Arch Dis Child 56:729

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hötter GJ (1983) Korrelation zwischen Prick-Test, Gesamt-IgE und RAST bei Typ-I-Allergien. Allergologie 6:4

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann D, Wönne R, Glasemann H (1982) Über die Häufigkeit des Anstrengungsasthmas im Kindesalter. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 130:91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann D (1983) Die Klinik des Asthma bronchiale im Kindesalter. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 131:125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hogg JC (1981) Bronchial mucosal permeability and its relationship to airways hyperreactivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 67:421

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hogg JC, Williams J, Richardson JB, Macklem PT, Thurlbeck WM (1970) Age as a factor in the distribution of lower-airway conductance and in the pathologic anatomy of obstructive lung disease. N Engl J Med 282:1283

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hordof AJ, Mellins RB, Gersony WM, Steeg CN (1977) Reversibility of chronic obstructive lung disease in infants following repair of ventricular septal defect. J Pediatr 90:187

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes DM, Spier S, Rivlin J, Levison H (1983) Gastroesophageal reflux during sleep in asthmatic patients. J Pediatrics 102:666

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ida S, Hooks JJ, Siraganian RP, Notkins AL (1977) Enhancement of IgE-mediated histamine release from human basophils by viruses: Role of interferon. J Exp Med 145:892

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishizaka K (1980) Vorgänge an der Zellmembran bei der Aktivierung von Mastzellen zur Mediatorfreisetzung. Krankenhausarzt 53:203

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishizaka K, Ishizaka T (1978) Mechanisms of reaginic hypersensitivity and IgE antibody response. Immunol Rev 41:109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson E (1938) Progressive relaxation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarisch R, Sandor I, Götz M, Kummer F (1979) Immuntherapie allergischer Erkrankungen. Hautarzt 30:365

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones ES (1980) The recognition and management of acute severe asthma. In: Belingham AJ (ed) Advanced Medicine, vol 16. Pitman, London, p 9

    Google Scholar 

  • Kariman K, Lefkowitz RJ (1977) Decreased beta adrenergic receptor binding in lymphocytes from patients with bronchial asthma. Clin Res 25:503 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kattan M, Gurwitz D, Levison H (1980) Corticosteroids in status asthmaticus. J Pediatrics 96:596

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy JD, Hasham F, Clay MJD, Jones RS (1980) Comparison of actions of disodium cromoglycate and ketotifen on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in childhood asthma. Br Med J 281:1458

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kersten W (1981) Parenterale Hyposensibilisierung. Allergologie 4:212

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan AU, Olson DL (1977) Deconditioning of exercise induced asthma. Psychosom Med 39:382

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim SP, Ferrara A, Chess S (1980) Temperament of asthmatic children. J Pediatr 97:483

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King NJ (1980) The behavioral management of asthma and asthma-related problems in children: A critical review of the literature. J Behav Med 3:169

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick CH, Keller C (1967) Impaired responsiveness to epinephrine in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 96:692

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kjellen G, Tibbling L, Wranne B (1981) Effect of conservative treatment of oesophageal dysfunction on bronchial asthma. Eur J Respir Dis 62:190

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kjelman B, Tollig H, Wettrell G (1980) Inhalation of racemic epinephrine in children with asthma. Allergy 35:605

    Google Scholar 

  • Kjellman NIM (1982) Prediction and prevention of atopic allergy. Allergy 37:463

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kjellman NIM (1983) Erfahrungen in der Diagnose und Therapie mit gereinigten Allergenextrakten im Kindesalter. Allergologie 6:199

    Google Scholar 

  • Kjellman NIM, Lanner A (1980) Hyposensitization in childhood hay fever. Allergy 35:323, 334

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kjellman NIM, Synnerstad B, Hansson LO (1976) Atopic allergy and immunglobulins in children with adenoids and recurrent otitis media. Acta Paediatr Scand 65:593

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein G, Urbanek R, Matthys H (1981) Long-term study of the protective effect of ketotifen in children with allergic bronchial asthma. The value of a provocation test in assessment of treatment. Respiration 41:128

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • König P (1981) Hidden asthma in childhood. Am J Dis Child 135:1053

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • König P, Godfrey S (1973) Prevalence of exercise induced bronchial lability in families of children with asthma. Arch Dis Child 48:513

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • König W, Kroegel C, Möller G, Tesch H, Theobald K, Bohn A (1980) Intrazelluläre Regulation der allergischen Reaktion durch Mastzellen, Eosinophile und Neutrophile. Krankenhausarzt 53:211

    Google Scholar 

  • König W, Theobald K, Pfeiffer P, Szperalski B, Bohn A (1983) Biochemische Aspekte der Pathogenese des Asthmasyndroms. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 131:118

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kotses H, Glaus KD, Crawford PL, Edwards JE, Scherr MS (1976) Operant reduction of frontalis EMG activity in the treatment of asthma in children. J Psychosom Res 20:453

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kraemer R, Duquenne D, Mossay C, Geubelle F (1981) Mode of action of bronchodilating drugs on histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children. Pediatr Res 15:1433

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kraemer R, Meister B, Schaad UB, Rossi E (1983) Reversibility of lung function abnormalities in children with perennial asthma. J Pediatr 102:347

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuzemko JA (1980) Natural history of childhood asthma. J Pediatr 97:886

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LaForce CF, Miller MF, Chai H (1981) Effect of erythromycin on theophylline clearance in asthmatic children. J Pediatr 99:153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lands AM, Arnold A, McAuliff JP, Luduena FP, Brown TG Jr (1967) Differentiation of receptor systems activated by sympathomimetic amines. Nature 214:597

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lanser K, von Wichert P (1979) Mukolytika in Klinik und Praxis. In: Herzog H, Nolte D, Schmidt P (Hrsg) Obstruktive Atemwegserkrankungen, Bd 6. Witzstrock, Baden-Baden Köln New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavin N, Rachelefsky GS, Kaplan SA (1976) An action of disodium cromglycate: Inhibition of cyclic 3′,5′-AMP phosphodiesterase. J Allergy Clin Immunol 57:80

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee WY, Sehon AH (1978) Suppression of reaginic antibodies with modified allergens. I. Reduction in allergenicity of protein allergens by conjugation to polyethylene glycol. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 56:159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leffert F (1980) The management of chronic asthma. J Pediatr 97:875

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lefkowitz RJ (1979) Direct binding studies of adrenergic receptors: Biochemical, physiologic and clinical implications. Ann Intern Med 91:450

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leigh G, Marley E (1967) Bronchial asthma. A genetic population and psychiatric study. Pergamon, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Leynadier F, Luce H, Abrego A, Dry J (1981) Automated measurement of human basophil degranulation. Allergy 36:239

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenstein LM (1978a) An evaluation of the role of immunotherapy in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 117:191

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenstein LM (1978b) Mediators and the mechanism of their release. Chest 73:919 Suppl

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenstein LM, Norman PS, Winkenwerder WL (1971) A single year of immunotherapy for ragweed hay fever. Immunological and clinical studies. Ann Intern Med 75:663

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenstein LM, Ishizaka K, Norman PS, Sobotka AK, Hill BM (1973) IgE antibody measurements in ragweed hay fever. Relationship to clinical severity and the results of immunotherapy. J Clin Invest 52:472

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindemann H, Volkheimer C (1981) Zur Messung des Nasenwiderstandes bei Säuglingen. Atemweg Lungenkrankh 7:206

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu FT, Katz DH (1979) Immunological tolerance to allergenic protein determinants. A therapeutic approach for selective inhibition of IgE antibody production. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:1430

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Löllgen H, Löllgen-Horres J, Nieding G (1976) Therapeutische Möglichkeiten bei chronisch-unspezifischen Atemwegserkrankungen. Fortschr Med 94:1276

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lubs ML (1971) Allergy in 7000 twin pairs. Acta Allergol 26:249

    Google Scholar 

  • Loren ML, Chai H, Leung P, Rohr C, Brenner AM (1980) Corticosteroids in the treatment of acute exacerbations of asthma. Ann Allergy 45:67

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lubs ML (1972) Empiric risks for genetic counseling in families with allergy. J Pediatr 80:26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucarelli S, Frediani T, Barbatto MB, Marchetti F, Pellegrini G, Businco L (1981) Serum IgE in newborns from atopic patients, development of atopy and influence of type of feeding. Pediatr Res 15:1181 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Luther B, Oehme J (1981) Ergebnisse und Erfahrungen bei der Hyposensibilisierung von Inhalations-Allergien im Kindesalter. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 129:456

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacGlashan DW, Schleimer RP, Peters SP, Schulman ES, Adams GK, Sobotka AK, Newball HH, Lichtenstein LM (1983) Comparative studies of human basophils and mast cells. Fed Prod 42:2504

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Makino S, Ikemori K, Kashima T, Fukuda T (1977) Comparison of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response of lymphocytes in normal and asthmatic subjects to norepinephrine and salbutamol. J Allergy Clin Immunol 59:348

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mann NP, Hiller EJ (1982) Ipratropium bromide in children with asthma. Thorax 37:72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marquardt DL, Parker CW, Sullivan TJ (1978) Potentiation of mast cell mediator release by adenosine. J Immunol 120:871

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh DG (1975) Allergens and the genetics of allergy. In: Sela M (ed) The antigens. Academic Press, New York San Francisco London, p 271

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh DG, Lichtenstein LM, Campbell DH (1970) Studies on allergoids prepared from naturally occurring allergens. Immunology 18:705

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin AJ, McLennan LA, Landau LI, Phelan PD (1980) The natural history of childhood asthma to adult life. Brit Med J XIV: 1397

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin U, Römer D (1978) The pharmacological properties of a new, orally active antianaphylactic compound: Ketotifen, a benzocycloheptathiophene. Drug Res 28:770

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuba K, Thurlbeck WM (1972) A morphometric study of bronchial and bronchiolar walls in children. Am Rev Respir Dis 105:908

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mattson A (1975) Psychological aspects of childhood asthma. Pediatr Clin North Am 22:77

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattson K, Poppius H, Nikander-Hurme R (1979) Preventive effect of Ketotifen, a new anti-allergic agent, on histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatics. Clin Allergy 9:411

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazurek N, Berger G, Pecht I (1980) A binding site on mast cells and basophils for the anti-allergic drug cromolyn. Nature 286:722

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazurek N, Bashkin P, Petrank A, Pecht I (1983) Basophil variants with impaired cromoglycate binding do not respond to an immunological degranulation stimulus. Nature 303:528

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCarty ER, Frick OL (1983) Food sensitivity: Key to diagnosis. J Pediatr 102:645

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McFadden ER (1981) An analysis of exercise as a stimulus for the production of airway obstruction. Lung 159:3

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McFadden ER (1982) Modification of bronchial reactivity by existing asthma therapies (Abstract). In: International Conference on bronchial hyperreactivity held at the Hague. Oxford Publishing services, p 47

    Google Scholar 

  • McFadden ER, Kiser R, de Groot WJ (1973) Acute bronchial asthma. Relations between clinical and physiologic manifestations. N Engl J Med 288:221

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McFadden ER, Kiser R, de Groot WJ, Holmes B (1976) Recovery of plasma corticotrophins and cortisone levels. Am J Med 60:52

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McFadden ER, Soter NA, Ingram RH (1980) Magnitude and site of airway response to exercise in asthmatics in relation to arterial histamine levels. J Allergy Clin Immunol 66:472

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mclntosh K, Ellis EF, Hoffman LS, Lybass TG, Eller JJ, Fulginiti VA (1973) The association of viral and bacterial respiratory infections with exacerbations of wheezing in young asthmatic children. J Pediatr 82:578

    Google Scholar 

  • McLean JA, Ching AYT (1973) Follow-up study of relationships between family situation, bronchial asthma and personal adjustment in children. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 12:142

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McNicol KN, Williams HB (1973) Spectrum of asthma in children. I. Clinical and physiological components. Br Med J IV: 7

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellis CM, Kattan M, Keens TG, Levison H (1978) Comparative study of histamine and exercise challenges in asthmatic children. Am Rev Respir Dis 117:911

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meurs H, Koëter GH, de Vries K, Kauffman HF (1982) The beta-adrenergic system and allergic bronchial asthma: Changes in lymphocyte beta-adrenergic receptor number and adenylate cyclase activity after an allergic-induced asthmatic attack. J Allergy Clin Immunol 70:272

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer E, Menger W, Wenner J (1976) Beurteilung und Begutachtung des kindlichen Asthmas. Kinderarzt 2:165

    Google Scholar 

  • Miklich DR, Renne CM, Creer TL, Alexander AB, Chai H, Davis MH, Hoffman A, Danker-Brown P (1977) The clinical utility of behaviour therapy as an adjunctive treatment for asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 60:285

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milner AD (1980) Response to bronchodilator drugs in the first five years of life. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 18:117

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minuchin S (1977) Families and family therapy. Havard University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell RG, Dawson B (1973) Educational and social characteristics of children with asthma. Arch Dis Child 48:467

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Möller KL (1955) The prognosis of bronchitis asthmatoides during the first year of life. Acta Paediatr Scand 44:399

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore N (1965) Behaviour therapy in bronchial asthma: A controlled study. J Psychosom Res 9:257

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morr H (1978) Effect of disodium cromoglycate (Intal) on antigen-induced histamine release from passively sensitized human lung in vitro. Lung 155:33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray AB, Ferguson AC, Morrison B (1981) Airway responsiveness to histamine as a test for overall severity of asthma in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 68:119

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nadel JA (1982) Mechanisms of airway hyperreactivity. In: International Conference on bronchial hyperreactivity held at the Hague. Oxford Publishing Services, p 5

    Google Scholar 

  • Neijens HJ, Wesselius T, Kerrebijn KF (1981) Exercise induced bronchoconstriction as an expression of bronchial hyperreactivity. A study of its mechanisms in children. Thorax 36:517

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuhaus EC (1958) A personality study of asthmatic and cardiac children. Psychosom Med 20:181

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noon L (1911) Prophylactic inoculation against hay fever. Lancet 1:1572

    Google Scholar 

  • Norman PS (1978) A review of immunotherapy. Allergy 33:62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ojala K, Sipilä P, Sorri M, Karma P (1982) Role of atopic allergy in chronic otitis media. Acta Otolaryngol 93:55

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pakes GE, Brogden RN, Heel RC, Speight TM, Avery GS (1980) Ipratropium bromide: A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in asthma and chronic bronchitis. Drugs 20:237

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patel KR (1981) Calcium antagonists in exercise-induced asthma. Br Med J 282:932

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson R (1979) Clinical efficacy of allergen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 64:155

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson R, Lieberman P, Irons JS, Pruzansky JJ, Melam HL, Metzger WJ, Zeiss CR (1983) Immuntherapy. In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF (eds) Allergy, principles and practice, vol 2. Mosby, St. Louis Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  • Peckham C, Butler N (1978) A national study of asthma in childhood. J Epidemiol Community Health 32:79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pepys J, Davies RJ (1977) Allergy. In: Clark TJH, Godfrey S (eds) Asthma, Chapman & Hall, London, p 126

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinkerton P (1971) Childhood asthma. Br J Hops Med 6:331

    Google Scholar 

  • Pirquét C v (1906) Allergic Münch Med Wochenschr 30:1457

    Google Scholar 

  • Platts-Mills TAE, von Maur RK, Ishizaka K, Norman PS, Lichtenstein LM (1976) IgA and IgG antiragweed antibodies in nasal secretions. Quantitative measurements of antibodies and correlation with inhibition of histamine release. J Clin Invest 57:1041

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Podlewski WK, Panaszek BA, Schmidt JL, Burns RB (to be published) Inhibition of eosinophil cytotoxic maior basic protein release by ketotifen in a patient with milk allergy, manifested as bronchial asthma — An electron microscopic study. Agents Actions

    Google Scholar 

  • Pöch G, Umfahrer W (1976) Differentiation of intestinal smooth muscle relaxation caused by drugs that inhibit phosphodiesterase. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 293:257

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Propping P, Voigtländer V (1983) Was ist gesichert in der Genetik der Atopien? Allergologie 6:160

    Google Scholar 

  • Pullan CR, Hey EN (1981) 10-years follow-up of respiratory syncytial virus chest infection in infancy. Prog Respir Res 17:252

    Google Scholar 

  • Rackeman FM, Edwards MC (1952) Asthma in children: A follow-up study of 688 patients after an interval of twenty years. N Engl J Med 246:815

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao M, Steiner P, Maraya R, Victoria MS, Jabar H, Hunt J (1982) Beclomethasone dipropionate for chronic asthma in children: The Kings County Hospital experience. J Asthma 19:21

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rebien W, Puttonen E, Maasch HJ, Stix E, Wahn U (1982) Clinical and immunological response to oral and subcutanous immunotherapy with grass pollen extracts. A prospective study. Eur J Pediatr 138:341

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rebuck AS, Read J (1971) Assessment of management of severe asthma. Am J Med 51:788

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reed CE (1968) Beta-adrenergic blockade, bronchial asthma and atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 42:238

    Google Scholar 

  • Reed CE (1974) Abnormal autonomic mechanisms in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 53:34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reed CE, Townley RG (1983) Asthma: Classification and pathogenesis. In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF (eds) Allergy, principles and practice, vol 2. Mosby, St. Louis Toronto, p 881

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees L (1963) The significance of parental attitudes in childhood asthma. J Psychosom Res 7:181

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid L (1977) Influence of the pattern of structural growth of lung on susceptibility to specific infectious diseases in infants and children. Pediatr Res 11:210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reimer LG, Morris HG, Ellis EF (1975) Growth of asthmatic children during treatment with alternate — day steroids. J Allergy Clin Immunol 55:224

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reinert M, Biro G (1981) Ergebnisse einer 1–3jährigen Hyposensibilisierung mit Tyrosin-Allergoiden. Vergleich mit aluminiumadsorbierten Lösungen. Prax Klin Pneumol 35:71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reinhardt D (1980a) Die Behandlung mit Glucocorticosteroiden. In: von Harnack GA (Hrsg) Therapie der Krankheiten des Kindesalters. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 948

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinhardt D (1980b) Therapie des Asthma bronchiale im Kindesalter. Monatskurse für die ärztliche Fortbildung, Teil 1, 30, 1005; Teil 2, 30, 1032

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinhardt D (to be published) Steroid antiinflammatory drugs. In: Pipenger E, Morselli PL (eds) Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology. Raven, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinhardt D, Becker B (1983) Adrenerge β-Rezeptoren bei der obstruktiven Bronchitis im Säuglingsalter. In: Wahn U (Hrsg) Aktuelle Probleme der päd. Allergologie. Fischer, Stuttgart New York, p 161

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinhardt D, Borchard U (1982) H1-receptor antagonists: Comparative pharmacology and clinical use. Klin Wochenschr 60:983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reinhardt D, Stemmann EA (1980) Richteinhalten von Therapieanweisungen im Kindesalter: Ursachen und Möglichkeiten zur Verbesserung am Beispiel der Therapie des Asthma bronchiale. Gefäß — Patient — Therapie. 6. Int Angiol und angiographische Seminar. Witzstrock, Baden-Baden

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinhardt D, Nagel M, Stemmann EA, Wegner F (1980a) Catecholamines and cyclic AMP in allergic and exercise induced asthma of childhood. Eur J Pediatr 134:45

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reinhardt D, Schuhmacher P, Fox A, Stemmann EA, Wegner F (1980b) Comparison of the effects of theophylline, prednisolone and sleep withdrawal on airway obstruction and urinary cyclic AMP/cyclic GMP excretion of asthmatic children with and without nocturnal asthma. Int J Clin Pharmacol 18:399

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reinhardt D, Becker B, Nagel-Hiemke M, Matern M, Wegner F, Fuchs F (1982a) The role of histamine and noradrenaline in allergic and exercise induced asthma of childhood and the effect of theophylline treatment. Klin Wochenschr 60:919

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reinhardt D, Richter O, Schaefers M, Becker B (1982b) Klinische Pharmakologie des Theophyllins. Internist (Berlin) 23:728

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reinhardt D, Zehmisch T, Becker B, Nagel-Hiemke M (to be published a) Age-dependency of alpha-and beta-adrenoceptors on thrombocytes and lymphocytes of asthmatic and non-asthmatic children. Eur J Pediatr

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinhardt D, Becker B, Nagel-Hiemke M, Schiffer T, Zehmisch T (1983) Influence of β-receptor agonists and glucocorticoids on alpha-and beta-adrenoceptors of isolated blood cells from asthmatic children. Pediatr Pharmacol 3:293

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richter O, Reinhardt D (1982) Methods for evaluating optimal dosage regimes and their application to theophylline. Int J Clin Pharmacol 20:564

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richter O, Reinhardt D (1983) Problematik der Entwicklung von Dosierungsschemata für medikamentöse Behandlungen im Kindesalter. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 131:63

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richter O, Reinhardt D, Appel R (1981) Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data analysis of theophylline for three different drug forms. Int J Clin Pharmacol 19:479

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rieger CHL (1983) Asthma bronchiale. Langzeittherapie und Prognose. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 131:128

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rimsza ME (1978) Complications of corticosteroid therapy. Am J Dis Child 132:806

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roldaan AC, Masural N (1982) Viral respiratory infections in asthmatic children staying in a mountain resort. Eur J Respir Dis 63:140

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose JQ, Nickelsen JA, Middleton E, Yurchak AM, Park BH, Jusko WJ (1980) Prednisolone disposition in steroid-dependent asthmatic children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 66:366

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosefeldt H (1982) Asthma bronchiale im Kindesalter. Psychosomatische Aspekte. Z Allg Med 58:180

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruffin RE, Fitzgerald JD, Rebuck AS (1977) A comparison of the bronchodilator activity of SCH 1000 and salbutamol. J Allergy Clin Immunol 59:136

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rushton AR (1982) The role of the chest radiograph in the management of childhood asthma. Clin Pediatr 21:325

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saarinen UM, Backman A, Kajosaari M, Silmes MA (1979) Prolonged breast-feeding as prophylaxis for atopic disease. Lancet II:163

    Google Scholar 

  • Saeed SA, Butt NM, Sheldon D, Edwards DJ, Taylor WA (1980) A comparison of the inhibitory effects of cromoglycate on cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity in intact lymphocytes, macrophages and mast cells. Biochem Soc Trans 8:199

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaefers M, Richter O, Reinhardt D, Becker B (to be published) Relationship between pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics in asthmatic children receiving a sustained release formulation of theophylline. Int J Clin Pharmacol

    Google Scholar 

  • Scherr MS, Scherr LB, Morton JL (1980) Use of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate and optimized theophylline doses in asthmatic children at camp bronco junction, 1977–1978. Ann Allergy 44:82

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt E (1979) Neuere Aspekte der Ernährung mit Muttermilch. Dtsch Ärztebl 76:639

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmutzler W (1981) Möglichkeiten der Arzneimitteltherapie allergischer Erkrankungen. Pharmaotherapie 4:155

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schnyder UW (1972) Zur Humangenetik der Neurodermitis atopica. Arch Dermatol Forsch 244:347

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schuhl JF, de Cuesta DH (1981) A double blind trial comparing disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) and ketotifen in extrinsic athmatic children. Clin Allergy 11:401

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz JH, Luthe W (1969) Autogenic training: A psychophysiological approach to psychotherapy. Grune & Stratton, New York London

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultze-Werninghaus G (1981) Dinatrium cromoglieicum in der Therapie des Asthma bronchiale. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 106:874

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schultze-Werninghaus G, Schwarting HH (1974) Die protektive Wirkung von Dinatrium cromoglicicum im inhalativen Antigen-Provokationstest bei Bäckerasthma. Pneumologie 151:115

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schultze-Werninghaus G, Gonsior E, Kappos A (1983) Zeitlicher Verlauf des spezifischen Atemwegswiderstandes nach Provokationsproben mit Allergenen oder Pharmaka (Histamin, Azetylcholin, Metacholin) beim Asthma bronchiale. Allergologie 6:260

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott PH, Tabachnik E, MacLeod S, Correia J, Newth C, Levison H (1981) Sustained release theophylline for childhood asthma: Evidence for circadian variation of theophylline pharmacokinetics. J Pediatr 99:476

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Settipane GA, Klein DE, Boyd GK, Sturam JH, Freye HB, Weltman JK (1979) Adverse reactions to cromolyn. JAMA 23:811

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro GG, Furukawa CT, Pierson WE, Bierman CW (1982) Metacholine bronchial challenge in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 69:365

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheard P, Blair AMJN (1970) Disodium cromoglycate: Activity in three in vitro models of the immediate hypersensitivity reaction in the lung. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 38:217

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sibbald B, Horn MEC, Brain EA, Gregg I (1980) Genetic factors in childhood asthma. Thorax 35:671

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel RL, Twarog FJ (1982) Emergency room therapy of the pediatric patient with status asthmaticus. J Asthma 19:47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel SC, Katz RM, Rachelefsky GS (1983) Asthma in infancy and childhood. In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF (eds) Allergy, principles and practice. Mosby, St. Louis Toronto, p 863

    Google Scholar 

  • Simons FER, Pierson WE, Bierman CW (1977) Respiratory failure in childhood status asthmaticus. Am J Dis Child 131:1097

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simons FER, Luciuk GH, Becker AB, Giliespie CA (1982) Ketotifen: A new drug for prophylaxis of asthma in children. Ann Allergy 48:145

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siraganian RP (1977) Automated histamine analysis for in vitro allergy testing. II. Correlation of skin test results with in vitro whole blood histamine release in 82 patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 59:214

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siraganian RP, Hook WA (1980) Histamine release and assay methods for the study of human allergy. Am Soc Microbiol 808

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobotka AK, Malveaux FJ, Marone G, Thomas LL, Lichtenstein LM (1978) IgE-mediated basophil phenomena: Quantitation, control, inflammatory interactions. Immunol Rev 41:171

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spector SL, Wangaard CH, Farr RS (1979) Aspirin and concomitant idiosyncrasies in adult asthmatic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 64:500

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Speight ANP (1978) Is childhood asthma being underdiagnosed and undertreated? Br Med J II: 331

    Google Scholar 

  • Stadel JM, Shorr RG, Limbird LE, Lefkowitz RJ (1981) Evidence that a β-adrenergic-receptor associated guanine nucleotide regulatory protein conveys guanosine 5′-O-(3-thiotriphosphate)-dependent adenylate cyclase activity. J Biol Chem 256:16

    Google Scholar 

  • Staudenmayer H (1981) Parental anxiety and other psychosocial factors associated with childhood asthma. J Chronic Dis 34:627

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staudenmayer H (1982) Medical manageability and psychosocial factors in childhood asthma. J Chronic Dis 35:183

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinhausen HC, Stephan H, Schindler-Lembenz HP (1983) Vergleichende Studien zur Psychopathologie bei Asthma bronchiale und cystischer Fibrose. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 131:145

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stemmann EA (1980) Asthma bronchiale und asthmatische Bronchitis. In: von Harnack GA (Hrsg) Therapie der Krankheiten des Kindesalters. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 475

    Google Scholar 

  • Stemmann EA, Kosche F (1975) Comparison of the effect of SCH 1000 MDI, Sodium cromoglycate and beta-adrenergic drugs on exercise-induced asthma in children (Abstract). Postgrad Med J 51:105

    Google Scholar 

  • Stemmann EA, Wegner F, Schachhoff R, Reinhardt D (1979) Orale Hyposensibilisierung bei Kindern. Prax Klin Pneumol 33:302

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stenson WF, Parker CW (1980) Monohydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) induce degranulation of human neutrophils. J Immunol 124:2100

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sterzel U (1977) Empirische Untersuchung über Zusammenhänge zwischen somatischen und psychischen Variablen beim Asthma bronchiale im Kindesalter. Inaugural-Dissertation, Universität Düsseldorf

    Google Scholar 

  • Stintzing G, Zetterström R (1979) Cow’s milk allergy, incidence and pathogenetic role of early exposure to cow’s milk formula. Acta Paediatr Scand 68:383

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suter-Vetter S (1966) Ergebnisse der spezifischen Desensibilisierung beim Asthma bronchiale. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 96:1684

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland EW, Robison GA, Butcher RW (1968) Some aspects of the biological role of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP). Circulation 37:279

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swartz SL, Dluhy RG (1978) Corticosteroids: Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use. Drugs 16:238

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szczeklik A, Gryglewski RJ (1983) Asthma and antiinflammatory drugs: Mechanisms and clinical patterns. Drugs 25:533

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szentivanyi A (1968) The beta adrenergic theory of the atopic abnormality in bronchial asthma. J Allergy 42:203

    Google Scholar 

  • Szentivanyi A (1980) The radioligand binding approach in the study of lymphocytic adrenoceptors and the constitutional basis of atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 65:5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szentivanyi A, Szentivanyi J (1983) Neuester Stand der Rezeptorentheorie bei Atopie. Allergologie 6:155

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnik E, Levison H (1981) Infantile bronchial asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 67:339

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tal A, Miklich DR (1976) Emotionally induced decreases in pulmonary flow rates in asthmatic children. Psychosom Med 38:190

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theoharides TC, Sieghart W, Greengard P, Douglas WW (1980) Antiallergic drug cromolyn may inhibit histamine secretion by regulating phosphorylation of a mast cell protein. Science 207:80

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Triggle DJ (1981) New perspectives on calcium antagonists. Am Physiol Soc 1:18

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner-Warwick M, Batten JC (1972) Brompton Hospital/Medical Research Council Collaborative Trial: Long-term study of disodium cromoglycate in treatment of severe extrinsic or intrinsic bronchial asthma in adults. Br Med J IV:383

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulmer WT, Zimmermann I, Islam MS (1982) Das überempfindliche Bronchialsystem. Experimental facts. III. Bochumer Treff. Gedon & Reuss, München

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulmer WT, Reichel G, Nolte D, Islam MS (1983) Die Lungenfunktion. Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Methodik. Thieme, Stuttgart New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Urbanek R, Gehl R (1982) Wirksamkeit oraler Hyposensibilisierung bei Hausstaubmilbenallergie. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 130/3:150

    Google Scholar 

  • Urbanek R, Klein G (1980) Untersuchungen zum protektiven Effekt von Ketotifen bei allergischen Kindern mit Asthma bronchiale. Klin Pädiatr 192:309

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urbanek R, Kuhn W, Forster J, Michel E (1982) Immunological criteria for terminating hyposensitization treatment. Eur J Pediatr 139:316

    Google Scholar 

  • Vedanthan PK, Menon MM, Bell TD, Bergin D (1977) Aspirin and tartrazine oral challenge-incidence of adverse response in chronic childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 60:8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vlasses PH, Ferguson RK, Kopiin JR, Clementi RA, Green PJ (1981) Adrenocortical function after chronic inhalation of fluocortinbutyl and beclomethasone diproprionate. Clin Pharmacol Ther 29:643

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voorhorst R (1977) Die pathogenen Allergene in Hausstaub. Therapiewoche 27:4351

    Google Scholar 

  • Voorhorst R (1981) Biologische Standardisierung von Allergenextrakten. Allergologie 4:167

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner J, Reinhardt D, Schümann HJ (1973) Comparison of the bronchodilator and cardiovascular actions of isoprenaline, Th 1165a, terbutaline and salbutamol in cats and isolated organ preparations. Res Exp Med (Berl) 162:49

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahn U (1980) Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der allergen-induzierten Histammfreisetzung aus Leukocyten als in-vitro Technik für die Allergologie. Allergologie 3:364

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahn U, Rebien W (1979) Ergebnisse der oralen Hyposensibilisierung bei kindlichen Pollenallergikern. Pädiatr Prax 21:455

    Google Scholar 

  • Wassermann SJ, Soter NA, Center DM, Austen KF (1977) Cold urticaria: Recognition and characterization of a neutrophil chemotactic factor which appears in serum during experimental cold challenge. J Clin Invest 60:189

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber RW, Petty WE, Nelson HS (1979a) Aerosolized terbutaline in asthmatics. Comparison of dosage strength, schedule and method of administration. J Allergy Clin Immunol 63:116

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber RW, Hoffman M, Raine DA, Nelson HS (1979b) Incidence of bronchoconstriction due to aspirin, azo dyes, non-azo dyes, and preservatives in a population of perennial asthmatics. J Allergy Clin Immunol 64:32

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weck de AL (1981) Perspektiven der Immuntherapie. Allergologie 4:225

    Google Scholar 

  • Wegner F, Fenkes A, Stemmann EA, Reinhardt D (1981) Influence of preseasonal treatment with L-tyrosine-absorbed allergoids on IgE-mediated histamine release from basophils of children suffering from allergic diseases. Agents Actions 11:111

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wegner F, Hockamp R, Rutschke A, Becker B, Reinhardt D (1983) Superiority of the histamine release test above case history, prick test and radio-allergosorbent test in predicting bronchial reagibility to house dust mite in asthmatic children. Klin Wochenschr 61:43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberger M, Bronsky EA (1974) Evaluation of oral bronchodilator therapy in asthmatic children. J Pediatr 84:421

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Welliver RC, Kaul TN, Ogra PL (1980) The appearance of cell bound IgE in respiratory tract epithelium after respiratory-syncytial-virus infection. N Engl J Med 303:1198

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wells E, Mann J (1983) Phosphorylation of a mast cell protein in response to treatment with anti-allergic compounds. Biochem Pharmacol 32:837

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Werner M, Gronemeyer W, Fuchs E (1970) Ergebnisse der spezifischen Hyposensibilisierung mit wässrigen Allergenextrakten. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 95:877

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO(Regional Office for Europe) (1974) Long-term programme in environmental pollution control in Europe. Chronic respiratory diseases in children in relation to air pollution. WHO, Copenhagen

    Google Scholar 

  • Wide L, Bennich H, Johansson SGO (1967) Diagnosis of allergy by an in vitro test for allergen antibodies. Lancet 11:1105

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams H, McNicol KN (1969) Prevalence, natural history, and relationship of wheezy bronchitis and asthma in children. An epidemiological study. Br Med J IV: 321

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams LT, Snyderman R, Lefkowitz RJ (1976) Identification of beta-adrenergic receptors in human lymphocytes by (-) [3 H]-alprenolol binding. J Clin Invest 57:149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wönne R, Hofmann D, Kögel F (1978) Ergebnisse der Hyposensibilisierungsbehandlung im Kindesalter. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 126:119

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wortmann F (1962) Zur Testung und peroralen Desnesibilisierung. beim kindlichen Asthma bronchiale. Ann Paediatr 198:64

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wortmann F (1978) Behandlungserfolge bei oraler Desensibilisierung. Atemweg Lungenkrankh 4:39

    Google Scholar 

  • Wortmann F (1981) Orale Hyposensibilisierung. Allergologie 4:219

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright BM, McKerrow CB (1959) Maximum forced exspiratory flow rate as a measure of a new portable instrument for measuring it. Br Med J 11:1041

    Google Scholar 

  • Wüthrich B (1983) Stellenwert von Hauttest und Serologie (RAST) in der Diagnostik von Nahrungsmittelallergien. Allergologie 6:177

    Google Scholar 

  • Wüthrich B, Radielovic P (1978) Zur medikamentösen Bronchialasthma-Prophylaxe. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 103:1865

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wyatt R, Weinberger M, Hendeles L (1978) Oral theophylline dosage for the management of chronic asthma. J Pediatr 92:125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zach M, Erben A, Olinsky A (1981) Croup, recurrent croup, allergy and airways hyperreactivity. Arch Dis Child 56:336

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zack BG (1981) Status asthmaticus in childhood. AFP 23:105

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universitätskinderklinik A, Moorenstraße 5, 4000, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Prof. Dr. D. Reinhardt

Authors
  1. Prof. Dr. D. Reinhardt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

P. Frick G.-A. von Harnack K. Kochsiek G. A. Martini A. Prader

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Reinhardt, D. (1984). Asthma bronchiale im Kindesalter. In: Frick, P., von Harnack, GA., Kochsiek, K., Martini, G.A., Prader, A. (eds) Ergebnisse der Inneren Medizin und Kinderheilkunde/Advances in Internal Medicine and Pediatrics. Ergebnisse der Inneren Medizin und Kinderheilkunde/Advances in Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, vol 52. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69765-4_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69765-4_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-69766-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-69765-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation