Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Morphological Methods for Gross and Microscopic Pathology

  • Chapter
Toxicology of Inhaled Materials

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 75))

Abstract

The size and structural complexity of the respiratory tract and the diversity of its responses to inhaled toxicants make the task of thorough morphological examination a challenging one. A variety of morphological techniques is available. Each method has advantages and disadvantages. None can provide the basis for answering all questions regarding the nature and pathogenesis of observed effects. Choice of appropriate methods therefore depends on the aims of a particular study. Methods to be used are also determined, as will become evident, by the topographic distribution of lesions in the respiratory tract and by the nature of the lesions. The final modifying influences in selection of methods are feasibility and cost.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Achterrath U, Bliimcke S (1975) Electron-histochemical investigations on clara cells andtype II pneumocytes of normal rat lungs. Pneumonologie 152:123–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Adamson IYR, Bowden DH (1970) A cytochemical partition of phospholipid surfactant and mucopolysaccharide. Am J Pathol 61:359–368

    Google Scholar 

  • Adamson IYR, Bowden DH (1973) The intracellular site of surfactant synthesis. Autoradiographic studies on murine and avian lung explants. Exp Mol Pathol 18:112–124

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alley MR, Wells PW, Smith WD, Gardiner AC (1980) The distribution of immunoglobulin in the respiratory tract of sheep. Vet Pathol 17:372–380

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson TF (1951) Techniques for the preservation of three-dimensional structure in preparing specimens for the electron microscope. Trans NY Acad Sci Ser II13:130–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Askin FB, Kuhn C (1971) The cellular origin of pulmonary surfactant. Lab Invest 25:260–268

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azzopardi A, Thurlbeck WM (1968) Oxidative enzyme pattern of the bronchial mucous glands. Am Rev Respir Dis 97:1038–1045

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bachofen H, Ammann A, Wangensteen D, Weibel ER (1982) Perfusion fixation of lungs for structure-function analysis: credits and limitations. J Appl Physiol 53:528–533

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartels H, Oestern H-J, Voss-Wermbter G (1980) Communicating-occluding junction complexes in the alveolar epithelium. A freeze-fracture study. Am Rev Respir Dis 121:1017–1024

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bazett-Jones DP, Ottensmeyer DP (1981) Phosphorus distribution in the nucleosome. Science 211:160–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Bendayan M, Roth J, Perrelet A, Orci L (1980) Quantitative immunocytochemical localization of pancreatic secretory proteins in subcellular compartments of the rat acinar cell. J Histochem Cytochem 28:149–160

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bignon J, Jaurand MC, Pinchon MC, Sapin C, Warnet JM (1976) Immunoelectron microscopic and immunochemical demonstrations of serum proteins in the alveolar lining material of the rat lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 113:109–120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bliimcke S, Kessler WD, Niedorf HR, Becker NH, Veith FJ (1973) Ultrastructure of lamellar bodies of type II pneumocytes after osmium-zinc impregnation. J Ultrastruc Res 42:417–433

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd M (1977) Evidence for the clara cell as a site of cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed-function oxidase activity in lung. Nature 269:713–715

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley PA, Bourne FJ, Brown PJ (1976) The respiratory tract immune system in the pig I. Distribution of immunoglobulin-containing cells in the respiratory tract mucosa. Vet Pathol 13:81–89

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brummer MEG, Lowrie PM, Tyler WS (1975) A technique for sequential examination of specific areas of large tissue blocks using SEM, LM and TEM. In: Johari O, Corvin I (eds) Scanning electron microscopy, vol I. IIT Research Institute, Chicago, pp 333–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckingham S, Heinemann HO, Sommers SC, McNary WF (1966) Phospholipid synthesis in the large pulmonary alveolar cell. Its relation to lung surfactants. Am J Pathol 48:1027–1038

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Callas G (1982) Osmium vapor fixation of pulmonary surfactant. Anat Rec 203:301–306

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carson JL, Collier AM, Hu SS (1980) Ultrastructural studies of hamster tracheal epithelium in vivo and in vitro. J Ultrastruc Res 70:70–78

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castleman WL, Dungworth DL, Tyler WS (1973) Cytochemically detected alterations of

    Google Scholar 

  • lung acid phosphatase reactivity following ozone exposure. Lab Invest 29:310–319

    Google Scholar 

  • Chevalier G, Collet AJ (1972) In vivo incorporation of eholine-3H, leucine-3H and galactose-3H in alveolar type II pneumocytes in relation to surfactant synthesis. A quantitative radioautographic study in mouse by electron microscopy. Anat Rec 174:289–310

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark G (ed) (1981) Staining procedures, fourth edn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman JR, Young LB (1979) Metal binding by intestinal mucus. In: Johari O, Becker RD (eds) Scanning electron microscopy, vol II. SEM Inc., Chicago, pp 801–806

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa JL, Joy DC, Maher DM, Kirk KL, Hui SW (1978) Fluorinated molecule as a tracer: difluoroserotonin in human platelets mapped by electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Science 200:537–539

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Côté RA, Korthy AL, Kory RC (1963) Laminated lung macrosections: a new dimension in the study and teaching of pulmonary pathology. Dis Chest 43:1–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dahl AR, Hadley WM, Hahn FF, Benson JM, McClellan RO (1982) Cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases in olfactory epithelium of dogs: possible role in tumorigenicity. Science 216:57–59

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darrah HK, Hedley-White J, Hedley-White ET (1971) Radioautography of cholesterol in lung. An assessment of different tissue processing techniques. J Cell Biol 49:345–361

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies G, Reid L (1970) Growth of the alveoli and pulmonary arteries in childhood. Thorax 25:669–681

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dees JH, Coe LD, Yasukochi Y, Master BS (1980) Immunofluorescence of NADPH - cytochrome C (P-450) reductase in rat and minipig tissue injected with phénobarbital. Science 208:1473–1475

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dermer GB (1970) The fixation of pulmonary surfactant for electron microscopy II. Transport of surfactant through the air-blood barrier. J Ultrastruc Res 31:229–246

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devereux TR, Serabjit-Singh CJ, Slaughter SR, Wolf CR, Philpot RM, Fouts JR (1981) Identification of cytochrome P-450 isozymes in nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial (Clara) and alveolar type II cells isolated from rabbit lung. Exp Lung Res 2:221–230

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dierichs R, Lindner E (1979) Ultrahistochemical investigations of dog lung surfactant with ruthenium red and iodoplatinate reactions. Histochemistry 60:335–346

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ebert RY, Kionenberg RS, Terracio M J (1976) Study of the surface secretion of the bronchiole using radioautography. Am Rev Respir Dis 114:567–573

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Etherton JE, Conning DM, Jones GRN (1973 a) The demonstration of mouse lung lactate-yellow tetrazolium reductase. Histochemie 33:287–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Etherton JE, Conning DM, Corrin B (1973 b) Autoradiographical and morphological evidence for apocrine secretion of dipalmitoyl lecithin in the terminal bronchiole of mouse lung. Am J Anat 138:11–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Faulkner CS (1969) The role of the granular pneumocyte in surfactant metabolism. An autoradiographic study. Arch Pathol 87:521–525

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flood PR (1975) Dry-fracturing techniques for the study of soft internal biological tissues in the scanning electron microscope. In: Johari O, Corvin I (eds) Scanning electron microscopy, vol I. IIT Research Institute, Chicago, pp 287–294

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamsu G, Thurlbeck WM, Macklem PT, Fraser RG (1971 a) Peripheral bronchographic morphology in the normal human lung. Invest Radiol 6:161–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamsu G, Thurlbeck WM, Macklem PT, Fraser RG (1971 b) Roentgenographic appearance of the human pulmonary acinus. Invest Radiol 6:171–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghadially FN (1979) Invited review. The technique and scope of electronprobe X-ray analysis in pathology. Pathology 11:95–110

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gil J (1972) Effect of tricomplex fixation on lung tissue. J Ultrastruc Res 40:122–131

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gil J, McNiff JM (1982) Early tissue damage in ethchlorvynol-induced alveolar edema in rabbit lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 126:701–707

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gil J, Weibel ER (1968) The role of buffers in lung fixation with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide. J Ultrastruc Res 25:331–348

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glauert AM (1974) Fixation, dehydration and embedding of biological specimens. In: Glauert AM (ed) Practical methods in electron microscopy, vol 3. Elsevier, New York, pl

    Google Scholar 

  • Glazier JB, Hughes JMB, Maloney JE, West JB (1969) Measurements of capillary dimensions and blood volume in rapidly frozen lung. J Appl Physiol 26:65–76

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldenberg H, Huttinger M, Kollner U, Kramar R, Pavelka M (1978) Catalase positive particles from pig lung. Biochemical preparations and morphological studies. Histochemistry 56:253–264

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldflscher S, Kikkawa Y, Hoffman L (1968) The demonstration of acid hydrolase activities in the inclusion bodies of type II alveolar cells and other lysosomes in the rabbit lung. J Histochem Cytochem 16:102–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein E, Bartlema HC, van der Ploeg M, van Duijn P, van der Stap JGMM, Lippert W (1978) Effect of ozone on lysosomal enzymes of alveolar macrophages engaged in phagocytosis and killing of inhaled staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis 138:299–311

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gough J, Wentworth JD (1960) Thin sections of entire organs mounted on paper. In: Harrison CV (ed) Recent advances in pathology, 7th edn. Churchill, London, p 80

    Google Scholar 

  • Greig N, Ayers M, Jeffery PK (1980) The effect of indomethacin on the response of bronchial epithelium to tobacco smoke. J Pathol 132:1–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grimley PM (1965) Selection for electron microscopy of specific areas in large epoxy tissue sections. Stain Technol 40:259–263

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gross P, Pfitzer EA, Hatch TF (1966) Alveolar clearance: its relation to lesions of the respiratory bronchiole. Am Rev Respir Dis 94:10–19

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haies DM, Gil J, Weibel ER (1981) Morphometric study of rat lung cells I. Numerical and dimensional characteristics of parenchymal cell population. Am Rev Respir Dis 123:533–541

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall TA (1979) Biological x-ray microanalysis. J Microsc 117:145–163

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayatdavoudi G, Crapo JD, Miller FJ, O’Neil J (1980) Factors determining degree of inflation in intratracheally fixed rat lungs. J Appl Physiol 48:389–393

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heard BE (1958) A pathological study of emphysema of the lungs with chronic bronchitis. Thorax 13:136–149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heard BE (1960) Pathology of pulmonary emphysema: methods of study. Am Rev Respir Dis 82:792–799

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heard BE, Esterly JR, Wootliff JS (1967) A modified apparatus for fixing lungs to study the pathology of emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis 95:311–312

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hendriks HR, Eestermans IL (1982) Electron dense granules and the role of buffers: artefacts from fixation with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide. J Microsc 126:161–168

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodde KC, Nowell J A (1980) SEM of micro-corrosion casts. In: Becker RP, Johari O (eds) Scanning electron microscopy, vol II. SEM Inc., Chicago, pp 89–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Hook G, Lai C, Bastacky J, Hayes T (1980) Conductive coatings studied on inflated lung in the frozen-hydrated and freeze dried states. In: Johari O, Becker RP (eds) Scanning electron microscopy, vol IV. SEM Inc., Chicago, pp 27–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Horsfield K (1978) Morphometry of the small pulmonary arteries in man. Circ Res 42:593–597

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horsfield K, Cumming G (1976) Morphology of the bronchial tree in the dog. Respir Physiol 26:173–182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horsfield K, Cumming G, Hicken P (1966) A morphologic study of airway disease using bronchial glands. Am Rev Respir Dis 93:900–906

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horsfield K, Dart G, Olson DE, Filley GF, Cumming G (1971) Models of the human bronchial tree. J Appl Physiol 31:207–217

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horsfield K, Kemp W, Phillips S (1982) An asymmetrical model of the airways of the doglung. J Appl Physiol 52:21–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hren JJ, Goldstein JI, Joy DC (eds) (1979) Introduction of analytical electron microscopy. Plenum, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Huchon GJ, Hopewell PC, Murray JF (1981) Interactions between permeability and hydrostatic pressure in perfused dogs’ lung. J Appl Physiol 50:905–911

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Humphreys WJ, Spurlock BO, Johnson JS (1974) Critical point drying of ethanol-inflltrated, cryofractured biological specimens for scanning electron microscopy. In: Johari O, Corvin I (eds) Scanning electron microscopy, vol I. IIT Research Institute, Chicago, pp 275–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Inoue S, Richardson JB (1979) A correlated thin section and freeze-fracture study of mouse tracheal epithelium before and after ether anesthesia. Lab Invest 40:583–586

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones R, Reid L (1978) Secretory cell hyperplasia and modification of intracellular glycoprotein in rat airways induced by short periods of exposure to tobacco smoke, and the effect of the antiinflammatory agent phenylmethyloxadiazol. Lab Invest 39:41–49

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kauffman SL (1980) Cell proliferation in the mammalian lung. Int Rev Exp Pathol 22: 131–191

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennett R, McKearn T, Bechtol K (eds) (1980) Monoclonal antibodies: hybridomas, a new dimension in biological analyses. Plenum, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinerman J, Cowdrey CR (1964) The thick-section technique for the study of pulmonary pathology. Am Rev Respir Dis 89:206–213

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohler G (1981) The technique of hybridoma production. In: Lefkovits I, Pernis B (eds) Immunological methods, vol II. Academic, New York, p 285

    Google Scholar 

  • Kory RC, Rauterkus LT, Korthy AL, Côté RA (1966) Quantitative estimation of pulmonary emphysema in lung macrosections by photoelectric measurement of transmitted light. Am Rev Respir Dis 93:758–768

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn C, Callaway LA (1975) The formation of granules in the bronchiolar clara cells of the rat: II. enzyme cytochemistry. J Ultrastruc Res 53:66–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Langston C, Waszkiewicz E, Thurlbeck WM (1979) A simple method for the representative sampling of lungs of diverse size. Thorax 34:527–530

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lauweryns JM, de Bock V, Verhofstad AAJ, Steinbusch HWM (1982) Immunohisto-chemical localization of serotonin in intrapulmonary neuro-epithelial bodies. Cell Tissue Res 226:215–223

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lechene C (1980) Electron probe microanalysis of biological soft tissues: principle and technique. Fed Proc 39:2871–2880

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee RMKW, McKenzie R, Kobayashi K, Garfield RE, Forrest JB, Daniel EE (1982) Effects of glutaraldehyde fixative osmolalities on smooth muscle cell volume, and osmotic reactivity of the cells after fixation. J Microsc 125:77–88

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowrie PM, Tyler WS (1973) Selection and preparation of specific tissue regions for TEM using large epoxy-embedded blocks. In: Arceneaux CT (ed) Proc 31st ann Meet Electron Microsc Soc Am, New Orleans. Claitors, Baton Rouge, pp 324–325

    Google Scholar 

  • Lum H (1981) Transmission electron microscopic morphometry of pulmonary alveolar macrophages: a comparison of lavaged and in situ macrophages from ozone-exposed and control rats. PhD thesis. University of California, Davis

    Google Scholar 

  • Luna LG (1968) Manual of histologic staining methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, third ed. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Manabe T (1979) Freeze-fracture study of alveolar lining layer in adult rat lungs. J Ultrastruc Res 69:86–97

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mariassy AT, Plopper CG (1983) Tracheobronchial epithelium of the sheep. I. quantitative light microscopic study of epithelial cell abundance and distribution. Anat Rec 205:263–275

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Massaro GD, Massaro D (1972) Granular pneumocytes. Electron microscopic radioauto-graphic evidence of intracellular protein transport. Am Rev Respir Dis 105:927–931

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathieu O, Claassen H, Weibel ER (1978) Differential effect of glutaraldehyde and buffer osmolarity on cell dimensions: a study on lung tissue. J Ultrastruc Res 63:20–34

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzone RW, Kornblau SM (1981) Pinocytotic vesicles in the endothelium of rapidly frozen rabbit lung. Micro vase Res 21:193–211

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzone RW, Durand CM, West JB (1979) Electron microscopic appearances of rapidly frozen lung. J Microsc 117:269–284

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzone RW, Kornblau SM, Durand CM (1980) Shrinkage of lung after chemical fixation for analysis of pulmonary structure-function relations. J Appl Physiol 48:382–385

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDowell EM, Trump BF (1976) Histological fixatives suitable for diagnostic light and electron microscopy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 100:405–414

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKeever PE, Spicer SS (1979) Demonstration of immune complex receptors on macrophage surfaces and erythrocytic endogenous peroxidase with correlated markers for light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In: Johari O, Becker RP (eds) Scanning electron microscopy, vol III. SEM Inc., Chicago, pp 601–618

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin RF, Tyler WS, Canada RO (1961) A study of the subgross pulmonary anatomy in various animals. Am J Anat 108:149–165

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin RF, Tyler WS, Canada RO (1966) Subgross pulmonary anatomy of the rabbit, rat, and guinea pig, with additional notes on the human lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 94:380–387

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNary WF, El-Bermani A-W (1970) Differentiating type I and type II alveolar cells in rat lung by OSO4 Nal staining. Stain Technol 45:215–219

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mellick PW, Dungworth DL, Schwartz LM, Tyler WS (1977) Short term morphologic effects of high ambient levels of ozone on lungs of rhesus monkeys. Lab Invest 36:82–90

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyrick B, Reid L (1975) In vitro incorporation of [3H] threonine and [3H] glucose by the mucous and serous cells of the human bronchial submucosal gland. A quantitative electron microscope study. J Cell Biol 67:320–344

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyrick B, Reid L (1979) Ultrastructural features of the distended pulmonary arteries of the normal rat. Anat Rec 193:71–98

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyrick B, Reid L (1982) Pulmonary arterial and alveolar development in normal post natal rat lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 125:468–473

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michel, RP (1982) Arteries and veins of the normal dog lung: qualitative and quantitative structural differences. Am J Anat 164:227–241

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mochizuki I, Setser ME, Martinez JR, Spicer SS (1982) Carbohydrate histochemistry of rat respiratory glands. Anat Rec 202:45–59

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neutra M, Leblond CP (1966) Synthesis of the carbohydrate of mucus in the golgi complex as shown by electron microscope radioautography of globlet cells from rats injected with glucose–3H. J Cell Biol 30:119–136

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nir I, Pease DC (1976) Polysaccharides in lung alveoli. Am J Anat 147:457–470

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nowell JA, Pawley JB (1980) Preparation of experimental animal tissue for SEM. In: Becker RP, Johari O (eds) Scanning electron microscopy, vol II. SEM Inc., Chicago, pp 1–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Nowell J A, Tyler WS (1971) Scanning electron microscopy of the surface morphology of mammalian lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis 103:313–328

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nowell J A, Pangborn J, Tyler WS (1972) Stabilization and replication of soft tubular and alveolar systems. A SEM study of the lung. In: Johari O, Corvin I (eds) Scanning electron microscopy, vol II. IIT Research Institute, Chicago, pp 305–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Ottensmeyer FP (1982) Scattered electrons in microscopy and microanalysis. Science 251:461–466

    Google Scholar 

  • Päkko P (1981) Radiography of excised air-inflated human lungs in autopsy pathology. Diagnostic values and limitations. Acta Univ OULU, series D, number 74 (Anat Pathol Microbiol 12)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pawley JB, Norton JT (1978) A chamber attached to the SEM for fracturing and coating frozen biological samples. J Microsc 112:169–182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pawley JB, Nowell JA (1973) Microdissection of biological SEM samples for further study in the TEM. In: Johario O, Corvin I (eds) Scanning electron microscopy. IIT Research Institute, Chicago, pp 333–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrik P (1971) Fine structural identification of peroxisomes in mouse and rat bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium. J Histochem Cytochem 19:339–348

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petrik P, Collet A J (1974) Quantitative electron microscopic autoradiography of in vivo incorporation of 3H-choline, 3H-leucine, 3H-aeetate and 3H-galactose in non-ciliated bronchiolar (Clara) cells of mice. Am J Anat 139:519–534

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phalen RF, Yeh HC, Raabe OG, Velasquez DJ (1973) Casting of the lung in situ. Anat Rec 177:255–264

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phalen RF, Yeh JC, Schum GM, Raabe OG (1978) Application of an idealized model to morphometry of the mammalian tracheobronchial tree. Anat Rec 190:167–176

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto da Silva P, Parkison C, Dwyer N (1981) Freeze-fracture cytochemistry: thin sections of cells and tissues after labeling of fracture faces. J Histochem Cytochem 29:917–928

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plopper CG, Dungworth DL, Tyler WS (1973) Pulmonary lesions in rats exposed to ozone. A correlated light and electron microscopic study. Am J Pathol 71:375–394

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plopper CG, Halsebo JE, Berger WJ, Sonstegard KS, Nettesheim P (1983 a) Distribution of nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial (Clara) cells in intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary airways of the rabbit. Exp Lung Res 5:79–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Plopper CG, Mariassy AT, Lollini LO (1983 b) Structure as revealed by airway dissection: A comparison of mammalian lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis 128:54–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Popp J A, Martin JT (1981) Method for the ultrastructural evaluation of rodent nasal mucosa. In: Bailey GW (ed) 39th Ann Proc Electron Miscroscopy Soc Am, Atlanta. Claitors, Baton Rouge, pp 594–595

    Google Scholar 

  • Pump KK (1973) The pattern of development of emphysema in the human lung. Am Rev RespirDis 108:610–620

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pump KK (1974) Fenestrae in the alveolar membrane of the human lung. Chest 65:431–436

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raabe OG, Yeh HC, Newton GJ, Phalen RF, Velasquez DJ (1976) Tracheobronchial geometry: human, dog, rat, hamster. Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and Research LF-53, Albuquerque

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabinovitch M, Reid LM (1981) Quantitative structural analysis of the pulmonary vascular bed in congenital heart defects. In: Augle A (ed) Pediatric cardiovascular disease. Davis, Philadelphia, p 149

    Google Scholar 

  • Rana SVS, Agrawal VP, Gautam RK (1979) Histoehemical approach to mucin in the trachea and lungs of squirrels, exposed to three chief air pollutants (CO, SO2 and NO2). Mikroskopie 35:77–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reading CL (1982) Theory and methods for immunization in culture and monoclonal antibody production. J Immunol Methods 53:261–291

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid A, Heard BE (1962) Preliminary studies of human pulmonary capillaries by india ink injection. MedThorac 19:215–219

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reznik-Schuller HM, Hague BF (1981) Autoradiographic study of the distribution of bound radioactivity in the respiratory tract of Syrian hamsters given N-[3H] Nitrosodiethylamine. Cancer Res 41:2147–2150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rick R, Dorge A, Thurau K (1982) Quantitative analysis of electrolytes in frozen dried sections. J Microsc 125:239–247

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roomans GM, Wei X, Seveus L (1982) Cryoultramicrotomy as a preparative method for x-ray microanalysis in pathology. Ultrastruc Pathol 3:65–84

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roth J (1973) Ultrahistochemical demonstration of saccharide components of complex carbohydrate at the alveolar cell surface of the pleura visceralis of mice by means of concanavalin A. Exp Pathol 8:157–167

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roth J, Bendayan M, Orci L (1978) Ultrastructural localization of intracellular antigens by the use of protein A-gold complex. J Histochem Cytochem 26:1074–1081

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman AH (1969) Alcian blue as an electron stain. Exp Cell Res 58:177–179

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saffitz JE, Gross RW, Williamson JR, Sobel BE (1981) Autoradiography of phosphatidyl choline. J Histochem Cytochem 29:371–378

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sannes PL, Katsuyama T, Spicer SS (1978) Tannic acid-metal salt sequences for light and electron microscopic localization of complex carbohydrates. J Histochem Cytochem 26:55–61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sannes PL, Spicer SS, Katsuyama T (1979) Ultrastructural localization of sulfated complex carbohydrates with a modified iron diamine procedure. J Histochem Cytochem 27:1108–1111

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scherle W (1970) A simple method for volumetry of organs in quantitative stereology. Mikroskopie 25:57–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiff RI, Gennaro JF (1979) The role of the buffer in the fixation of biological specimens for transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Scanning 2:135–148

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneeberger EE (1972) A comparative cytoehemieal study of microbodies (peroxisomes) in great alveolar cells of rodents, rabbit and monkey. J Histochem Cytochem 20:180–191

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneeberger EE (1979) Barrier function of intercellular junctions in adult and fetal lungs. In: Fishman AP, Renkin EM (eds) Pulmonary edema. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, p 21

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneeberger-Keeley EE, Karnovsky MJ (1968) The ultrastructural basis of alveolar-capillary membrane permeability to peroxidase used as a tracer. J Cell Biol 37:781–793

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schreider JP, Raabe OG (1980) Replica casts of the entire respiratory airways of experimental animals. J Exp Pathol Toxicol 4:427–435

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schreider JP, Raabe OG (1981 a) Anatomy of the nasal-pharyngeal airway of experimental animals. Anat Rec 200:195–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreider JP, Raabe OG (1981 b) Structure of the human respiratory acinus. Am J Anat 162:221–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulz WW, McAnalley WH, Reynolds RC (1980) Freeze-fracture study of pulmonary lamellar body membranes in solid crystal phase. J Ultrastruc Res 71:37–48

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz LW, Dungworth DL, Mustafa MG, Tarkington BK, Tyler WS (1976) Pulmonary responses of rats to ambient levels of ozone. Effects of 7-day intermittent of continuous exposure. Lab Invest 34:565–578

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Serabjit-Singh CJ, Wolf CR, Philpot RM, Plopper CG (1980) Cytochrome P-450: localization in rabbit lung. Science 207:1469–1470

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherwin RP, Winnick S, Buckley RD (1967) Response of lactic acid dehydrogenase-positive alveolar cells in the lungs of guinea pigs exposed to nitric oxide. Am Rev Respir Dis 96:319–325

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Short DS (1956) Post-mortem pulmonary arteriography with special reference to the study

    Google Scholar 

  • of pulmonary hypertension. J Fac Radiol 8:118–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegesmund KA, Yorde DE, Dragen R (1979) A quantitative immunoperoxidase procedure employing energy dispersive X-ray analysis. J Histochem Cytochem 27:1226–1230

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer AL, Ariano MA (1981) Localization of cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase in mouse alveolar cells. J Histochem Cytochem 29:1372–1376

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith FB, Kikkawa Y (1979) The type II epithelial cells of the lung V. Synthesis of phosphatidyl glycerol in isolated type II cells and pulmonary alveolar macrophages. Lab Invest 40:172–177

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith FB, Kikkawa Y, Diglio CA, Dalen RC (1980) The type II epithelial cells of the lung VI. Incorporation of 3H-choline and 3H-palmitate into lipids of cultured type II cells. Lab Invest 42:296–301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorokin SP (1965) On the cytology and cytochemistry of the opossum’s bronchial glands. Am J Anat 117:311–338

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorokin SP (1967) A morphologic and cytochemical study on the great alveolar cell. J Histochem Cytochem 14:884–897

    Google Scholar 

  • Spicer SS, Schulte BA (1982) Ultrastructural methods for localizing complex carbohydrates. Hum Pathol 13:343–354

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spicer SS, Chakrin LW, Wardell JR (1974) Effect of chronic sulfur dioxide inhalation on the carbohydrate histochemistry and histology of the canine respiratory tract. Am Rev Respir Dis 110:13–14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spicer SS, Hardin JH, Setser ME (1978) Ultrastructural visualization of sulfated complex carbohydrates in blood and epithelial cells with the high iron diamine procedure. J Histochem Cytochem 10:435–452

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spicer SS, Mochizuki I, Setser ME, Martinez JR (1980) Complex carbohydrates of rat tracheobronchial surface epithelium visualized ultrastructurally. Am J Anat 158:93–109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spicer SS, Baron DA, Sato A, Schulte BA (1981) Variability of cell surface glycoconjugates - relation to differences in cell function. J Histochem Cytochem 29:994–1002

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Springer TA (1981) Monoclonal antibody analysis of complex biological systems. Combination of cell hybridization and immunoadsorbents in a novel cascade procedure and its application to the macrophage cell surface. J Biol Chem 256:3833–3839

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staub NC, Storey WF (1962) Relation between morphological and physiological events in lung studied by rapid freezing. J Appl Physiol 17:381–390

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens RJ, Evans MJ (1973) Selection and orientation of lung tissue for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Environ Res 6:52–59

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steraberger LA (1979) Immunocytochemistry. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs Stratton CJ, Wetzstein HY, Hardy T (1980) The ultrastructural histochemistry and stereoscanning electron microscopy of the rodent and amphibian surfactant systems. Anat Rec 197:49–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugai N, Ninomiya Y, Oosaki T (1981) Localization of carbonic anhydrase in the rat lung. Histochemistry 72:415–424

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thiery JP (1967) Mise en evidence des polysaccharides sur coupes fine en mieroseopie elec-tronique. J Microsc 6:987–1018

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson SW (1974) Selected histochemical and histopathological methods. Thomas, Springfield

    Google Scholar 

  • Thurlbeck WM (1967) The internal surfaces area of nonemphysematous lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis 95:765–773

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tompsett DH (1956) Anatomical techniques. Livingstone, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  • Turek J J, Sheares BT, Carlson DM (1982) Substructure of granules from serous cells of porcine tracheal submucosal glands. Anat Rec 203:329–336

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler WS, Pearse AGE (1965) Oxidative enzymes of the interalveolar septum of the rat. Thorax 20:149–152

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler WS, Pearse AGE, Rhatigan P (1965) Histochemistry of the equine lung: oxidative enzymes of the interalveolar septum. Am J Vet Res 26:960–964

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaccaro CA, Brody JS (1979) Ultrastructural localization and characterization of proteoglycans in the pulmonary alveolus. Am Rev Respir Dis 120:901–910

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaccaro CA, Brody JS (1981) Structural features of alveolar wall basement membrane in the adult rat lung. J Cell Biol 91:427–437

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vatter AE, Reiss OK, Newman JK, Lindquist K, Groeneboer E (1968) Enzymes of the lung: I. Detection of esterase with a new cytochemical method. J Cell Biol 38:80–98

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weakley BS (1977) How dangerous is sodium cacodylate? J Microsc 109:249–251

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weibel ER, Limaeher W, Bachofen H (1982) Electron microscopy of rapidly frozen lungs: evaluation on the basis of standard criteria. J Appl Physiol 53:516–527

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wetzel MG, Wetzel BK, Spicer SS (1966) Ultrastructural localization of acid mucosub-stances in the mouse colon with iron-containing stains. J Cell Biol 30:299–315

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whimster WF (1969) Rapid giant paper sections of lungs. Thorax 24:737–741

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams MC, Benson BJ (1981) Immunocytochemical localization and identification of the major surfactant protein in adult rat lung. J Histochem Cytochem 29:291–305

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winborn WB, Guerrero DL (1974) The use of a single tissue specimen for both transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Cytobios 10:83–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeh HC, Hulbert AJ, Phalen RF, Velasquez DJ, Harris TD (1975) A stereoradiography technique and its application to evaluation of lung casts. Invest Radiol 10:351–357

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoneda K (1978) Ultrastructural localization of phospholipases in the clara cell of rat bronchiole. Am J Pathol 93:745–752

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoneda K (1982) Regional differences in the intercellular junctions of the alveolar-capillary membrane in the human lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 126:893–897

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoneda K, Birk MG (1981) The mode of secretion of the clara cell in rat bronchiole: a freeze-fraeture study. Exp Lung Res 2:177–185

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young JT (1981) Histopathologic examination of the rat nasal cavity. Fundamental Appl Tox 1:309–312

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zierold K (1982) Cryopreparation of mammalian tissue for x-ray microanalysis in STEM. J Microsc 125:149–156

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. D. L. Dungworth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. W. S. Tyler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. C. E. Plopper
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Toxicology, Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box Y, 37831, Oak Ridge, TN, USA

    Hanspeter Witschi M.D. (Section Head) (Section Head)

  2. Department of Environmental Science and Physiology, Harvard University School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave., 02115, Boston, MA, USA

    Joseph D. Brain S.D. in Hyg. (Professor of Physiology, Director, Respiratory Biology Program) (Professor of Physiology, Director, Respiratory Biology Program)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dungworth, D.L., Tyler, W.S., Plopper, C.E. (1985). Morphological Methods for Gross and Microscopic Pathology. In: Witschi, H., Brain, J.D. (eds) Toxicology of Inhaled Materials. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 75. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69521-6_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69521-6_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-69523-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-69521-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation