Skip to main content

Chemical Constitution and Pharmacological Effect

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 74))

Abstract

It is generally approved that there is a further need for more selective and less toxic antiepileptic drugs (Krall et al. 1978 a, b). In the search for optimal designs for new drugs, medicinal chemists and pharmacologists would benefit from consideration of the rules which emerge from comparison of the structures of active and inactive compounds. It is therefore the aim of this chapter to give an impression of structure-activity relationships mainly of those classes of compounds which include well-known antiepileptic drugs. In general the specification of anticonvulsant activity will be restricted to data from electroshock and pentylenetetrazol-induced shock tests.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aboul-Enein HY, Schauberger ChW, Hansen AR, Fischer LJ (1975) Synthesis of an active hydroxylated glutethimide metabolite and some related analogs with sedative-hypnotic and anticonvulsant properties. J Med Chem 18: 736–741

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amato RJ, Jones GL (1982) Reassessment of the anticonvulsant activity of diphenylacetyl urea. Drug Dev Res 2: 47–53

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews PR, Jones GP (1981) Convulsant and anticonvulsant barbiturates. 2. Molecular orbital calculations. Eur J Med Chem 16: 139–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews PR, Jones GP, Lodge D (1979) Convulsant, anticonvulsant and anaesthetic barbiturates. 5-Ethyl-5-(3′-methyl-but-2′-enyl)-barbituric acid and related compounds. Eur J Pharmacol 55: 115–120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews PR, Jones A J, Jones GP, Marker A, Owen EA (1981) Convulsant and anticonvulsant barbiturates. 3. Conformational analysis by and 13C NMR. Eur J Med Chem 16: 145–150

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews PR, Jones GP, Poulton DB (1982) Convulsant, anticonvulsant and anaesthetic barbiturates. In vivo activities of oxo- and thiobarbiturates related to pentobarbitone. Eur J Pharmacol 79: 61–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Astoin J, Marivain A, Riveron A, Crucifix M, Lapotre M, Torrens Y (1978) Action de nouveaux alcools - ethyleniques sur le systeme nerveux central. Eur J Med Chem 13: 41–47

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balsamo A, Barili PL, Crotti P, Macchia B, Macchia F, Pecchia A, Cuttica A, Passerini N (1975) Structure-activity relationships in cinnamamides. 1. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of some (E)- and (Z)-N-alkyl-α, β,Mimethylcinnamamides. J Med Chem 18: 842–846

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balsamo A, Barili PL, Crotti P, Macchia B, Macchia F, Cuttica A, Passerini N (1977) Structure-activity relationships in cinnamamides. 2. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of some (E)- and (Z)-N-alkyl- α, β,dimethylcinnamamides substituted on the phenyl group. J Med Chem 20: 48–53

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balsamo A, Crotti P, Lapucci A, Macchia B, Macchia F, Cuttica A, Passerini N (1981) Structure-activity relationship in cinnamamides. 3. Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity evaluation of some derivatives of (E)- and (Z)-m-(trifluoromethyl)cinnamamide. J Med Chem 24: 525–532

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baltzer V, Schmutz M (1977) Experimental anticonvulsive properties of GP 47680 and of GP 47 779, its main human metabolite; compounds related to carbamazepine. In: Meinardi H, Rowan AJ (eds) Advances in epileptology. Proceedings of the 13th congress of the international league against epilepsy and 9th symposium of the international bureau for epilepsy. Swets and Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, p 295

    Google Scholar 

  • Barzaghi F, Fournex R, Mantegazza P (1973) Pharmacological and toxicological properties of clobazam (l-phenyl-5-methyl-8-chloro-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-2,4-diketo-3i7-1,5- benzodiazepine), a new psychotherapeutic agent. Arzneimittelforsch 23: 683–686

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benoit-Guyod JL, Boucherle A, Benoit-Guyod M, Dardas A, Rupp R, Eymard P, Carraz G, Boitard M, Lebreton S, Beriel H, Meunier H (1968) Derives de l’acide dipropylacetique. III.Nouveaux amides et esters. Chim Ther 5: 336–342

    Google Scholar 

  • Benoit-Guyod JL, Benoit-Guyod M, Boucherle A, Eymard P, Carraz G, Meunier H (1969) Derives de l’acide dipropylacetique. IV. Etude des relations entre la structure et l’activite antalgique de quelques dipropylacetanilides substitues. Chim Ther 1: 17–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Benoit-Guyod M, Benoit-Guyod JL, Boucherle A, Broil M, Eymard P (1972) Recherches dans la serie dipropylacetique. VII. Structures homologues: amides et urees substitutes provenant de la propyl-1 butylamine. Eur J Med Chem 5: 388–392

    Google Scholar 

  • Benoit-Guyod M, Benoit-Guyod JL, Boucherle A, Broil M, Eymard P (1973) Recherches dans la serie dipropylacetique. IX. Structures homologues: methyl-1 propyl-2 pentyl- amine, amides et urees substitutes. Eur J Med Chem 4: 412–418

    Google Scholar 

  • Billman JH, Hidy PhH (1943) TV,TV-Substituted a-aminodiphenylacetamides. J Am Chem Soc 65: 760–761

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bogue JY, Carrington HC (1953) The evaluation of “Mysoline” - a new anticonvulsant drug. Br J Pharmacol 8: 230–236

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown WC, Schiffman DO, Swinyard EA, Goodman LS (1953) Comparative assay of antiepileptic drugs by “psychomotor” seizure test and minimal electroshock threshold test. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 107: 273–283

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler TC (1953) Quantitative studies of the demethylation of trimethadione (TRIDIONE®). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 108: 11–17

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler TC, Waddell WJ (1957) Metabolic deethylation of 5,5-dimethyl-3-ethyl-2,4-oxazo- lidinedione (dimedion). Arch Int Pharmacodyn 111: 308–313

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caccia S, Carli M, Garattini S, Poggesi E, Rech R, Samanin R (1980 a) Pharmacological activities of clobazam and diazepam in the rat: relation to drug brain levels. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 243: 275–283

    Google Scholar 

  • Caccia S, Guiso G, Garattini S (1980 b) Brain concentrations of clobazam and N-desmeth- ylclobazam and antileptazol activity. J Pharm Pharmacol 32: 295–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Caccia S, Ballabio M, Garattini S ( 1980 c) Relationship between camazepam, N-methyl- oxazepam and oxazepam brain concentrations and antileptazol effect in the rat. J Pharm Pharmacol 33: 185–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Call L (1970) 5,5-Diphenyl-3-hydroxy-hydantoin. Monatsschr Chem 101:228–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Camerman A, Camerman N (1980) Structure-activity relationships. Stereochemical similarities in chemically different antiepileptic drugs. In: Glaser GH, Penry JK, Woodbury DM (eds) Antiepileptic drugs: mechanism of action. Raven, New York, p 223

    Google Scholar 

  • Carraz G (1967) Approches pour une theorie sur l’activite de la structure die -w-propyla-cetique. Agressologie 8: 13–20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen G, Bass P (1964) Certain pharmacological properties of 3-ethyl-2-methyl-2-phenyl- succinimide. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 152: 115–120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen G, Portman R, Ensor ChR, Bratton AC (1951) The anticonvulsant activity of a-phenyl succinimides. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 103: 54–61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen G, Weston JK, Bratton AC (1963) Anticonvulsant activity and toxicity of phensuximide, methsuximide and ethosuximide. Epilepsia 4: 66–76

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiu S, Keifer L, Timberlake JW (1979) Synthesis of imidazolidinediones and oxazolidinediones from cyclization of propargylureas and propargyl carbamates. J Med Chem 22: 746–748

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clemson HC, Magadan EO, Fuller GC, Langner RO (1968) Synthesis of derivatives of N- methyl-2-phenylsuccinimide involving a lithium salt condensation and a novel applica-tion of the Mannich reaction. J Pharm Sci 57: 384–389

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coyne WE, Cusic JW (1968) Anticonvulsant semicarbazides. J Med Chem 11:1158-1160 Crider AM, Kolcynski ThM, Miskell DL (1981) Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of racemic 2-amino-iV-substituted succinimide derivatives. J Pharm Sci 70: 192–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Czarnecki R, Sobanski H (1980) Anticonvulsant properties of 5-allyl-(/Miydroxy)propyl-iV-phenylbarbituric acid and the corresponding lactone. Farmaco [Sci] 31: 945–950

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis JP, Schwade ED (1959) Anticonvulsant effects of 3-allyl-5-isobutyl-2-thiohydantoin (BAX 422Z). Fed Proc 18: 380

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis MA, Winthrop StO, Thomas RA, Herr F, Charest MP, Gaudry R (1964 a) Anticonvulsants. I.Dibenzo[a,d] cycloheptadiene-5-carboxamide and related compounds. J Med Chem 7: 88–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis MA, Winthrop StO, Thomas RA, Herr F, Charest MP, Gaudry R (1964 b) Anticon-vulsants. II. Spiro compounds. Dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptadiene-5,5′-hydantoins, -5,5′-ox- azolidinediones, and -5,2′-succinimides. J Med Chem 7: 439–445

    Google Scholar 

  • Desmedt IKC, Niemegeers CJE, Lewi PJ, Janssen PAJ (1976) Antagonism of maximal Metrazol seizures in rats and its relevance to an experimental classification of antiepileptic drugs. Arzneimittelforsch 26: 1592–1603

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Wald HA, Lobbestael S, Butler DE (1977) Pyrazolodiazepines. 2.4-aryl-l,3-dialkyl-6,8- dihydropyrazolo[3,4-e][l,4]diazepine-7-(lH)-ones as antianxiety and anticonvulsant agents. J Med Chem 20: 1562–1569

    Google Scholar 

  • Dox AW (1925) Tetra-alkyl-succinimides and their pharmacological action. J Am Chem Soc 47: 1471–1477

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Everett GM, Richards RK (1952) Pharmacological studies of phenylacetylurea(Phenurone) an anticonvulsant drug. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 106: 303–313

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fabing HD, Gayle RF, Hawkins JR (1947) The treatment of epilepsy with sodium diphenylene hydantoin. Assoc Res Publ Nerv Ment Dis 26: 398–403

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fielding St, Hoffmann I (1979) Pharmacology of anti-anxiety drugs with special reference to clobazam. Br J Clin Pharmacol 7. 7S–15S

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fontanella L, Mariani L, Tarzia G, Corsico N (1976) 3,7-Dihydro-5-phenylpyrrolo[3,4- e][l,4]-diazepine-2(lH)-ones. Synthesis and pharmacological properties. Eur J Med Chem 11: 217–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey HH (1969) Determination of the anticonvulsant potency of unmetabolized trimethadione. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 27: 295–300

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frey HH, Loscher W (1976) Di-n-propylacetic acid - profile of anticonvulsant activity in mice. Arzneimittelforsch 26: 299–301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frey HH, Schulz R (1970) Time course of the demethylation of trimethadione. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 28: 477–483

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Funcke ABH, Zandberg P (1970) The anticonvulsive activity in mice of a number of derivatives of 5H-dibenzo[a,d] cycloheptene and its 1- and 3-aza analogues, in comparison with some therapeutically used anticonvulsants. Arzneimittelforsch 20: 1896–1900

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Funcke ABH, van Beek MC, van Hell G, Lavy UI, Timmermann H, Zandberg P (1970) Cyheptamide. A pharmacological evaluation. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 187: 174–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Gagneux AR (1976) The chemistry of carbamazepine. In: Birkmayer W (ed) Epileptic seizures-behaviour-pain. Huber, Bern, p 120

    Google Scholar 

  • Gal J (1979) Convenient synthesis of TV-alkoxymethylbarbituric acids and iV-alkoxymethylhydantoins. J Pharm Sci 68: 1562–1564

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher BB, Baumel IP, Woodbury SG, Dimicco J A (1975) Clinical evaluation of eterobarb, a new anticonvulsant drug. Neurology 25: 399–404

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ganz AJ, Waser PG, Pfirrmann RW (1978) Die Entwicklung neuer Antiepileptika. V. Pharmakologische Wirkungen einiger Sulfanilamidderivate. Arzneimittelforsch 28: 1331–1334

    Google Scholar 

  • Gastaut H, Low MD (1979) Antiepileptic properties of clobazam, a 1,5-benzodiazepine, in man. Epilepsia 20: 437–446

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gesler RM, Lints CE, Swinyard EA (1961) Pharmacology of some substituted 2-thiohy-dantoins with particular reference to anticonvulsant properties. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 3: 107–121

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gluckmann MI (1971) Pharmacology of 7-chloro-5-(o-chlorophenyl)-l,3-dihydro-3-hy- droxy-2H-l,4-benzodiazepine-2-one (lorazepam; WY4036). Arzneimittelforsch 21: 1049–1055

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg MA, Gal J, Cho AK, Jenden DJ (1979) Metabolism of dimethoxymethyl pheno-barbital (eterobarb) in patients with epilepsy. Ann Neurol 5: 121–126

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Golik U (1975) The synthesis of some 2,4-benzodiazepine-l-ones, potent CNS agents. J Heterocyclic Chem 12: 903–908

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman LS, Toman JEP, Swinyard EA (1946) The anticonvulsant properties of tridione. Am J Med 1: 213–228

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman LS, Swinyard EA, Brown WC, Schiffman DO, Grewal MS, Bliss EL (1953) An-ticonvulsant properties of 5-phenyl-5-ethyl-hexahydropyrimidine-4,6-dione ( Myso- line), a new antiepileptic. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 108: 428–436

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman LS, Swinyard EA, Brown WC, Schiffman DO (1954) Anticonvulsant properties of 5,5-diphenyl-tetrahydroglyoxaline-4-one. (SKF NO. 2599) J Pharmacol Exp Ther 110: 403–410

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagen V, Morgenstern E, Gores E, Franke R, Sauer W, Heine G (1980) Quantitative Struktur-Wirkungs-Beziehungen bei antikonvulsiv wirksamen Benzensulfonamiden. Pharmazie 35: 183–185

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauck FP, Demick J, Fan J (1967) Preparation and anticonvulsant activity of some aryl- dialkylsuccinimides. J Med Chem 10: 611–614

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauptmann A (1912) Luminal bei Epilepsie. MMW 59: 1907–1909

    Google Scholar 

  • Hester JB, Rudzik AD, Kamdar BV (1971) 6-Phenyl-4H-s-triazolo[4,3-a][l,4]benzodiaz- epines which have central nervous system depressant activity. J Med Chem 14: 1078–1081

    Google Scholar 

  • Hester JB, Rudzik AD, von Voigtlander PHF (1980 a) l-(Aminoalkyl)-6-aryl-4H-.s- triazolo[4,3-a][l,4]benzodiazepines with antianxiety and antidepressant activity. J Med Chem 23: 392–402

    Google Scholar 

  • Hester JB, von Voigtlander Ph, Evenson GN (1980 b) 6-(Substituted-amino)-4H-s- triazolo[4,3-a][l 4]benzodiazepines and 4-(substituted-amino)-6H-,s-triazolo[4,3- a][l,4]benzodiazepines with potential antianxiety activity. J Med Chem 23: 873–877

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson DD, Davis HL, Crawford RD (1978) Epileptiform seizures in domestic fowl. VIII. Anticonvulsant activity of primidone and its metabolites, phenobarbital and phenylethylmalonamide. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 56: 630–633

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones GL, Amato RJ, Wimbish GH, Peyton GA (1981) Comparison of anticonvulsant potencies of cyheptamide, carbamazepine, and phenytoin. J Pharm Sci 70: 618–620

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jucker E, SiieB R (1961) Uber neuartige Spiro-succinimide. Arch Pharm 4: 210 - 220

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan JP, Raizon BM, Desarmenien M, Feltz P, Headley PM, Worms P, Lloyd KG, Bartholini G (1980) New anticonvulsants: Schiff bases of y-aminobutyric acid and y-ami- nobutyramide. J Med Chem 23: 702–704

    Google Scholar 

  • Knoefel PK, Lehmann G (1942) The anticonvulsant action of diphenylhydantoin and some related compounds. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 76: 194–201

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koella WP, Levin P, Baltzer V (1976) The pharmacology of carbamazepine and some other anti-epileptic drugs. In: Birkmayer W (ed) Epileptic seizures-behaviour-pain. Huber, Bern, p 32

    Google Scholar 

  • Korosi J, Lang T (1975) Forschungsarbeit auf dem Gebiet der 5H-2,3-benzodiazepine. Ther Hung 23: 141–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornet MJ, Crider AM, Magadan EO (1977 a) Potential long-acting anticonvulsants. 1. Synthesis and activity of succinimides containing an alkylating group at the 2 position. J Med Chem 20: 405–409

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornet MJ, Crider AM, Magadan EO (1977 b) Potential long-acting anticonvulsants. 2. Synthesis and activity of succinimides containing an alkylating group on nitrogen or at the 3 position. J Med Chem 20: 1210–1213

    Google Scholar 

  • Krall RL (1980) Structure-activity relationships. Quantitative structure-activity relationship studies of anticonvulsant drugs. In: Glaser GH, Penry JK, Woodbury DM (eds) Antiepileptic drugs: mechanisms of action. Raven, New York, p 233

    Google Scholar 

  • Krall RL, Penry JK, Kupferberg HJ, Swinyard EA ( 1978 a) Antiepileptic drug development. I. History and a program for progress. Epilepsia 19: 393–408

    Google Scholar 

  • Krall RL, Penry JK, White BG, Kupferberg HJ, Swinyard EA ( 1978 b) Antiepileptic drug development. II. Anticonvulsant drug screening. Epilepsia 19: 409–428

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuch H (1979) Clobazam: chemical aspects of the 1,4- and 1,5-benzodiazepines. Br J Clin Pharmacol 7: 17S–21S

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lange J, Rump S, Galecka E, Ilczuk I, Lechowska-Postek M, Rabsztyn T, Szymanska T, Walczyna K (1977 a) Synthesis and properties of new cyclic derivatives of succinic acid with anticonvulsant activity. Pharmazie 32: 82–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Lange J, Rump S, Ilczuk I, Lapszewicz J, Rabsztyn T, Walczyna K (1977 b) Synthesis and properties of cyclic derivatives of succinic acid with anticonvulsant activity. Pharmazie 32: 579–581

    Google Scholar 

  • Lange J, Rump S, Ilczuk I, Lapszewicz J, Rabsztyn T, Walczyna K (1979) Synthesis and properties of cyclic derivatives of succinic acid with anticonvulsant activity. Pharmazie 34: 794–795

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lien EJ, Liao RCH, Shinouda HG (1979) Quantitative structure-activity relationships and dipole moments of anticonvulsants and CNS depressants. J Pharm Sci 68: 463–465

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loscher W (1981) Anticonvulsant activity of metabolites of valproic acid. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 249: 158–163

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magadan EO, Becker GW, Diamond L (1973) Anticonvulsant properties of Mannich base derivatives of 2-phenylsuccinimide III. J Pharm Sci 62: 325–327

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcucci F, Mussini E, Airoldi L, Guaitani A, Garattini S (1972) Brain concentrations of lorazepam and oxazepam at equal degree of anticonvulsant activity. J Pharm Pharmacol 24: 63–64

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masuda Y, Karasawa T, Shiraishi Y, Hori M, Yoshida K, Shimizu M (1980) 3-Sulfamoyl- methyl-l,2-benzisoxazole, a new type of anticonvulsant drug. Arzneimittelforsch 30: 477–483

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehta NB, Risinger Diuguid ChA, Soroko FE (1981) Potential anticonvulsants. 1,5-benzylhydantoins. J Med Chem 24: 465–468

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mercier J (1973) Chemical compounds possessing anticonvulsant activity. Structure-activity relationships of the antiepileptics. In: Radouco-Thomas C (ed) International encyclopedia of pharmacology and therapeutics, section 19. Anticonvulsant drugs 1. Per- gamon, Oxford, p 203

    Google Scholar 

  • Merritt HH, Putnam TJ (1945) Experimental determination of anticonvulsive activity of chemical compounds. Epilepsia 3: 51–75 (sec series, Banta, Menasha, Wisconsin)

    Google Scholar 

  • Meunier H, Carraz G, Meunier Y, Eymard P, Aimard M (1963) Proprietes pharmacody-namiques de l’acide w-dipropylacetique. Therapie 18: 435–438

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller CA, Long LM (1951) Anticonvulsants. I. An investigation of N-R-a-R1-a-phenyl- succinimides. J Am Chem Soc 73: 4895–4898

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller CA, Lono LM (1953a) Anticonvulsants. III. A study of N,α,β-alkylsuccinimides. J Am Chem Soc 75: 373–375

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller CA, Long LM ( 1953 b) Anticonvulsants. IV. An investigation of a-(substituted phenyl)-succinimides. J Am Chem Soc 75: 6256–6258

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller CA, Scholl HI, Long LM (1951) Anticonvulsants. II. A study of N-R-a,β-substituted succinimides. J Am Chem Soc 73: 5608–5610

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millichap JG, Ortiz WR (1967) Albutoin, a new thiohydantoin derivative for grand mal epilepsies. Comparison with diphenylhydantoin in a double-blind, controlled study. Neurology 17: 162–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Millichap JG (1972) Mephenytoin, Ethotoin, and albutoin. In: Penry JK, Schmidt RP, Woodbury DM (eds) Antiepileptic drug. Raven, New York, p 275

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller WE (1981) The benzodiazepine receptor. Pharmacology 22: 153–161

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura K, O’Hashi K, Nakatsuji K, Hiroka T, Fujimoto K, Ose S (1965) The anticonvulsant activity of 3-ethoxycarbonyl-5,5-diphenylhydantoin (P-6127) in animals. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 156: 261–270

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura K, Masuda Y, Nakatsuji K, Hiroka T (1966) Comparative studies on the distribution and metabolic fate of diphenylhydantoin and 3-ethoxycarbonyldiphenylhy- dantoin (P-6127) after chronic administrations to dogs and cats. Arch Exp Pathol Pharmacol 254: 406–417

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura K, Murai K, Nakatsuji K, Kobayashi M, Masuda Y, Kadokawa T, Soji Y, Nakamura H, Hiroka T, Senda H (1968) Neuropharmacological and toxicological studies on a new anti-epileptic, Af-a-ethyl-phenylacetyl-W-acetyl urea in experimental animals. Arzneimittelforsch 5: 524–529

    Google Scholar 

  • Nardi D, Tajana A, Leonardi A, Penini R, Portioli F, Magistretti MJ, Subissi A (1981) Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of N-(benzoylalkyl)imidazoles and Af-(a)-phenyl-co- hydroxyalkyl)imidazoles. J Med Chem 24: 727–731

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson WL, Kwon YG, Marshall GL, Hoover JL, Pfeffer GT (1979) Fluorinated phenytoin anticonvulsant analogs. J Pharm Sci 68: 115–117

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oldfield W, Cashin CH (1965) The chemistry and pharmacology of a series of cycloalkanespiro-5′-hydantoins. J Med Chem 8: 239–249

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perlstein MA, Andelman MB (1946) Tridione, its use in convulsive and related disorders. J Pediatr 29: 20–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petocz L, Kosoczky I (1975) Die wichtigeren pharmakologischen Parameter von Grandaxin (Toflzopam; egyt-341) Ther Hung 23: 143–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Raines A, Niner JM, Pace DG (1973) A comparison of the anticonvulsant, neurotoxic and lethal effects of diphenylbarbituric acid, phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin in the mouse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 186: 315–322

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raines A, Baumel I, Gallagher BB, Niner JM (1975) The effects of 5,5-diphenylbarbituric acid on experimental seizures in rats: correlation between plasma and brain concentrations and anticonvulsant activity. Epilepsia 16: 575–581

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raines A, Blake GJ, Richardson B, Gilbert MB (1979) Differential selectivity of several barbiturates on experimental seizures and neurotoxicity in the mouse. Epilepsia 20: 105–113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Randall LO, Schallek W, Scheckel C, Banziger R, Moe RA (1968) Zur Pharmakologie des neuen Psychopharmakons 7-chlor-2,3-dihydro-l -methyl- 5-phenyl-l H-\,4-benzodiaze- pin (Ro 5-4556). Arzneimittelforsch 18: 1542–1545

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Randall LO, Kappell B (1973) Pharmacological activity of some benzodiazepines and their metabolites. In: Garattini S, Mussini E, Randall LO (eds) The benzodiazepines. Raven, New York, p 27

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossi S, PirolaO, Maggi R (1969) Sintesidi l,2,4,5-tetraidro-2,4-dicheto-3/7-l,5-benzodiazepine. Chim Ind (Milan) 51: 479–483

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rump S, Ilczuk I, Rabsztyn T, Walczyna K (1981) Pharmacological properties of N-ami- nodiphenylhydantoin, a new hydantoin derivative with anticonvulsant activity. Phar- mazie 36: 780–781

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sadagopa Ramanujam VM, Trieff NM (1978) Structure activity relation for some 1,4-ben- zodiazepinones: correlation between rate constants for reduction by sodium borohydride and antileptazol ED50. J Pharm Pharmacol 30: 542–546

    Google Scholar 

  • Samour CM, Reinhard JF, Vida JA (1971) Anticonvulsants. 1. Alkoxamethyl derivatives of barbiturates and diphenylhydantoin. J Med Chem 14: 187–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Samson FE, Dahl N, Dahl DR (1956) A study on the narcotic action of the short chain fatty acids. J Clin Invest 35: 1291–1298

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schafer H (1969) 5,5-Diphenylhydantoin-Aft-carbonsaureester. German Patent 1966802 (Desitin-Werk Carl Kinke GmbH) Schafer H, Liihrs R (1978) Metabolite pattern of valproic acid. Part I: gas chromatographic determination of the valproic acid metabolite artifacts, heptanone-3, 4- and 5- hydroxyvalproic acid lactone. Arzneimittelforsch 28: 657–662

    Google Scholar 

  • Schafer H, Lührs R, Reith H (1980) Chemistry, pharmacokinetics, and biological activity of some metabolites of valproic acid. In: Johannessen SI, Morselli PL, Pippenger CR, Richens A, Schmidt D, Meinardi H (eds) Antiepileptic therapy: advances in drug monitoring. Raven, New York, p 103

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlogl K, Wessely F, Kraupp O, Stormann H (1961) Synthese und Pharmakologie einiger 3,5-di- und trisubstituierter Hydantoine. J Med Pharm Chem 4: 231–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Scoular IT, Nicholls PJ, Smith HJ (1976) Anticonvulsant properties of some new 3-phenyl-2,5-pyrrolidinediones. Eur J Med Chem 11: 91–93

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer JW, Steinberg E, Krimsley V, Winstead MB (1968) Substitution in the hydantoin ring. VII. N-3-propionic acid and its ethyl ester and N-3-(2-cyanoethyl) derivatives. J Med Chem 11: 462–466

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sohn YJ, Levitt B, Raines A (1970) Anticonvulsant properties of diphenylthiohydantoin. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 188: 284–289

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soroko FE, Grivsky E, Maxwell RA (1981) Cinromide (3-bromo-iV-ethylcinnanamide), a novel anticonvulsant agent. J Pharm Pharmacol 33: 741–743

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spielman MA, Geiszler AO, Close WJ (1948) Anticonvulsant drugs. II. Some acylureas. J Am Chem Soc 70: 4189–4191

    Google Scholar 

  • Sternbach LH (1973) Chemistry of 1,4-benzodiazepines and some aspects of the structure- activity relationship. In: Garattini S, Mussini E, Randall LO (eds) The benzodiazepines. Raven, New York, p 1

    Google Scholar 

  • Sternbach LH (1980) The benzodiazepine story. In: Priest RG, Vianna Filho U, Amrein R, Skreta M (eds) Benzodiazepines today and tomorrow. MTP, Falcon House, England, p 5

    Google Scholar 

  • Sternbach LH, Randall LO, Banziger R, Lehr H (1968) Structure-activity relationships in the 1,4-benzodiazepine series. In: Burger A (ed) Drugs affecting the central nervous system. Dekker, New York, p 237

    Google Scholar 

  • Sternbach LH, Sancilio FD, Blount JF (1974) Quinazolines and 1,4-benzodiazepines. 64. Comparison of the stereochemistry of diazepam with that of close analogs with marginal biological activity. J Med Chem 17: 374–377

    Google Scholar 

  • Swinyard EA, Castellion AW (1966) Anticonvulsant properties of some benzodiazepines. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 151: 369–375

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swinyard EA, Toman JEP (1950) A comparison of the anticonvulsant actions of some phe- nylhydantoins and their corresponding phenylacetylureas. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 100: 151–157

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swinyard EA, Brown WC, Goodman LS (1952) Comparative assays of antiepileptic drugs in mice and rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 106: 319–330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taillandier G, Benoit-Guyod JL, Boucherle A, Broil M, Eymard P (1975) Recherches dans la serie dipropylacetique. XII. Acides et alcools aliphatiques ramifies anticonvulsivants. Eur J Med Chem 10: 453–462

    Google Scholar 

  • Taillandier G, Benoit-Guyod JL, Laruelle C, Boucherle A (1977) Investigation in the di- propylacetic acid series, C8 and C9 branched chain ethylenic acids and amides. Arch Pharm 310: 394–403

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tchicaloff M, Mitroi G (1975) Priifung des neuen Antiepileptikums G385. Z EEG EMG 6: 133–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Theobald W, Kunz HA (1963) Zur Pharmakologie des Antiepileptikums 5-carbamyl-5H- dibenzo[b,f]azepin. Arzneimittelforsch 13: 122–125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tinney FJ, Sanchez JP, Nogas JA (1974) Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 2,3- dihydro-l/Rhieno[2,3-e][l,4]diazepines. J Med Chem 17: 624–630

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toman JEP, Swinyard EA, Goodman LS (1946) Properties of maximal seizures, and their alteration by anticonvulsant drugs and other agents. J Neurophysiol 9: 231–239

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Traversa U, De Angelis L, Vertua R (1977) On the hypnogenic and anticonvulsant activities of demethyldiazepam and chlordemethyldiazepam: time-effect relations. J Pharm Pharmacol 29: 504–506

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uno H, Kurokawa M, Masuda Y, Nishimura H (1979) Studies on 3-substituted 1,2-ben- zisoxazole derivatives. 6.Syntheses of 3-(sulfamoylmethyl)-l,2-benzisoxazole derivatives and their anticonvulsant activities. J Med Chem 22: 180–183

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vida JA (1977) Anticonvulsants. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Vida JA, Gerry EH (1977) Cyclic ureides. In: Vida J A (ed) Anticonvulsants. Academic, New York, p 151

    Google Scholar 

  • Vida JA, Wilber WR, Reinhard JF (1971) Anticonvulsants. 2. Acyloxymethyl and halo- methyl derivatives of barbituric acid and diphenylhydantoin. J Med Chem 14: 190–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Vida J A, Hooker ML, Reinhard JF ( 1973 a) Anticonvulsants. 3. Phenobarbital and mephobarbital derivatives. J Med Chem 16: 602–605

    Google Scholar 

  • Vida JA, Hooker ML, Samour CM ( 1973 b) Anticonvulsants. 4. Metharbital and phenobarbital derivatives. J Med Chem 16: 1378–1381

    Google Scholar 

  • Vida JA, O’Dea MH, Samour CM, Reinhard JF (1975) Anticonvulsants. 5. Derivatives of 242 5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin and 5,5-diphenylhydantoin. J Med Chem 18: 383–385

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker KAM, Wallach MB, Hirschfeld DR (1981) l-(Naphthylalkyl)-l//-imidazole derivatives, a new class of anticonvulsant agents. J Med Chem 24: 67–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Waser PG, Ganz AJ, Pfirrmann RW ( 1977 a) Die Entwicklung neuer Antiepileptika. I. An- tikonvulsive Wirkung von Af-(p-Sulfamoylphenyl)-succinimid-Derivaten. Arzneimit- telforsch 27: 1942–1953

    Google Scholar 

  • Waser PG, Ganz A J, Pfirrmann RW ( 1977 b) Die Entwicklung neuer Antiepileptika. II. Antikonvulsive Wirkung einiger Hydantoin-Derivate. Arzneimittelforsch 27: 2125–2128

    Google Scholar 

  • Waser PG, Ganz AJ, Pfirrmann RW (1977 c) Die Entwicklung neuer Antiepileptika. III. Antikonvulsive Wirkung einiger l-(/?-Sulfamoylphenyl)-imidazolidinon-5-Deriva- te. Arzneimittelforsch 27: 2336–2341

    Google Scholar 

  • Waser PG, Ganz AJ, Pfirrmann RW (1978) Die Entwicklung neuer Antiepileptika. IV. An-tikonvulsive Wirkung einiger l-(N-Sulfamoyl-phenyl)-pyrrolidin-2-on-Derivate. Arz-neimittelforsch 28: 952–956

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weese H (1932) Pharmakologie des Prominal. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 58:696 Winstead MB, Hamel CR (1965) Substitution in the hydantoin ring. II. N-3-acetic acid derivatives. J Med Chem 8: 120–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Winstead MB, Barr DE, Hamel CR, Renn DJ, Parker HI, Neumann RM (1965) Substitution in the hydantoin ring. I. N-3-aminomethyl derivatives. J Med Chem 8: 117–120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witiak DT, Vishnuvajjala BR, Cook WL, Minatelli JA, Gupta TK, Gerald MC (1977) 3,4- Methylenedioxyphenyl-, isopropylidenedioxyphenyl-, and benzyl-substituted chiral 2- aminosuccinimides and 3-aminopyrrolidines. Stereoselective investigations of potential anti-parkinsonian, antipsychotic, and anticonvulsant activities. J Med Chem 20: 801–805

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann FT, Burgemeister BB (1958) A new drug for petit mal epilepsy. Neurology 8: 769–775

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schäfer, H. (1985). Chemical Constitution and Pharmacological Effect. In: Frey, HH., Janz, D. (eds) Antiepileptic Drugs. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 74. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69518-6_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69518-6_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-69520-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-69518-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics