Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Contrast Media for Imaging of the Central Nervous System

  • Chapter
Radiocontrast Agents

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 73))

Abstract

The desire to image the brain and spinal cord has been motivated by two major needs: to depict the pathology and to assess the pathophysiology of the structures which, after the First World War, became amenable to surgical interventions. The development of contrast media (CM) has brought increasingly safer compounds, which are increasingly devoid of side effects and capable of visualizing both the vasculature and the cavities of the CNS. Computed tomography (CT) further extended the diagnostic capabilities of CM. Thus, a CT-localized contrast enhancement indicates the barrier breakage since water-soluble CM normally do not pass the blood-brain barrier CT also revived the use of negative CM (i.e., intrathecal nonopaque gases) and prompted experimentation with freely diffusable positive contrast-enhancing agents exhibiting general affinity for the lipids of the CNS. Inhalation of 70% xenon increases the density of the gray matter by 12 HU and that of the white matter by 20 HU; it provides excellent visualization of both brain [1] and spinal cord [2]. The disadvantages of xenon, i.e., its high cost and systemic and anesthetic effects, may well be outweighed by its potential for detecting pathological conditions of the CNS and regional blood flow disturbances. New high-resolution CT scanner systems capable of rapid serial data collection are making dynamic studies possible [3,4].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Coin CG, Coin JT (1980) Contrast enhancement by xenon gas in computed tomography of the spinal cord and brain: preliminary observations. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4:217–221

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Pullicino P, du Boulay GH, Kendall BE (1979) Xenon enhancement for computed tomography of the spinal cord. Neuroradiology 18:63–66

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Keltz F, Hilal SK, Hartwell P, Joseph PM (1978) Computed tomographic measurement of the xenon brain-blood partition coefficient and implications for regional cerebral blood flow: a preliminary report. Radiology 127:385–392

    Google Scholar 

  4. Drayer BP, Gur D, Solfson SK, Cook EE (1980) Experimental xenon enhancement with CT imaging: cerebral applications. AJR 134:39–44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Drayer B, Coleman E, Bates M et al. (1980) Non-radioactive iodoantipyrine enhanced cranial computed tomography: preliminary observations. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4:186–190

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Phelps ME, Kuhl DE, Mazziotta JO (1981) A metabolic mapping of the brain’s response to visual stimulation: studies in humans. Science 211:1445–1448

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Hawkes RC, Holland GN, Moore WS, Worthington BS (1980) Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging — an overview. Radiography 40:253–255

    Google Scholar 

  8. Partain CL, James EA, Watson TF et al. (1980) Nuclear magnetic resonance and computed tomography. Radiology 136:767–770

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Herfkens R, Davis PL, Crooks LE et al. (1981) NMR imaging of the abnormal live rat and correlation with tissue characteristics. Radiology 141:211–218

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Hoey GB, Adams MD, Robbins MS, Dean RT, White DH, Rizzole RR, Monzyk MA, Bosworth ME, Wolf GL (1984) Factors in the design of NMR imaging agents. Invest Radiol 19.S150

    Google Scholar 

  11. Speck U, Gries H, Klieger E, Mutzel W, Press WR, Weinmann HJ (1984) New contrast media developed at Schering AG: first experience. Invest Radiol 19:S144

    Google Scholar 

  12. Huber P (1982) Cerebral angiography. Thieme-Stratton, New York

    Google Scholar 

  13. Krayenbuhl HA, Yasargil MG (1968) Cerebral angiography. Lippincott, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  14. Osborn AG (1980) Introduction to cerebral angiography. Harper & Row Hagerstown

    Google Scholar 

  15. Newton TH, Potts DG (eds) (1974) Radiology of the skull and brain. Angiography, vols 2,3. Mosby, St. Louis

    Google Scholar 

  16. Abrams HL (1971) Angiography, 2 Little Brown, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  17. Djindjian R (1970) Angiography of the spinal cord. University Park Press, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  18. Doppman JL, Di Chiro G, Ommaya A (1969) Selective arteriography of the spinal cord. Green, St. Louis

    Google Scholar 

  19. Perovitch M (1981) Radiological evaluation of the spinal cord. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  20. Theron J, Moret J (1978) Spinal phlebography. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  21. Knoefel PK (ed) (1971) Radiocontrast agents. Pergamon, New York (International encyclopedia of pharmacology and therapeutics, sect 76, vol 2)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Newton TH, Potts DG (eds) (1974) Radiology of skull and brain. Mosby, St. Louis

    Google Scholar 

  23. Masy SI (1950) Expérience personnelle avec le di-iodostéarate d’éthyle dans l’artériographie. Acta Radiol 34:350–356

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Ulano HB, Ascanio G, Rice V, Ohern R, Houmas E, Oppenheimer MJ (1970) Effects of angiographic contrast media and hypertonic saline solutions on cerebral venous outflow in autoregulating brains. Invest Radiol 5:518–533

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Lynch PR, Harrington GJ, Michie C (1969) Cardiovascular reflexes associated with cerebral angiography. Invest Radiol 4:156–160

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Higgins CB, Schmidt WS (1979) Identification and evaluation of the contribution of the chemoreflex in the hemodynamic response to intracarotid administration of contrast materials in the conscious dog: comparison with the response to nicotine. Invest Radiol 14:438–446

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Morris TW, Francis M, Fischer HW (1979) A comparison of the cardiovascular responses to carotid injections of ionic and nonionic contrast media. Invest Radiol 14:217–223

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Hilal SK (1974) Cerebral hemodynamics assessed by angiography. In: Newton TH, Potts DG (eds) Radiology of the skull and brain. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 1067–1085

    Google Scholar 

  29. Lindgren P, Tornell G (1958) Blood pressure and heart rate responses in carotid angiography with sodium acetrizoate. Acta Radiol 50:160–174

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Lindgren P (1959) Carotid angiography with tri-iodobenzoic acid derivatives: a comparative experimental study of the effects on the systemic circulation in cats. Acta Radiol 51:353–362

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Lindgren P, Tornell G (1958) Blood pressure and heart rate responses in carotid angiography with sodium acetrizoate (Triurol): an experimental study in cats. Acta Radiol 50:160–174

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Hilal SK (1966) Hemodynamic responses in the cerebral vessels to angiographic contrast media. Acta Radiol [Diagn] (Stockh) 5:211–231

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hilal SK (1966) Hemodynamic changes associated with intra-arterial injection of contrast media. Radiology 86:615–633

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Broman T, Olsson O (1948) The tolerance of cerebral blood vessels to a contrast medium of the diotrast group. Acta Radiol 335:25–44

    Google Scholar 

  35. Gonsette RE (1973) Biologic tolerance of the central nervous system to metrizamide. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 335:25–44

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Casady RL, Kitten GT, Gradley IM, Sterrette PR (1978) Sites of cerebrovascular injury induced by radiographic contrast media. Am J Anat 153:477–482

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Gonsette RE (1978) Animal experiments and clinical experiences in cerebral angiography with a new contrast agent (ioxaglic acid) with a low hyperosmolality. Ann Radiol (Paris) 21:271–273

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Rappaport SI, Thompson HK, Bidinger JM (1974) Equiosmolal opening of the blood-brain barrier in the rabbit by different contrast media. Acta Radiol [Diagn] (Stockh) 15:21–32

    Google Scholar 

  39. Waldron RL, Bridenbaugh RB, Dampsey EW (1974) Effect of angiographic contrast media at cellular level in the brain: hypertonic vs. chemical action. Am J Roentgenol 122:469–476

    Google Scholar 

  40. Lundervold A, Engeset A (1969) Electroencephalographic and electrocardiographic studies of complications in cerebral angiography. Acta Radiol [Diagn] (Stockh) 9:399–406

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Labauger R, Cailar J, Xhardez M et al. (1968) Cortical blindness after cerebral angiography: reversibility under hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Rev Neurol (Paris) 118:283–289

    Google Scholar 

  42. Studdard WE, Davis DO, Young SW (1981) Cortical blindness after cerebral angiography. A case report. J Neurosurg 54:240–244

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Bleeker HE (1978) Gilles de la Tourette syndrome with direct evidence of organicity. Psychiatr Clin (Basel) 11:147–154

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Wales LR, Nov AA (1981) Transient global amnesia: complication of cerebral angiography. AJNR 2:275–277

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kachel R, Ritter H, Schiffmann R, Schumann E (1980) Complication following cerebral angiography: report on 4,181 cerebral angiographies. Zentralbl Chir 105:504–512

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Mani RL, Eisenberg RL (1978) Complications of catheter cerebral arteriography analysis of 5,000 procedures. III. Assessment of arteries injected, contrast medium used, duration of procedure, and age of patient. AJR 131:871–874

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Dempsey PT, Goree TA, Jimenez TP, McCord GM (1975) The effect of contrast media on patient motion during cerebral angiography. Radiology 115:207–209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Kindt GW (1971/72) Autoregulation of spinal cord blood flow, cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure. Eur Neurol 6:19–23

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Sandler AN, Tator CH (1976) Review of the measurements of normal spinal cord blood flow. Brain Res 118:181–194

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Ohno K, Pettigrew KD, Rapaport SJ (1979) Local cerebral blood flow in the conscious rat as measured with 14C-antipyrine, 14C-iododantipyrine and 3H-nicotine. Stroke 10:62–67

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Ducker TB, Salcman M, Perot PL Jr, Ballantine D (1978) Experimental spinal cord trauma, I: correlation of blood flow, tissue oxygen and neurologic status in dog. Surg Neurol 10:60–63

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Ducker TB, Salcman M, Lucas JT, Garrison WB, Perot PL Jr (1978) Experimental spinal cord trauma, II: blood flow, tissue oxygen, evoked potentials in both paretic and plegic monkeys. Surg Neurol 10:64–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Ducker TB, Salcman M, Daniell HB (1978) Experimental spinal cord trauma, III: therapeutic effect of immobilization and pharmacologic agents. Surg Neurol 10:71–76

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Oishi M, Niimi T, Takagi S, Takeoka T, Seki T, Toyoda MN, Gotoh F (1978) Chemical control of cerebral circulation. Modification by a new vasodilator (YC-93). J Neurol Sci 36:403–410

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Kistler JP, Lees RS, Candia G, Zervas NT, Crowell RM, Ojeman RG (1979) Intravenous nitroglycerin in experimental cerebral vasospasm: a preliminary report. Stroke 10:26–33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Bories J, Merland JJ, Thiebot J (1977) The intra-arterial injection of Iskedyl for hyperselective vascular exploration. Neuroradiology 14:33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Jeppsson PG, Olin T (1972) Lesions of the blood-brain barrier following selective injection of contrast media into the vertebral artery in rabbits. Acta Radiol [Diagn] (Stockh) 12:271–282

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Epsen F (1966) Spinal cord lesion as a complication of abdominal aortography. Acta Radiol [Diagn] (Stockh) 4:47–61

    Google Scholar 

  59. di Chiro G (1974) Unintentional spinal cord arteriography: a warning. Radiology 112:231–233

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Feigelson HH, Ravin HA (1965) Transverse myelitis following selective bronchial arteriography. Radiology 85:663–665

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Kardjiev V, Semyonov A, Chankov T (1974) Etiology, pathogenesis and prevention of spinal cord lesions in selective angiography of the bronchial and intercostal arteries. Radiology 112:81–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Henson RA, Parsons M (1967) Ischaemic lesions of the spinal cord: a illustrated review. Q J Med 36:205–222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Skalpe IO, Lundervold A, Tjorstad K (1980) Complications of cerebral angiography: comparing metrizamide (Amipaque) and meglumine metrizoate (Isopaque Cerebral). Neuroradiology 19:67–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Salvesen S (1973) Local toxicity of metrizamide on intravascular injection. Effect on kidney, liver, and blood-brain barrier. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 335:166–174

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Skalpe IO, Lundervold A, Tjorstad K (1977) Cerebral angiography with non-ionic (metrizamide) and ionic (meglumide metrizoate) water soluble contrast media. A comparative study with double-blind technique. Neuroradiology 14:15–19

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Andrew E, Dahlstrom K, Sveen K, Renaa T (1981) Amipaque (Metrizamide) in vascular use and use in body cavities: a survey of the initial clinical trials. Invest Radiol 16:455–465

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Grainger RG (1979) A clinical trial of a new low osmolality contrast medium. Sodium and meglumine ioxaglate (Hexabrix) compared with meglumine iothalamate (Con-ray) for carotid arteriography. Br J Radiol 52:781–786

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Aulie A (1980) Effect of Iohexol, Metrizamide, and Ioxaglate on the blood-brain barrier. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 362:13–16

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Siefert HM, Press WR, Speck U (1980) Tolerance to Iohexol after intracisternal, intracerebral and intraarterial injection in the rat. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 362:77–81

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Skalpe IO (1981) The toxicity of the nonionic water soluble contrast media, Iohexol and Metrizamide (Amipaque), in selected vertebral angiography. Neuroradiology 20:237–239

    Google Scholar 

  71. Amundsen P, Dugstad G, Presthus J, Sveen K (1983) Randomized double-blind cross-over study of Iohexol and Amipaque in cerebral angiography. AJNR 4:342–343

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Bryan RN, Miller SL, Roehm JOF Jr, Weatherall PT (1983) Neuroangiography with Iohexol. AJNR 4:344–346

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Hindmarsh T, Bergstrand G, Ericson K, Olivecrona H (1983) Comparative double-blind investigation of meglumine metrizoate, metrizamide, and iohexol in carotid angiography. AJNR 4:347–349

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Andrew E, Shaw D, Sveen K, Holager T, Dahlstrom K (1984) Adverse reactions with iohexol in the vascular field. Experiences from clinical trials. Invest Radiol 19:S143–S144

    Google Scholar 

  75. Ingstrup HM, Hauge P (1982) Clinical testing of Iohexol, Conray meglumine and Amipaque in cerebral angiography. Neuroradiology 23:75–79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Drayer B, Ross M, Allen S, France R, Bates M (1984) Iotrol myelography: initial clinical trial. Invest Radiol 19:S141

    Google Scholar 

  77. Alexander JC, Newman TJ, Sudilovsky A, Meyer JH (1984) Clinical experience with iopamidol in the United States. Invest Radiol 19:S146

    Google Scholar 

  78. Speck U, Siefert H-M, Klink G (1980) Contrast media and pain in peripheral arteriography. Invest Radiol 15:S335–S339

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Bacarini L, de Nicola T, Gasparini D, Orlando P, Vassallo A (1982) Iopamidol (B 15,000), a nonionic water-soluble contrast medium for neuroradiology. Part II: results of a double-blind study of the lumbar epidural venous plexuses. Neuroradiology 23:147–152

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Molyneux AJ, Sheldon PWE (1982) A randomized blind trial of Iopamidol and meglumine calcium metrizoate (Triosil 280, Isopaque Cerebral) in cerebral angiography. Br J Radiol 55:117–119

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Muetzel W, Speck U (1983) Pharmacological profile of Iopromide. AJNR 4:350–352

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Skalpe IO (1983) The toxicity of non-ionic water-soluble monomeric and dimeric contrast media in selective vertebral angiography. An experimental study in rabbits. Neuroradiology 24:219–223

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Dandy WE (1919) Roentgenography of the brain after the injection of air into the spinal canal. Ann Surg 70:397

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Dandy WE (1925) The diagnosis and localization of spinal cord tumors. Ann Surg 81:223

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Jacobaeus HC (1921) On insufflation of air into the spinal canal for diagnostic purposes in cases of tumors in the spinal canal. Acta Med Scand 55:555

    Google Scholar 

  86. Petrovitch M (1981) Radiologic evaluation of the spinal cord. CRC, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  87. Sackett JF, Strother CM (1979) New techniques in myelography. Harper and Row, Hagerstown

    Google Scholar 

  88. Shapiro R (1975) Myelography, 3rd edn. Year Book Medical Publishing, Chap. 14

    Google Scholar 

  89. Kido DK, Schoene W, Baker RA, Rumbaugh CL (1978) Metrizamide epidurography in dogs. Radiology 128:119

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Bromagh PR, Bramwell RSB, Catchlove RFH et al. (1978) Peridurography with metrizamide: animal and human studies. Radiology 128:123

    Google Scholar 

  91. Hatten HP (1980) Metrizamide, lumbar epidurography with Seldinger technique through the sacral notch and selective nerve root injection. Neuroradiology 19:19

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Capesius P, Babin AE (1978) Radiculosaccography with water soluble contrast media. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  93. Collins HR (1975) An evaluation of cervical and lumbar discography. Clin Orthop 107:133

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Haughton VM, Correa-Paz F (1977) Double contrast myelography. Invest Radiol 12:552

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Servo A, Halonen V (1979) Double-contrast ventriculography with oxygen and water-soluble positive contrast medium, metrizamide (Amipaque). J Neurosurg 51:211

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Drayer BP, Rosenbaum AF, Higman HB (1977) Cerebrospinal fluid imaging using serial metrizamide CT cisternography. Neuroradiology 13:7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Howland WJ, Curry JL, Butter AK (1963) Pantopaque arachnoiditis: experimental study of blood as a potentiating agent. Radiology 80:489

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Young DA, Burney RE II (1971) Complication of myelography — transection and withdrawal of a nerve filament by the needle. N Engl J Med 285:156

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Sinclair DJ, Ritchie GW (1972) Morbidity in post-myelogram patients. A survey of 100 patients. J Can Assoc Radiol 23:278

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Tourtellotte WW, Haber AF, Heller GL, Somer JE (1964) Post-lumbar puncture headaches. Thomas, Springfield

    Google Scholar 

  101. Baker RA, Hillman BJ, McLennan JE, Strand RD, Kaufman SM (1978) Sequelae of metrizamide myelography in 200 examinations. Am J Radiol 130:499

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Levine MC, White DW (1974) Chronic postmyelographic headache. A result of persistent epidural cerebrospinal fluid fistula. JAMA 229:684

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Goff H, Goldstein AS, Ruskin R, Leopold HH (1971) Chronic post myelogram headache. Arch Neurol 25:169

    Google Scholar 

  104. Lieberman LM, Tourtellotte WW, Newkirk TA (1971) Prolonged post-lumbar puncture cerebrospinal fluid leakage from lumbar subarachnoid space demonstrated by radioisotope myelography. Neurology 21:925

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Harris LM, Harmel MH (1953) The comparative incidence of post lumbar puncture headache following spinal anesthesia administered through 20 and 24 gauge needles. Anesthesiology 14:390

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Hatfalvi BI (1977) The dynamics of post-spinal headache. Headache 17:64

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Wiggli U, Oberson R (1975) Incidence of extra-arachnoid discharge following lumbar puncture. Schweiz Med Wochschr 105:235

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Kieffer SA, Binet EF, Esquerra JV et al. (1978) Contrast agents for myelography: clinical and radiological evaluation of Amipaque and Pantopaque. Radiology 129:695

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Strother CM (1979) Adverse reactions. In: Sackett JF, Strother CM (eds) New techniques in myelography. Harper and Row, Hagerstown, p 196

    Google Scholar 

  110. McLennan JE (1973) Prevention of post-myelographic and post-pneumoencephalographic headache by single dose intrathecal methyl-prednisolone acetate. Headache 13:39

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Ahlgren P (1980) Early and late side-effects of water soluble contrast media for myelography and cisternography: a short review. Invest Radiol 15:264

    Google Scholar 

  112. Eldevik OP, Haughton VM, Ho KC, Williams AL, Unger GF, Larson SJ (1978) Ineffectiveness of prophylactic intrathecal methylprednisolone in myelography with aqueous media. Radiology 129:99

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Dullerud R, Morland TJ (1976) Adhesive arachnoiditis after lumbar radiculography with Dimer-X and Depo-Medrol. Radiology 119:153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Hammer B, Lackner W (1980) Iopamidol, a new non-ionic hydrosoluble contrast medium for neuroradiology. Neuroradiology 19:119

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Eldevik OP, Haughton VM, Sasse EA (1980) Elimination of aqueous myelographic contrast media from the subarachnoid space. Invest Radiol 15:260

    Google Scholar 

  116. Speck U, Schmidt R, Volkhardt V, Vogelsang H (1978) The effect of position on the passage of metrizamide (amipaque), meglumine iocarmate (Dimer X) and ioserinate (Myelographin) into the blood after lumbar myelography. Neuroradiology 14:251

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Gutterman P, Bezier HS (1978) Prophylaxis of post-myelogram headaches. J Neurosurg 49:869

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Zenglein JP, Baldauf E, Wasser P (1978) Effect of tiapride on the side effects of cerebrospinal fluid depletions in spinal puncture, pneumoencephalography and air myelography. Sem Hop Paris 54:413

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Eldevik OP, Haughton VM, Sasse EA (1980) The effect of dehydration on the elimination of aqueous contrast media from the subarachnoid space. Invest Radiol 15:155

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Eldevik OP, Nakken KO, Haughton VM (1978) The effect of dehydration on the side effects of metrizamide myelography. Radiology 129:715

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Eldevik OP, Haughton VM (1978) The effect of hydration on the acute and chronic complications of aqueous myelography. An experimental study. Radiology 129:713

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Lieberman P, Siegle RL, Kaplan RJ, Hashimoto K (1976) Chronic urticaria and intermittent anaphylaxis. Reactions to Iophendylate. JAMA 236:1495

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Hurwitz SR, Suydam M, Steinberg A (1980) Aspiration of metrizamide following lumbar myelography. Radiology 136:789

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Irstam L, Sellden U (1975) Side effects after lumbar myelography with dimeglumine iocarmate (Dimer-X). Further experiences. Acta Radiol [Diagn] (Stockh) 16:449

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Grepe A, Widen L (1973) Neurotoxic effect of intracranial subarachnoid application of metrizamide and meglumine iocarmate. An experimental application in dogs in neuroleptic analgesia. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 335:102

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Hindmarsh T, Grepe A, Widen L (1975) Metrizamide-phenothiazine interaction. Report of a case with seizures following myelography. Acta Radiol [Diagn] (Stockh) 16:129

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Sovak M, Ranganathan R, Speck U (1982) Nonionic dimer: development and initial testing of an intrathecal contrast agent. Radiology 142:115

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Sovak M, Ranganathan R (1982) Novel amino-dioxepane intermediates for the synthesis of new non-ionic contrast media. US patent no 4,341,756

    Google Scholar 

  129. Belloni G, Bonaldi G, Moschini L, Quilici N (1981) Cervical myelography with iopamidol. Neuroradiology 21:97

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Belenger J, Simons M, Jean-Mart L, Davis A (1971) Evolution de la neuralographie. J Belge Radiol 54:347

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Piper H (1929) Die Entwicklung der Myelographie. Roentgenpraxis 154:275

    Google Scholar 

  132. Sicard JA, Forestier A (1926) Roentgenologic explorations of the central nervous system with iodized oil (Lipiodol). Arch Neurol Psychiatr 16:420

    Google Scholar 

  133. Odine M, Runstrom G, Lindblom AF (1928) Iodized oils: an aid to the diagnosis of lesions of spinal cord and a contribution to the knowledge of adhesive circumscribed meningitis. Acta Radiol [Diagn] [Suppl] 7:1

    Google Scholar 

  134. Lindblom AF (1931) The effects of various iodized oils on the meninges. Acta Med Scand 76:395

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Jaeger R (1950) Irritating effect of iodized vegetable oils on the brain and spinal cord when divided into small particles. Arch Neurol Psychol 64:715

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Hughes R (1953) Chronic changes in the central nervous system following Thorotrast ventriculography. Proc R Soc Med 46:191

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Nosik WA, Mortenson OA (1938) Myelography with Thorotrast and subsequent removal by forced drainage: an experimental study, preliminary report. Am J Roentgenol 39:727

    Google Scholar 

  138. Boyd JT, Langlands AO, Maccabe JJ (1968) Long-term hazards of Thorotrast. Br Med J 2:517

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Arnell S, Lidström F (1931) Myelography with Skiodan (Abrodil). Acta Radiol 12:287

    Google Scholar 

  140. Lefft HH, Maclean JA Jr (1942) Visualization of the brain and spinal cord with diiodothyrosine-gelatin contrast medium, including observation on the fate of this material. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 48:343

    Google Scholar 

  141. Schober R (1964) Roentgen-Kontrastmittel und Liquor-Raum. Springer, Berlin Göttingen Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  142. Strain WH (1971) Radiocontrast agents for neuroradiology. In: Knoefel PK (ed) Encyclopedia of contrast media, vol II. Pergamon, Oxford, p 369

    Google Scholar 

  143. Kemp JD (1950) Contrast myelography: past and present. Radiology 54:477

    Google Scholar 

  144. Kieffer SA, Peterson HO, Gold LHA, Binet EF (1970) Evaluation of dilute pantopaque for large-volume myelography. Radiology 96:69

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Greenberg MK, Vance SC (1980) Focal seizure disorder complicating iodophendylate myelography (letter). Lancet 1:312

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Jones DF (1980) Postoperative convulsions due to iophendylate (Myodil). Report of a case and review of the causes of postoperative convulsions. Anaesthesia 35:50

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Cristi G, Scialfa G, Di Pierro G, Tassoni A (1974) Visual loss: a rare complication following oil myelography. Case report and review of the literature. Neuroradiology 7:287

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Occhiogrosso M, Troccoli V, Vailati G (1979) A rare complication following iodized myelography: late blindness. Case report. Acta Neurol (Napoli) 34:76

    Google Scholar 

  149. Perpetuo FO, Hurtado PS (1979) Diabetes insipidus after myelography. Report of a case. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 37:85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Lee SH (1976) Venous intravasation of pantopaque during myelography. Report of two cases and a review of the literature. J Can Assoc Radiol 27:111

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Irstam L, Rosencrantz M (1973) Water-soluble contrast media and adhesive arachnoiditis. I. Reinvestigation of nonoperated cases. Acta Radiol [Diagn] (Stockh) 14:497

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. King AY, Khodadad G (1979) Intravasation of pantopaque during myelography. Surg Neurol 11:3

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Jensen F, Reske-Nielsen E, Ratjen E (1979) Obstructive hydrocephalus following Pantopaque myelography. Neuroradiology 18:139

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Kaufman P, Jeans WD (1976) Reactions to iophendylate in relation to multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2:1000

    Google Scholar 

  155. Luce JC, Leith W, Burrage WS (1951) Pantopaque meningitis due to hypersensitivity. Radiology 57:878

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Burton CV (1978) Lumbosacral arachnoiditis. Spine 3:24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Barsoum AH, Cannillo KL (1980) Thoracic constrictive arachnoiditis after Pantopaque myelography: report of two cases. Neurosurgery 6:314

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. White AG (1972) Prolonged elevation of serum protein-bound iodine following myelography with Myodil. Br J Radiol 45:21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Ferry DJ Jr, Gooding R, Standefer JC, Wiese GM (1973) Effect of Pantopaque myelography on cerebrospinal fluid fractions. J Neurosurg 38:167

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Rinaldi I, Gendron FG, Reach WF Jr, Harris WO Jr, Kopp JE, Reagan TF, Botton JE (1979) Contamination of Pantopaque by glass. Surg Neurol 11:295

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Mindell HJ (1976) On the use of Pantopaque in renal cysts. Radiology 119:747

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Raskin MM, Roen SA, Viamonte M Jr (1975) Effect of intracystic Pantopaque on renal cysts. J Urol 114:678

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Vestby GW (1971) Percutaneous treatment of renal cysts. The triple contrast or Pantopaque method. Acta Radiol [Diagn] (Stockh) 11:529

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Bergeron RT, Rumbaugh CL, Fang H, Cravioto H (1971) Experimental Pantopaque arachnoiditis in the monkey. Radiology 99:95

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Klee JG, Praestholm J (1975) Comparison of iothalamate meglumine, metrizamide and iodophendylate in cerebral ventriculography. A clinical, radiological, and histopathological study in the rat. Invest Radiol 10:244

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Gjerris A, Praestholm J, Klinken L (1978) Comparison of metrizamide and iodophendylate for cerebral ventriculography: a long-term ultrastructural study of the ventricular wall in the rat. Neuroradiology 15:79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Praestholm J, Klee JG, Klinken L (1976) Histological changes in the central nervous system following intraventricular administration of oil-soluble contrast media. An experimental study in the rat. Radiology 119:391

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Yuen TG, Agnew WF, Rumbaugh CL (1976) Ultrastructural effects of Conray 60 and Pantopaque on ependyma and choroid plexus following intraventricular injections. Invest Radiol 11:112

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Liu MS, Dobben GD, Szanto PB, Alrenga DP, Khin U, Arambulo AS, Forrest R (1976) Myelography with perfluoroctylbromide. Comparison with Pantopaque. Invest Radiol 11:319

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Brahme F, Sovak M, Powell H, Long DM (1976) Perfluorocarbon bromides as contrast media in radiography of the central nervous system. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 347:347–459

    Google Scholar 

  171. Newton BN (1976) Iodine-containing organic carbonates as investigative radiopaque compounds. J Med Chem 19:1362

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Newton BN (1978) Structure toxicity relationships of iodinated aromatic carbonates and related compounds. J Pharm Sci 67:1154

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Ahlgren P, Praestholm J (1969) Complications of myelography with Methiodal. Nord Med 82:1600

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Ahlgren P (1973) Long term side effects after myelography with water soluble contrast media: Conturex, Conray Meglumin 282 and Dimer-X. Neuroradiology 6:206

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Skalpe IO (1976) Adhesive arachnoiditis following lumbar radiculography with water-soluble contrast agents. A clinical report with special reference to metrizamide. Radiology 121:647

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Funkquist B, Obel N (1961) Effect on the spinal cord of subarachnoid injection of water-soluble contrast media. Acta Radiol 56:449

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Betoulieres P, Temple JP, Janicot JY (1960) La radiculographie lombo-sacrée au Methiodal. J Radiol Electrol Med Nucl 41:447

    Google Scholar 

  178. Ferrand J, D’Eshouges JR, Barsotti J (1961) La radiculographie lombo-sacrée par substance iodée hydrosoluble et resorbable. Expansion scientifique française, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  179. Harvey JP, Freiberger RF, Werner G (1961) Clinical and experimental observations with methiodal, an absorbable myelographic contrast agent. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2:610

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Ledoux-Lebard G, Heitz F, Laurent YM (1965) Incidents et accidents en myelographie. In: Fischgold H, Wackenheim A (eds) La radiographie des formations intrara-chidiennes. Masson, Paris, p 203

    Google Scholar 

  181. Lindblom K (1947) Complications of myelography by Abrodil. Acta Radiol 28:69

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Monroe D (1956) Lumbar and sacral compression radiculitis. N Engl J Med 254:243

    Google Scholar 

  183. Woringer E, Baumgartner J, Braun JP (1955) Le diagnostic de la hernie discale lombo-sacrée par la myélographie au mono-iodo-methane sulfonate de sodium. Nouv Presse Med 63:1584

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Dietz H, Ulbricht W (1968) Zur Frage der Potenzstörungen nach lumbaler Myelographie mit positiven Kontrastmitteln. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 19:109

    Google Scholar 

  185. Praestholm J, Olgaard K (1972) Comparative histological investigation of the sequelae of experimental myelography using sodium methiodal and meglumine iothalamate. Neuroradiology 4:14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Albertson K, Doppman JL (1974) Meglumine diatrizoate v. iothalamate: comparison of seizure-inducing potential. Br J Radiol 47:265

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Melartin E, Tuohimaa PJ, Dabb R (1970) Neurotoxicity of iothalamate and diatrizoates. I. Significance of concentration and cation. Invest Radiol 5:13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Boisen E, Lindholmer E (1971) Serious complications from myelography with meglumine iothalamate. An account of 324 lumbar myelographies together with a description of 2 cases of severe leg cramp. Nord Med 85:520

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Campbell RC, Campbell JA, Heimburger RF et al. (1964) Ventriculography and myelography with absorbable radiopaque medium. Radiology 82:286

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Heimburger RF, Kaisbeck JE, Campbell RL et al. (1966) Positive contrast cerebral ventriculography using water soluble media. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 29:281

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Praestholm J, Lester J (1972) Complications of myelography with Conray meglumin. Acta Radiol [Diagn] (Stockh) 13:860

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Oftedal SI, Sawhney BB (1970) Toxic effects of water-soluble contrast media for myelography. A polygraphic study in rabbits. Acta Neurol Scand [Suppl 43] 46:273

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Weems TD, Cashion EL, Cunningham DL (1977) Microscopic effects of meglumine iothalamate. Ventriculography in canines. Neuroradiology 13:151

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Slatis P, Autio E, Suolanen J, Norrback S (1974) Hyperosmolality of the cerebrospinal fluid as a cause of adhesive arachnoiditis in lumbar myelography. Acta Radiol [Diagn](Stockh) 15:619

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Irstam L, Sundstrom R, Sigstedt B (1974) Lumbar myelography and adhesive arachnoiditis. Acta Radiol [Diagn] (Stockh) 15:356

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Skalpe IO (1976) Adhesive arachnoiditis following lumbar radiculography with water soluble contrast agents. Radiology 121:647

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Shaw MM, Miller JD, Steven JL (1975) Effect of intracranial pressure of meglumine iothalamate ventriculography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 38:1022

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Skalpe IO (1973) Myelography with metrizamide, meglumine iothalamate, and meglumine iocarmate. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 335:57

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Oftedal SI, Kayed K (1973) Epileptogenic effect of water soluble contrast media: an experimental investigation in rabbits. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 335:45

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Hilal SK (1966) Hemodynamic responses in the cerebral vessels to angiography contrast media. Acta Radiol 5:211

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Suzuki S, Kawaguchi S, Mita R, Iwabuchi T (1976) Ventriculography with methyl-glucamine iocarmate (Dimer-X). Experimental and clinical study. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 33:219

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Suzuki S, Kawaguchi S, Mita R, Ito K, Iwabuchi T (1975) Ventriculography with methylglucamine iocarmate (Dimer-X). Experimental and clinical study. Neurol Surg (Tokyo) 3:849

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Gonsette R (1971) An experimental and clinical assessment of water soluble contrast medium in neuroradiology: a new medium, Dimer-X. Clin Radiol 22:44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Ahlgren P (1972) Dimer-X. A new contrast medium for lumbar myelography without spinal anaesthesia. Acta Radiol [Diagn] (Stockh) 13: 753

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Hickel D, Reisner K, Dinkloh H (1979) A comparison of the side effects of water-soluble contrast media for lumbar myelography. ROEFO 130:470

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Usbeck W, Assmann H (1977) Value of Dimer-X myelography in the diagnosis of lumbar intravertebral disk lesions. Zentralbl Neurochir 38:165

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Nishikawa M, Yonekawa Y (1976) Dimer-X in the intracranial subarachnoid space — its toxicity. Neurol Surg (Tokyo) 4:543

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Kun M, Alwasiak J, Gronska J (1978) Morphological changes in the CNS after Dimer X ventriculography. Neuroradiology 15:99

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Haughton VM, Ho K-C (1980) Arachnoiditis from myelography with iopamidol, metrizamide and iocarmate compared in the animal model. Invest Radiol 15:267

    Google Scholar 

  210. Haughton VM, Ho K-C, Larson SJ, Unger GF, Correa-Paz F (1978) Comparison of arachnoiditis produced by meglumine iocarmate and metrizamide myelography in an animal model. A J Radiol 131:129

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Autio E, Suolanen J, Nörrback S, Slätis P (1972) Adhesive arachnoiditis after lumbar myelography with meglumine iothalamate (Conray). Acta Radiol [Diagn] (Stockh) 12:17

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Bidstrup P (1972) A case of chronic adhesive arachnoiditis after lumbar myelography with methiodal-natrium. Neuroradiology 3:157

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Davies FM, Llewellyn RC, Kirgis HD (1968) Water-soluble contrast media myelography using meglumine iothalamate (Conray) with methylprednisolone acetate (Depo-Medrol). Radiology 90:708

    Google Scholar 

  214. Geller GE (1971) Komplikation bei der lumbalen Myelographie mit Conray 282 (Contrix 28). ROEFO 114:568

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Weill F, Steinle R, Jacquet G, Bonneville JR, Prévetat N (1971) Incident sérieux aprés radiculographie au Contrix. J Radiol Electrol Med Nucl 52:535

    Google Scholar 

  216. deVelliers PD (1977) Myelography with a water-soluble contrast medium: a revision of technique and a review of results. S Afr Med J 52:751

    Google Scholar 

  217. Perrigot M, Pierrot-Deseilligny E, Bussel B, Held JP (1976) Paralysis following Dimer X radiculography. Nouv Presse Med 5:1120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Kühner A, Hagenlocher HU, Ciba K, Krastel A (1977) Lesions of the cauda equina after dimer-X myelography. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 20:216

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Walker N, Egli M, Wellauer J (1976) Side reaction after lumbar myelography with dimer-X. Z Orthop 114:793

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Metrizamide, nonionic water soluble contrast medium (1973). Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 335

    Google Scholar 

  221. Hol L, Kelly M, Salvesen S (1977) Metrizamide in biochemical properties of drug substances. In: Goldberg ME (ed) Academy Pharm, vol I. Sciences, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  222. Metrizamide (1977) Lindgren E (ed) Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 355

    Google Scholar 

  223. Björk L, Ericksson U, Ingelman B (1969) Clinical experiences with a new type of contrast medium in peripheral arteriography. Am J Roentgen 106:418

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Björk L, Erikson U, Ingelman B, Lindblad G (1976) Experiments with a new contrast medium in myelography. Acta Radiol [Diagn] (Stockh) 17:136

    Google Scholar 

  225. Klieger E, Schroeder E (1975) Synthesis of N-(3-acylamino-5-alkyl carbomoyl-2,4,6-triiodobenzoyl)amino acids as X-ray contrast agents. Eur J Med Chem 10:84

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Hammer B (1978) Results of a double-blind study of 3 contrast media and technique for lumbo-sacral radiculography. Neuroradiology 17:45

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Hammer B (1977) Meningeale Spätveränderungen durch wasserlösliche Myelographiekontrastmittel. ROEFO 126:145

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Hammer B, Vogelsang H (1976) Erfahrung mit einem neuen wäßrigen Kontrastmittel für die lumbale Myelographie. Radiologe 16:412

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Vogelsang H, Speck U, Becker P, Blumenbach L, Busse O (1976) Experience with a new water soluble contrast medium for lumbar myelography. Roentgenblaetter 29:201

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Almen T (1969) Contrast agent design. Some aspects on the synthesis of water soluble contrast agents of low osmolality. J Theor Biol 24:216

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Sovak M, Ranganathan R (1980) Stability of nonionic water-soluble contrast media: implications for their design. Invest Radiol 15:323

    Google Scholar 

  232. Salvesen S (1973) Acute toxicity tests of metrizamide. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 335:5

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Gonsette RE (1973) Biologic tolerance of the CNS to metrizamide. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 335:25

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Salvesen S (1973) Suboccipital injection of metrizamide into anesthetized and un-anesthetized rabbits. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 335:93

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Sawhney BB, Oftedahl SI (1973) Reactions of suboccipital injection of water-soluble contrast media in rabbits. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 335:67

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Oftedahl SI (1973) Toxicity of water-soluble contrast media injected suboccipitally in cats. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 335:84

    Google Scholar 

  237. Oftedahl SI (1973) Intraventricular application of water-soluble contrast media in cats. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 335:125

    Google Scholar 

  238. Oftedahl SI, Sawhney BB (1973) Effect of water-soluble contrast media on cortically evoked potentials in the cat. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 335:133

    Google Scholar 

  239. Hilal SK, Douth GW, Burger L, Gilman F (1977) Effects of isotonic contrast agents on spinal reflexes in the cat. Radiology 122:149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Almen T, Golman R (1979) Pharmacology and toxicology of some intrathecal contrast media. In: Sackett JF, Strother CM (eds) New techniques in myelography. Harper and Row, New York, p 8

    Google Scholar 

  241. Drobeck HP, Duprey LP (1975) Acute intracisternal toxicity of Metriz. (300 mg I/ml) in newborn and young adult rabbits, internal report. Sterling-Winthrop Research Institute, Renssalear, New York

    Google Scholar 

  242. Piwonka RW, Healey JF, Rosenberg FJ (1976) Intrathecal tolerance of metrizamide in chloralose-anesthetized cats. Invest Radiol 11:182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Wylie IG, Afshar F, Koeze TH (1975) Results of the use of a new water-soluble contrast medium, metrizamide, in the posterior fossa of the baboon. Br J Radiol 48:1007

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Gonsette RE, Brucher JM (1977) Potentiation of Amipaque: epileptogenic activity by neuroleptics. Neuroradiology 14:27

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Praestholm J (1977) Experimental evaluation of water-soluble contrast media for myelography. Neuroradiology 13:25

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Skalpe IO, Torvik A (1975) Toxicity of metrizamide and meglumine iocarmate in the spinal subarachnoid space. Invest Radiol 10:154

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Oftedahl SI (1973) Meningeal reactions to the water-soluble contrast media in cats. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 335:153

    Google Scholar 

  248. Suzuki S, Ito K, Iwabuchi T (1977) Ventriculography with nonionic water-soluble contrast medium, Amipaque (metrizamide): comparative experimental and clinical studies. J Neurosurg 47:79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Treten L, Salveson S (1973) Histology of the central nervous system of the rabbit after suboccipital injection of metrizamide. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 335:161

    Google Scholar 

  250. Haughton VM, Ho KC, Larson S et al. (1978) Arachnoiditis produced by metrizamide and meglumine iocarmate myelography compared in an animal model. Am J Roentgenol 131:120

    Google Scholar 

  251. Haughton VM, Ho KC, Larson S et al. (1978) Severity of arachnoiditis and the concentration of meglumine iocarmate. Am J Roentgenol 130:313

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Haughton VM, Ho KC, Larson S et al. (1977) Arachnoiditis following intrathecal injection of blood and aqueous contrast media. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 355:373

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Haughton VM, Ho KC, Unger GF (1977) Arachnoiditis following myelography with water-soluble agents: the role of contrast medium osmolality. Radiology 125:731

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Haughton VM, Eldevik POP (1979) Complications form aqueous myelographic media: experimental studies. In: Sackett JF, Strother CM (eds) New techniques in myelography. Harper and Row, New York, p 184

    Google Scholar 

  255. Bartels JE, Bround KG (1980) Experimental arachnoiditis fibrosis produced by metrizamide in the dog. Radiology 21:78

    Google Scholar 

  256. Lee BCP, Gomez DG, Potts DG, Pavese AM (1981) Subacute reactions to intrathecal amipaque, metrizamide, Conray, and Dimer-X: a structural and ultrastructural study. Neuroradiology 20:229

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Sage M (1983) Kinetics of ureter-soluble contrast media in the central nervous system. AJNR 4:897–906

    Google Scholar 

  258. McChesney EW (1971) Routes and rates of excretion of radio-contrast agents. In: Knoefel PK (ed) Radiocontrast agents. Pergamon, London, p 335

    Google Scholar 

  259. McChesney EW, Hoppe JO (1957) Studies of the tissue distribution and excretion of sodium diatrizoate in laboratory animals. Am J Roent 78:137

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Golman K (1976) Metrizamide in experimental urography. Invest Radiol 11:187

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Golman K (1973) Excretion of metrizamide. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 335:253

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Golman K, Dahl SG (1973) Absorption of metrizamide, diatrizoate, insulin and water from cerebrospinal fluid to blood. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 335:276

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Amundsen P, Weber H, Hoel L, Golman K (1979) Excretion of metrizamide (Amipaque) in humans following lumbar subarachnoid injection. Acta Radiol [Diagn] (Stockh) 20:401

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Lee BCP, Gomez GD, Potts DG, Pavese AM (1979) Passage of Amipaque (metrizamide) through the arachnoid granulations. Neuroradiology 17:185

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Hindmarsh T (1975) Elimination of water-soluble contrast media from a subarachnoidal space: investigation with computer tomography. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 346:45

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Fenstermacher JD, Bradbury MWB, Boulay GDU, Kendall BE, Radu EW (1980) The distribution of 125I metrizamide and 125I diatrizoate between blood, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid in rabbit. Neuroradiology 19:171

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Golman K, Wiik I, Salveson S (1979) Absorption of a nonionic contrast agent from cerebrospinal fluid to blood. Neuroradiology 18:227

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Arimitsu T, Di Chiro G, Brooks RA (1977) White-gray matter differentiation in computed tomography. JCAT 1:437–442

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Kelley RE, Daroff RB, Sheremata WA (1980) Unusual effects of metrizamide lumbar myelography. Arch Neurol 37:588–589

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Hindmarsh T (1977) Computer cisternography for evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics: future experiences. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 355:269

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Skalpe IO (1977) Adverse effects of water soluble contrast media in myelography, cisternography, and ventriculography. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 355:280–293

    Google Scholar 

  272. Irstarn L (1978) Lumbar myelography with amipaque. Spine 3:70

    Google Scholar 

  273. Drayer BP, Rosenbaum AE (1977) Metrizamide brain penetration. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 355:280–293

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Hindmarsh T (1977) Metrizamide in selected cervical myelography. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 355:127

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Dugstad G, Eldevik P (1977) Lumbar myelography. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 355:17

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Nickel AR, Salem JJ (1977) Clinical experience in North America with metrizamide. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 355:409–416

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Gulati AN, Guadagnoli DA, Quigley JM (1981) Relationship of side effects to patient position during and after metrizamide lumbar myelography. Radiology 141:113–116

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Sykes RHD, Wasenaar W, Clark P (1981) Incidence of adverse effects following metrizamide myelography in nonambulatory and ambulatory patients. Radiology 138:625–627

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Hauge O, Falkenberg H (1982) Neuropsychologic ractions and other side effects after metrizamide myelography. AJR 139:357–360

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Hekster REM, Prins HJ, Pennings-Braun AGM (1977) Lumbar myelography with metrizamide. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 355:38–40

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Drayer BP, Rosenbaum AE (1977) Metrizamide brain penetrance. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 335:280

    Google Scholar 

  282. Drayer BP, Vassallo C, Sudilovsky A (1983) A double-blind clinical trial of iopamidol versus metrizamide for lumbosacral myelography. J Neurosurg 58:531–537

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Caille JM, Guibert-Tranier F, Howa JM (1980) Cerebral penetration following metrizamide myelography. J Neuroradiol 7:3–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Fenstermacher JD, Tatlack CS, Blasberg RD (1974) Transport of material between brain extracellular fluid, brain cells, and blood. Fed Proc 33:2070–2074

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Winkler SS, Sackett JF (1980) Explanation of metrizamide brain penetration: a review. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4:191

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Kerber CW, Sovak M, Ranganathan RS, Heilman CB (1983) Iotrol, a new myelographic agent: 1. radiography, CT, CSF clearance, and brain penetration. AJNR 4:317–318

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Skalpe IO, Torbergsen T, Amundsen P, Presthus J (1973) Lumbar myelography with metrizamide. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 335:369

    Google Scholar 

  288. Irstam L (1978) Lumbar myelography with Amipaque. Spine 3:70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Hansen EB, Praestholm H, Fahrenkrug A, Bjerrum J (1976) A clinical trial of amipaque in lumbar myelography. Br J Radiol 49:34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Sackett JF, Strother CM, Quaglieri CE, Javid MJ, Levin AB, Duff TA (1977) Metrizamide — CSF contrast medium. Analysis of clinical application in 215 patients. Radiology 123:779

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Sartor K (1979) Ascending and descending myelography with water-soluble contrast medium. A report on thoracic and cervical metrizamide myelography in 200 patients. Roentgenblaetter 32:251

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Kaada B (1973) Transient EEG abnormalities following lumbar myelography with metrizamide. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 335:380

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Hammer B, Lackner W (1980) Iopamidol, a new non-ionic hydrosoluble contrast medium for neuroradiology. Neuroradiology 19:119

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Gelmers HJ (1979) Adverse side effects of metrizamide in myelography. Neuroradiology 18:119

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Skalpe IO, Amundsen P (1975) Lumbar radiculography with metrizamide. A nonionic water-soluble contrast medium. Radiology 115:91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. Richert S, Sartor K, Holl B (1979) Subclinical organic psychosyndromes on intrathecal injection of metrizamide for lumbar myelography. Neuroradiology 18:177

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. Picard L, Vespignani H, Vieux-Rochat P, Moret C, L’esperance G, Montaut J, Weber M, Roland J (1979) Serious neurological complications of metrizamide myelography. J Neuroradiol 6:3

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Bastow M, Godwin-Austen RB (1979) Cervical myelopathy after metrizamide myelography. Br Med J 2:1262

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Weber RJ, Weingarden SI (1979) Electromyographic abnormalities following myelography. Arch Neurol 36:588

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  300. Vogelsang H, Schmidt RE (1979) Spinal irritation after myelography with amipaque in patients with kyphoscoliosis. ROEFO 131:90

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. Rubin B, Horowitz G, Katz RI (1980) Asterixis following metrizamide myelography. Arch Neurol 37:522

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. Kelley RE, Daroff RB, Sheremata WA, McCormick JR (1980) Unusual effects of metrizamide lumbar myelography. Constellation of aseptic meningitis, arachnoiditis, communicating hydrocephalus, and Guillaine-Barre syndrome. Arch Neurol 37:588

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. Haughton VM, Ho KC (1979) The risk of arachnoiditis from experimental nonionic contrast media. S Afr Med J 56:631

    Google Scholar 

  304. Hansen EB, Fahrenkrug A, Praestholm J (1978) Late meningeal effects of myelographic contrast media with special reference to metrizamide. Br J Radiol 51:321

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. Ahlgren T (1978) Amipaque myelography with late adhesive arachnoidal changes. Neuroradiology 14:231

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  306. Amundsen P, Skalpe IO, Presthus J, Torbergsen T, Kaada B (1976) Metrizamide, the new water-soluble non-ionic contrast media for myelography. Clinical experience. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 347:453

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. Sortland O (1977) Cervical myelography with metrizamide using lumbar injection. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 355:141

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. Bradac GN, Kaernbach A (1981) Selektive zervikale Myelographie mit Metrizamid (Amipaque). Bericht über 102 Fälle mit lateraler C1/C2-Kontrastmitteleingabe. Radiologe 21:199

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  309. Lundervold A, Sortland O (1977) EEG disturbances following myelography, cisternography, and ventriculography with metrizamide. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 355:379

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. Gonsette RE, Brucher JM (1981) Neurotoxicity of novel water-soluble contrast media for intrathecal application. Invest Radiol [Suppl] 15:S254

    Google Scholar 

  311. Sovak M, Ranganathan R (1980) Stability of nonionic contrast media: implications for their design. Invest Radiol 15:S323

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. Hoey GB, Hopkins RM, Smith KR et al. (1981) Synthesis and biological testing of nonionic iodinated X-ray contrast media. Invest Radiol [Suppl] 15:S289

    Google Scholar 

  313. Sovak M, Nahlovsky B, Lang H, Lasser EC (1975) Preliminary evaluation of diiodo-phenyltriglucoside: an approach to the design of nonionic water-soluble radiographic contrast media. Radiology 117:717

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  314. Sovak M, Ranganathan R, Weitl FL, Lang J, Lasser EC (1979) Benzyl and phenyl hexosyl ethers as non-ionic contrast media: toxicological significance of the methylene group. Eur J Med Chem 14:257

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  315. Sovak M, Ranganathan R (1981) US patent no 4,243,653

    Google Scholar 

  316. Ranganathan RS, Sovak M (1981) Syntheses of new nonionic radiographic contrast media: acylamino-triiodophenyl ethers of sugars. Invest Radiol [Suppl] 15:296

    Google Scholar 

  317. Holtermann H (1973) Metrizamide: introduction. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 335:2

    Google Scholar 

  318. Felder E, Pitre D (1977) US patent no 4,001,323

    Google Scholar 

  319. Felder E, Pitre D (1979) US patent no 4,139,605

    Google Scholar 

  320. Pitre D, Felder E (1981) Development, chemistry, and physical properties of iopamidol and its analogs. Invest Radiol [Suppl] 15:301

    Google Scholar 

  321. Bonati F, Felder E, Tirone P (1981) New preclinical and clinical data. Invest Radiol [Suppl] 15:310

    Google Scholar 

  322. Gonsette RE, Liesenborgh L (1981) New contrast media in cerebral angiography: animal experiments and preliminary clinical studies. Invest Radiol [Suppl] 15:270

    Google Scholar 

  323. Morris TW, Francis M, Fischer HW (1979) A comparison of the cardiovascular responses to carotid injection of ionic and nonionic contrast media. Invest Radiol 14:217

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  324. Belan A, Benda K, Fabian J, Blake J (1978) Advantages of a new nonionic contrast medium: results of animal experiments. Ann Radiol (Paris) 21:279

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  325. Sovak M, Johnson M, Ranganathan R (1980) Neurotoxicity of new contrast media: effects of cisternography on lapine EEG spectrum. Invest Radiol 15:452

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  326. Sovak M, Siefert HM, Ranganathan R (1981) Combined methods for assessment of neurotoxicity: testing of new nonionic radiographic media. Invest Radiol [Suppl] 15:248

    Google Scholar 

  327. Sovak M, Deutsch JA, Ranganathan R (1982) Evaluation of intrathecal contrast media by aversion conditioning in rats. Invest Radiol 17:101

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  328. Spencer LP, Crisman CL, Mayhew IG, Kaude JV (1980) Acute neurotoxicity of iopamidol following subarachnoid application. Invest Radiol 15:411

    Google Scholar 

  329. Yu C, Wang J (1980) Deiodination kinetics of water-soluble radiopaques. J Pharm Sci 69:671

    Google Scholar 

  330. Pitre D, Felder E, Tirone P (1980) Radiopaque contrast media — preliminary studies of the metabolism of iopamidol in the dog, rabbit, and man. Farmaco 35:826

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  331. Golman K, Olivecrona H, Gustafson C et al. (1980) Excitation and depression of nonanesthetized rabbits following injection of contrast medium into SAS. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 362:83

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  332. Scaglione P, Marinoni EC (1982) The lumbar myelography with non-ionic water-soluble contrast. In: Proceedings of the XVth international congress of radiology, Brussels, 1981. Interimages, Luxembourg

    Google Scholar 

  333. Bockenheimer SAM, Hillesheimer W (1983) Clinical experience with iopamidol for myelography. AJNR 4:314–316

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  334. Bannon KR, Braun KF, Pinto RS, Manuell M, Sudilovsky A, Kricheff II (1983) Comparison of radiographic quality and adverse reactions in myelography with iopamidol and metrizamide. AJNR 4:312–313

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  335. Turski PA, Sackett JF, Gentry LR, Strother CM, Matozzi F (1983) Clinical comparison of metrizamide and iopamidol for myelography. AJNR 4:309–311

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  336. Trevisan C, Malaguti C, Manfredini M, Tampieri D (1983) Iopamidol vs. metrizamide myelography: clinical comparison of side effects. AJNR 4:306–308

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  337. Jacobsen T (1984) The preclinical development of iohexol. Invest Radiol 19:S142–143

    Google Scholar 

  338. Haalveson J (1980) Iohexol — introduction. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 362:9

    Google Scholar 

  339. Aulie A (1980) Effect of iohexol, metrizamide, and ioxaglate on the BBB. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 362:13

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  340. Salvesen S (1980) Acute intravenous toxicity of iohexol in the mouse and in the rat. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 362:73

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  341. Siefert HM, Press WR, Speck U (1980) Tolerance of iohexol post intracisternal, intracerebral, and intraarterial injection in the rat. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 362:77

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  342. Mutzel W, Siefert HM, Speck U (1980) Biochemical pharmacologic properties of iohexol. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 362:111

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  343. Aspelin P, Liessen MS, Almen T (1980) Effect of iohexol on human erythrocytes. I. Changes of red cell morphology in vitro. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 362:117

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  344. Aspelin P, Bink A, Almen T, Kiesewetter H (1980) Effect of iohexol on human erythrocytes. II. Red cell aggregation in vitro. Acta radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 362:123

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  345. Aspelin P, Titel P, Almen T (1980) Effect of iohexol on red cell deformability in vitro. Acta Radiol [Suppl] (Stockh) 362:127

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  346. Andrew E, Shaw D, Sveen K, Holager T, Dahlstrom K (1984) Adverse reactions with iohexol in the vascular field: experiences from clinical trials. Invest Radiol 19:S143–144

    Google Scholar 

  347. Shaw DD, Mayes BA, Barbolt TA, Donikian MR (1984) Responses in cerebrospinal fluid white cell counts and protein concentrations in cynomolgus monkeys after single and repeated intracisternal injection of Omnipaque™. Invest Radiol 19:S136

    Google Scholar 

  348. Adams MD, Dean RT, Godat JF, Hoey GB, Hopkins RM, Lin Y, Rizzolo RR, Robbins MS, Valenti AV (1984) Preclinical studies with MP-328: a potential nonionic myeographic and angiourographic contrast agent. Invest Radiol 19:S135–S136

    Google Scholar 

  349. Sovak M, Ranganathan R, Lang H, Lasser EC (1978) Concepts in design of improved intravascular contrast agents. Ann Radiol (Paris) 21:283

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  350. Pfeiffer H, Speck U (1980) US patent no 4,239,747

    Google Scholar 

  351. Speck U, Mutzel W, Mannesmann G et al. (1981) Pharmacology of nonionic dimers. Invest Radiol [Suppl] 15:317

    Google Scholar 

  352. Sovak M, Ranganathan R (1983) Intermediates and synthesis of 2-amino-2-deoxytetritols. US patent no 4,389,526

    Google Scholar 

  353. Sovak M, Ranganathan R, Hammer B (1984) Early experience with iotrol, a nonionic isotonic dimer for intrathecal space. Invest Radiol 19:S139–S140

    Google Scholar 

  354. Sovak M, Ranganathan R, Haghighi N (1981) New nonionic intravascular contrast media. Presented at AUR, New Orleans, April, 1981. Invest Radiol 16:421

    Google Scholar 

  355. Hershkowitz N, Bryan RS (1981) Extra-cellular effects of radiographic contrast agents on rat hippocampus. Invest Radiol 16:393

    Google Scholar 

  356. Bryan RN (1984) Neuronal effects of water-soluble contrast agents. Report to Berlex Company, Fort Wayne, NJ. J Neuroradiol

    Google Scholar 

  357. Almen T, Golman K, Jacobsen T, Maly P, Olivecrona H, Salvesen S (1984) Testing of new myelographic contrast media in the subarachnoid space of rabbits: effects on animal behavior. Invest Radiol 19:S134–S135

    Google Scholar 

  358. Muetzel W, Press W-R, Weinmann H-J (1984) Preclinical experience with iotrol. Invest Radiol 19:S140–S141

    Google Scholar 

  359. Sovak M, Kerber CW, Ranganathan R, Bickford RG, Alksne J (1983) Iotrol, a new myelographic agent: 2. Comparative electroencephalographic evaluation by spectrum analysis. AJNR 4:319–322

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  360. Drayer B, Ross M, Allen S, France R, Bates M (1984) Iotrol myelography: initial clinical trial. Invest Radiol 19:S141

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. M. Sovak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, S-009, University of California in San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA

    Milos Sovak

  2. Biophysica Foundation, 3333 Torrey Pines Ct., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA

    Milos Sovak

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sovak, M. (1984). Contrast Media for Imaging of the Central Nervous System. In: Sovak, M. (eds) Radiocontrast Agents. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 73. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69515-5_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69515-5_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-69517-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-69515-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation