Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Forensic Soil Characterization

  • Conference paper
Forensic Science Progress

Part of the book series: Forensic Science Progress ((FORENSIC,volume 1))

Abstract

Soils do not simply “exist.” They are formed, and they are maintained. Soil environments, and by extension soils in general, are unique because of the unlikeliness of the replication in all respects of the processes involved in the formation of the soil, and the impossibility of replication of the processes involved in the maintenance of the soil environment. The failure of the forensic community to fully recognize the uniqueness of soils has frustrated the development of the methodology necessary to fully exploit this form of evidence. If soils are viewed exclusively as aggregations of inorganic materials, then a great deal of potentially valuable information is being squandered.

“The smell of the wet earth in the rain rises like a great chant of praise from the voiceless multitude of the insignificant...”

Rabindranath Tagore

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Stotzky, G.: Activity, Ecology, and Population Dynamics of Microorganisms in Soil. Critical Rev. in Microbiol. 2, 59 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Jenny, H.: Factors of Soil Formation. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1941

    Google Scholar 

  3. Jenny, H.: Derivation of State Factor Equations of Soils and Ecosystems. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Proc. 25, 385 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Clark, F. E.: Bacteria in Soil. In Soil Biology, ed. A. Burges and F. Raw, New York, Academic Press, 1967

    Google Scholar 

  5. Waksman, S. A.: The Actinomycetes. New York, Ronald Press, 1967

    Google Scholar 

  6. Griffm, D. M.: The Ecology of Soil Fungi. London, Chapman and Hall, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  7. Lund, J. W. G.: Soil Algae. In Soil Biology, ed. A. Burges and F. Raw, New York, Academic Press, 1967

    Google Scholar 

  8. Stout, J. D., and Heal, O. W.: Protozoa. In Soil Biology, ed. A. Burges and F. Raw, New York, Academic Press, 1967

    Google Scholar 

  9. Oostenbrink, M.: Nematodes. In Quantitative Soil Ecology, ed. J. Phillipson, Oxford, Blackwell Sci. Pub., 1971

    Google Scholar 

  10. Millar, C. E., Turk, L. M., and Foth, H. D.: Fundamentals of Soil Science. 4th Ed., New York, Wiley, 1965

    Google Scholar 

  11. Buckman, H. O., and Brady, N. C.: The Nature and Properties of Soils. 7th Ed., New York, Macmillan, 1969

    Google Scholar 

  12. Nielsen, D. R., et al.: Soil Water. Madison, Wis., Amer. Soc. Agronomy, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  13. Griffin, loc cit., Ref. 6

    Google Scholar 

  14. Dommergues, Y.: Contribution a l’Etude de la Dynamique Microbienne des Sol en Zone Semi-aride et en Zone Tropicale seche. Annales Agron. 13, 391 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Stotzky, loc cit., Ref. 1

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Marshall, K. C.: Sorptive Interactions between Soil Particles and Microorganisms. In Soil Biochemistry, Vol. 2, A. D. McLaren and J. J. Skujins, eds., New York, Dekker 1971

    Google Scholar 

  17. Goring, C. A. I., and Hamaker, J. W.: Organic Chemicals in the Soil Environment, Vol. 1, New York, Dekker. 1972

    Google Scholar 

  18. Zajic, J. E.: Microbial Biogeochemistry. New York, Academic Press, 1969

    Google Scholar 

  19. Buckman and Brady, loc cit., Ref. 11

    Google Scholar 

  20. Zajic, loc cit., Ref. 18

    Google Scholar 

  21. Thorne, D. W., and Seatz, L. F.: Acid, Alkaline, Alkali, and Saline Soils. In Chemistry of the Soil, F. E. Bear, ed., New York, Reinhold, 1955

    Google Scholar 

  22. McLaren, A. D.: Enzyme Action in Structurally Restricted Systems. Enzymologia 21, 356 (1960)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kohnke, H.: Soil Physics. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  24. Greenwood, D. J., and Berry, G.: Aerobic Respiration in Soil Crumbs. Nature 195, 161 (1962)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Stotzky, loc cit., Ref. 1

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Schlegel, H. G.: Significant Chemolithotropic Reactions of Bacteria in the Soil. In The Ecology of Soil Bacteria, ed. T. R. G. Gray and D. Parkinson. Toronto, Univ. Toronto Press, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  27. Baas-Becking, L. G. M., Kaplan, J. R., and Moore, D.: Limits of the pH and Oxidation-Reduction Potentials. J. Geol. 68, 243 (1960)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Hewitt, L. F.: Oxidation-Reduction Potential in Bacteriology and Biochemistry. 6th Ed. Edinburgh, Livingstone, 1950

    Google Scholar 

  29. Odum, E. P.: Fundamentals of Ecology. 3rd Ed.Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  30. Alexander, M.: Biochemical Ecology of Microorganisms. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 25, 361 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Dudley, R., J.: The Use of Colour in the Discrimination between Soils. J. For. Sci. Soc. 15, 209 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Munsell Soil Color Charts, 1975 Edition, Munsell Color Co., 2441 N. Calvert St., Baltimore, Md., 21218.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Millar, Turk, and Foth, loc cit., Ref. 10

    Google Scholar 

  34. Shields, J. A., et al.: Spectrophotometric Mineralogical Studies of Black and Red Soil Profiles near Coimbatore, India. J. Agri. Sci. 13, 264 (1943)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Buckman and Brady, loc cit., Ref. 11

    Google Scholar 

  36. Stace, H. C. T.: Chemical Characteristics of Terrarosas and Rendzinas of South America. J. Soil Sci. 7, 280 (1956)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Soileau, J. M., and McCracken, R. J.: Free Iron and Coloration in Certain Well Drained Coastal Plain Soils in Relation to their other Properties and Classifications. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 31, 248 (1967)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Del Villar, E. H.: Contribution to the Comparative Study of the “Black Soils” of Andalusia and Morocco. Anales Edafol. Fisiol. Veg. 9, 251 (1950)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Krishna Murti, G. S. R., and Satyanaraya, K. V. S.: Influence of Chemical Characteristics in the Development of Soil Color. Geoderma 5, 243 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Goin, L. J., and Kirk, P. L.: Application of Microchemical Techniques: Identity of Soil Samples. J. Crim. Law and Criminol. 38; 267 (1947)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Sollas, J. W.: A Method of Determining Specific Gravity. Nature 43, 404 (1891)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Holmes, A.: Petrographic Methods and Calculations. London, Thomas Murby, 1930

    Google Scholar 

  43. Ibid

    Google Scholar 

  44. Kirk, P. L.: Density and Refractive Index: Their Application in Criminal Identification. Springfield, Thomas, 1951

    Google Scholar 

  45. Goin and Kirk, loc cit., Ref. 40

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Melson, V. T.: Forensic Aspects of the Analysis of Soils. M. Sc. Thesis, University of Strathclyde, Scotland, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  47. Peters, D. W. A.: The Examination of Soil with Particular Reference to the Density Gradient Test. In Soil, M. W. Neil and F. L. Warren, eds., British Acad. For. Sci. Symposium No. 1, London, Sweet and Maxwell, 1962

    Google Scholar 

  48. Nickolls, L. C.: Identification of Stains of Nonbiological Origin. In, Methods of Forensic Science, Vol. 1, New York, Interscience, 1962

    Google Scholar 

  49. Nute, H. D.: An Improved Density Gradient System for Forensic Soil Studies. J. For. Sci. 20, 668 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. McCrone, W. C., and Hudson, W.: The Analytical Use of Density Gradient Separations. J. For. Sci. 14, 370 (1969)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Harbin, D. N., et al.: A Liquid Gradient Density Screening System for Soil Sample Identification Studies Using a Minicomputer. J. For. Sci. 24, 511 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  52. Melson, loc cit., Ref. 46

    Google Scholar 

  53. Goldman, G. L., and Thornton, J. I.: Recovery of Soil Particles from a Density Gradient Column. J. For. Sci. Soc. 16, 171 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Chaperlin, K., and Howarth, P. S.: Soil Comparison by the Density Gradient Method: A Review and Evaluation. For. Sci. Intern. 23, 161 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Hoffman, C. M., Brunelle, R. L., and Snow, K. B.: Forensic Comparisons of Soils by Neutron Activation and Atomic Absorption Analysis. J. Crim. Law, Criminol., and Police Sci. 60, 395 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  56. O’Hara, C. E., and Osterburg, J. W.: An Introduction to Criminalistics. New York, Macmillan, 1952

    Google Scholar 

  57. Ingham, J. D., and Lawson, D. D.: Thermoluminescence: Potential Applications in Forensic Science. J. For. Sci. 18, 217 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Hoffman, Brunelle, and Snow, loc cit., Ref. 56

    Google Scholar 

  59. O’Hara and Osterburg, loc cit., Ref. 57

    Google Scholar 

  60. Smale, D.: The Examination of Paint Flakes, Glass and Soils for Forensic Purposes, with Specific Reference to Electron Probe Microanalysis. J. For. Sci. Soc. 13, 5 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Williams, R. L.: An Evaluation of the SEM with X-Ray Microanalyzer Accessory for Forensic Work. In, Scanning Electron Microscopy/1971, O. Johari and I. Corvin, eds., Chicago, IIT Research Institute, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  62. Sabine, P. A.: Petrographical and Mineralogical Techniques in Forensic Science. In Soil, M. W. Neil and F. L. Warren, eds., British Acad. of For. Sci. Teaching Symposium No. 1. London, Sweet and Maxwell, 1962

    Google Scholar 

  63. Souder, W.: Difficulties Encountered in the Scientific Laboratory. Intern. Assoc. Ident., Proc., 25th Annual Convention, Sept. 1939

    Google Scholar 

  64. O’Hara and Osterburg, loc cit., Ref. 57

    Google Scholar 

  65. Correns, C. W.: Introduction to Mineralogy. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1969

    Google Scholar 

  66. Dudley, R. J.: The Particle Size Analysis of Soils and its Use in Forensic Science: The Determination of Particle-Size Distributions within the Silt and Sand Fractions. J. For. Sci. Soc. 16, 219 (1976)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Graves, W. J.: A Mineralogical Soil Classification Technique for the Forensic Scientist. J. For. Sci. 24, 323 (1979)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Powers, M.: A New Roundness Scale for Sedimentary Particles. J. Sed. Petrol. 23, 117 (1953)

    Google Scholar 

  69. Krumbein, W., and Sloss, L. L.: Stratigraphy and Sedimentation, San Francisco, Freeman, 1955

    Google Scholar 

  70. Fitzpatrick, F., and Thornton, J. I.: The Forensic Characterization of Sand. J. For. Sci. 20, 460 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Cannon, W. J.: Police Petrographic Methods. Police Journal (London) 18, 124 (1945)

    Google Scholar 

  72. Brooks, M. and Newton, K.: Forensic Pedology. Police Journal (London) 42, 107 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  73. Frenkel, O. J.: A Program of Research into Value of Evidence from Southern Ontario Soils. Proc. Can. Soc. For. Sci. 4, 23 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  74. Graves, loc cit., Ref. 68

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. McCrone, W. C., and Delly, J. G.: The particle Atlas, 2nd Ed., Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, 6 vol., 1973–1979

    Google Scholar 

  76. McCrone, W. C.: Dispersion Staining. Amer. Lab. 15, 52 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  77. Phillips, W. R. and Griffen, D. T.: Optical Mineralogy. San Francisco, Freeman, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  78. Dudley, R. J.: A Simple Method for Determining the pH of Small Soil Samples and its use in Forensic Science. J. For. Sci. Soc. 16, 21 (1976)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Cleveland, G. B.: CDMG [California Divisions of Mines and Geology] Helps Find Kidnapper. California Geology 26, 240 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  80. Dudley, R. J.: A Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Soil Saccharide Content and its Application in Forensic Science. Med., Sci. and the Law 16, 226 (1976)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Murray, R. C., and Tedrow, J. C. F.: Forensic Geology. New Brunswick, New Jersey, Rutgers Univ. Press, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  82. Kilmer, V. J., and Alexander, L. T.: Methods of Making Mechanical Analyses of Soils. Soil Sci. 68, 15 (1949)

    Google Scholar 

  83. Herzog, L. F., Marshall, D. J., and Babione, R. F.: The Luminoscope: A New Instrument for Studying the Electron-Stimulated Luminescence of Terrestrial, Extra-Terrestrial and Synthetic Materials under the Microscope. Pennsylvania State University Materials Research Laboratory Special Publication No. 70–101, 1970

    Google Scholar 

  84. Jongerius, A., ed.: Soil Micromorphology. New York, Elsevier, 1964

    Google Scholar 

  85. Kubiena, W. L.: Micromorphological Features of Soil Geography. New Brunswick, New Jersey, Rutgers Univ. Press, 1970

    Google Scholar 

  86. Black, C. A., ed.: Methods of Soil Analysis. Madison, Wisc., American Society of Agronomy, 1965

    Google Scholar 

  87. Kilmer, V. J.: The Estimation of Free Iron Oxides in Soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Proc. 24, 420 (1960)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Dimbleby, G. W.: Pollen Analysis of Terrestrial Soils. New Phytol. 56, 12 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  89. Moore, P. D., and Webb, J. A.: An Illustrated Guide to Pollen Analysis. New York, Wiley, 1978

    Google Scholar 

  90. Krinsley, D., and Margolis, S.: A Study of Sand Grain Textures with the Scanning Electron Microscope. Trans. New York Acad. Sci., Ser. II, 31, 457 (1969)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Krinsley, D., and Takahashi, T.: The Surface Texture of Sand Grains: An Application of Electron Microscopy. Science 158, 923 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  92. Krinsley, D., and Smalley, I.: Sand. American Scientist 60, 287 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  93. Fitzpatrick and Thornton, loc cit., Ref. 71

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Erdtman, G.: Handbook of Palynology. New York, Hafner, 1969

    Google Scholar 

  95. Hyde, H. A.: An Atlas of Airborne Pollen Analysis. New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1958

    Google Scholar 

  96. Turkel, S.: Über Pollenanalyse. Archiv für Kriminologie 88, 69 (1931)

    Google Scholar 

  97. Kummel, B. G., and Raup, D. M., eds.: Handbook of Palaeontological Techniques. San Francisco, Freeman, 1965

    Google Scholar 

  98. Heinrich, E. W.: Microscopic Identification of Minerals. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1965

    Google Scholar 

  99. Hutchison, C. S.: Laboratory Handbook of Petrographic Techniques. New York, Wiley, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  100. Shelley, D.: Manual of Optical Mineralogy. New York, Elsevier, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  101. Wahlstrom, E. E.: Optical Crystallography. New York, Wiley, 1969

    Google Scholar 

  102. Winchell, H.: Optical Properties of Minerals. New York, Academic Press, 1965

    Google Scholar 

  103. Zussman, J., ed.: Physical Methods in Determinative Mineralogy. New York, Academic Press, 1967

    Google Scholar 

  104. Kerr, P. F.: Optical Mineralogy, 3rd Ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1959

    Google Scholar 

  105. Phillips and Griffen, loc cit., Ref. 78

    Google Scholar 

  106. DeHoff, R. T., and Rhines, F. N.: Quantitative Microscopy. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  107. Cadle, R. D.: Particle Size: Theory and Industrial Applications. New York, Reinhold, 1965

    Google Scholar 

  108. Marschner, A. W.: A Method for the Size Analysis of Sand on a Number Frequency Basis. J. Sed. Petrol. 23, 49 (1953)

    Google Scholar 

  109. Heywood, H.: A Comparison of Measuring Microscopical Particles. Trans. Inst. Min. and Met. 55, 55 (1946)

    Google Scholar 

  110. Kirk, loc cit., Ref. 44

    Google Scholar 

  111. Lunar Sample Edition (“Moon Issue”), Science Vol. 167, No. 3918 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  112. Finch, P., Haynes, M. H. B., and Stacey, M.: The Biochemistry of Soil Polysaccharides. In Soil Biochemistry, Vol. 2, ed. A. D. McLaren and J. Skujins. New York, Dekker, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  113. Swain, F. M.: Fossil Carbohydrates. In Organic Geochemistry, ed. G. Eglinton and M. T. J. Murphy. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1969

    Google Scholar 

  114. Stalfelt, M. G.: Stalfelt’s Plant Ecology. (trans. by M. S. Jarvis and P. G. Jarvis). New York, Wiley, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  115. Stacey, M., and Barker, S. A.: Polysaccharides of Microorganisms. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1960

    Google Scholar 

  116. Gupta, U. C.: Carbohydrates. In Soil Biochemistry, Vol. 1, ed. A. D. McLaren and G. H. Peterson. New York, Dekker, 1967

    Google Scholar 

  117. Finch, Haynes, and Stacey, loc cit., Ref. 113

    Google Scholar 

  118. Swain, F. M., and Rogers, M. A.: Stratigraphic Distribution of Carbohydrate Residues in Middle Devonian Onondaga of Pennsylvania and Western New York. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 30, 497 (1966)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Morrison, R. I., and Bick, W.: The Wax Fraction of Soils: Separation and Determination of Some Components. J. Sci. Food Agri. 18, 351 (1967)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Butler, J. H. A., Downing, D. T., and Swaby, R. J.: Isolation of a Chlorinated Pigment from Green Soil. Aust. J. Chem. 17, 817 (1964)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Kern, W.: Über das Vorkommen von Chrysen in der Erde. Helv. Chim. Acta 30, 1595 (1947)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Hunt, J. M.: Distribution of Hydrocarbons in Sedimentary Rock. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 22, 37 (1961)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Blumer, M.: Benzpyrenes in Soil. Science 134, 474 (1961)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Cooper, R. L., and Lindsey, A. J.: Atmospheric Pollution by Polycyclic Hydrocarbons. Chem. Ind. (London) 1177 (1953)

    Google Scholar 

  125. Morrison, R. I., and Bick, W.: Long-chain Methyl Ketones in Soils. Chem. Ind. (London) 596 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  126. Stevenson, F. J.: Lipids in Soil. J. Amer. Oil Chemists Soc. 43, 203 (1966)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Morrison, R. I.: Soil Lipids. In Organic Geochemistry, ed. G. Eglinton and M. T. J. Murphy. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1969

    Google Scholar 

  128. Morrison and Bick, loc cit., Ref. 126

    Google Scholar 

  129. Schreiner, O., and Shorey, E. C.: The Isolation of Dihydroxystearic Acids from Soils. J.A.C.S. 30, 1599(1908)

    Google Scholar 

  130. Schreiner, O., and Shorey, E. C.: Some Acid Constituents of Soil Humus. J. A. C. S. 32, 1674 (1910)

    Google Scholar 

  131. Schreiner, O., and Shorey, E. C.: Glycerides of Fatty Acids in Soils. J. A.C.S. 33, 78 (1911)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Anderson, G.: Nucleic Acids, Derivatives, and Organic Phosphates. In Soil Biochemistry, Vol. 1, ed. A. D. McLaren and G. H. Peterson. New York, Dekker, 1967

    Google Scholar 

  133. Schwendinger, R. B.: Carotenoids. In Organic Geochemistry, ed. G. Eglinton and M. T. J. Murphy. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1969

    Google Scholar 

  134. Sowden, F. J.: Investigations on the Amounts of Hexosamines Found in Various Soils and Methods for their Determination. Soil Sci. 88, 138 (1959)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Black, W. A. P., and Goring, C. A. I.: Organic Phosphorous in Soils. In Agronomy, Vol. 4, ed. W. H. Pierre and A. G. Norman. New York, Academic Press, 1953

    Google Scholar 

  136. Freney, J. R.: Sulfur-Containing Organics. In Soil Biochemistry, Vol. 1, ed. A. D. McLaren and G. H. Peterson. New York, Dekker, 1967

    Google Scholar 

  137. Schnitzer, M., and Khan, S. U.: Humic Sutstances in the Environment. New York, Dekker, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  138. Hurst, H. M., and Burges, N. A.: Lignin and Humic Acids. In Soil Biochemistry, Vol 1, ed. A. D. McLaren and G. H. Peterson. New York, Dekker, 1967

    Google Scholar 

  139. Flaig, W.: Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Humic Substances as a Basis of their Characterization. In Adv. in Org. Geochem. Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  140. Stevenson, F. J., and Butler, J. H. A.: Chemistry of Humic Acids and Related Pigments. In Organic Geochemistry, ed. G. Eglinton and M. T. J. Murphy. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1969

    Google Scholar 

  141. Dell’Agnola, G., and Ferrari, G.: Molecular Sizes and Functional Groups of Humic Substances Extracted by 0.1 M Pyrophosphate from Soil Aggregates of Different Stability. J. Soil Sci. 22, 342 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  142. Hurst, H. M., and Burges, N. A.: Lignin and Humic Acids. In Soil Biochemistry, Vol. 1, ed. A. D. McLaren and G. H. Peterson. New York, Dekker, 1967

    Google Scholar 

  143. Flaig, W.: Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Humic Substances as a Basis of their Characterization. Adv. in Org. Geochem. Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  144. Felbeck, G. T., Jr.: Chemical and Biological Characterization of Humic Matter. In Soil Biochemistry, Vol. 2, ed. A. D. McLaren and J. J. Skujins. New York, Dekker, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  145. Dubach, P., and Mehta, N. C.: The Chemistry of Soil Humic Substances. Soils and Fertilizers 26, 293 (1963)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Schnitzer, M.: Characterization of Humic Constituents by Spectroscopy. In Soil Biochemistry, Vol. 2, ed. A. D. McLaren and J. J. Skujins. New York, Dekker, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  147. Orlov, D. S., et al.: Molecular Weights, Sizes, and Configuration of Humic-Acid Particles. Pochvovedenye 11, 43 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  148. Schnitzer and Khan, loc cit., Ref. 138

    Google Scholar 

  149. Hurst and Burges, loc cit., Ref. 143

    Google Scholar 

  150. Flaig, loc cit., Ref. 144

    Google Scholar 

  151. Schnitzer and Khan, loc cit., Ref. 138

    Google Scholar 

  152. Burges, N. A., Hurst, H. M., and Walkden, B.: The Phenolic Constituents of Humic Acid and Their Relation to the Lignin of Plant Cover. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 28, 1547 (1964)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Piper, T. J., and Posner, A. M.: Sodium Amalgam Reduction of Humic Acid. I. Evaluation of the Method. Soil Biol. Biochem. 4, 513 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Piper, T. J., and Posner, A. M.: Sodium Amalgam Reduction of Humic Acid. II. Application of the Method. Soil Biol. Biochem. 4, 525 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Schnitzer and Khan, loc cit., Ref. 138

    Google Scholar 

  156. Burns, R. G., ed.: Soil Enzymes. New York, Academic Press, 1978

    Google Scholar 

  157. Thornton, J. I., and McLaren, A. D.: Enzymatic Characterization of Soil Evidence. J. For. Sci. 20, 674 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Kuprevich, V. F., and Shcherbakova, T. A.: Comparative Enzymatic Activity in Diverse Types of Soils. In Soil Biochemistry, Vol. 2, ed. A. D. McLaren and J. Skujins. New York, Dekker, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  159. Gale, E. F.: Factors Affecting the Enzyme Activities of Bacteria. Bact. Rev. 7, 139 (1943)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Galstyan, A. S., and Tatevosyan, G. S.: Ferment [Enzyme] Activity as Characteristic of Soil Type. Proc. 8th Intern. Cong. of Soil Sci. Vol. 3, Bucharest, 1964

    Google Scholar 

  161. Burns, R. G.: Enzyme Activity in Soil: Location and a Possible Role in Microbial Ecology. Soil Biol. and Biochem. 14, 423 (1982)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Skujins, J. J.: Enzymes in Soil. In Soil Biochemistry, Vol. 1, ed. A. D. McLaren and G. H. Peterson. New York, Dekker, 1967

    Google Scholar 

  163. Kuprevich, V. F., and Shcherbakova, T. A.: Soil Enzymes. (Translated from the Russian). Natnl. Techn. Info. Service Doc. #TT69–53048, Springfield, Va., 1971

    Google Scholar 

  164. Hofmann, E., and Hoffman, G.: Die Bestimmung der Biologischen Tätigkeit in Boden mit Enzymmethoden. Adv. Enzymology 28, 365 (1966)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Durand, G.: Les Enzymes dans le Sol. Ecol. Biol. Sol. 2, 141 (1965)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Voets, J. P., and Dedeken, M.: Soil Enzymes. Mededel. Rijksfaculteit Landbouweten-schappen Gent 31, 177 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  167. Kiss, I.: Talajenzimek [Soil Enzymes]: In Talajtan, ed. J. M. Csapo. Mezogazdasagi es Erdeszeti Allami Konyvkiado, Bukarest, 1958

    Google Scholar 

  168. Tabatabai, M. A., and Bremner, J. M.: Use of p-Nitrophenyl Phosphate for Assay of Soil Phosphatase Activity. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1, 301 (1969)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Tabatabai, M. A., and Bremner, J. M.: Arylsulfatase Activity of Soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Proc. 34, 225 (1970)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Skujins, J. J., Braal, L., and McLaren, A. D.: Characterization of Phosphatase in a Terrestrial Soil Sterilized with an Electron Beam. Enzymologia 25, 125 (1962)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. McLaren, A. D., Reshebko, L., and Huber, W.: Sterilization of Soil by Irridation with an Electron Beam, and Some Observations on Soil Enzyme Activity. Soil Sci. 83, 497 (1957)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Kelley, W. D., and Rodriguez-Kabana, R.: Effects of Potassium Azide on Soil Microbial Populations and Enzymatic Activities. Canad. J. Microbiol. 21, 565 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Johnson, J. L., and Temple, K. L.: Some Variables Affecting the Measurement of Catalase Activity in Soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Proc. 28, 207 (1964)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Cooper, A. B., and Morgan, H. W.: Improved Fluorometric Method to Assay for Soil Lipase Activity. Soil Biol. and Biochem. 13, 307 (1981)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Ladd, J. N., and Butler, J. H. A.: Short-term Assays of Soil Proteolytic Enzyme Activities using Proteins and Dipeptide Derivatives as Substrates. Soil Biol. and Biochem. 4, 19 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  176. Thornton and McLaren, loc cit., Ref. 158

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Tabatabai, M. A., and Bremner, J. M.: Michaelis Constants of Soil Enzymes. Soil Biol. and Biochem. 3, 317 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Mounter, L. A., and Turner, M. E.: The Evaluation of Michaelis Constants and Maximal Velocity Kinetic Studies of Enzymic Reactions. Enzymologia 25, 15 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  179. Roberts, D. V.: Enzyme Kinetics. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1977

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Biomedical and Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA

    John I. Thornton (Professor of Forensic Science) & D. Crim (Professor of Forensic Science)

Authors
  1. John I. Thornton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. D. Crim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. The Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science, S-58101, Linköping, Sweden

    A. Maehly (Director) (Director)

  2. Forensic Science Centre, 21 Divett Place, Adelaide, 5000, S.A., Australia

    A. Maehly (Director) (Director)

  3. Metropolitan Police Forensic Science Laboratory, 109 Lambeth Road, London, SE1 7LP, England

    R. L. Williams (Director) (Director)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Thornton, J.I., Crim, D. (1986). Forensic Soil Characterization. In: Maehly, A., Williams, R.L. (eds) Forensic Science Progress. Forensic Science Progress, vol 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69400-4_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69400-4_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-69402-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-69400-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation