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Trace Elements in the Eye

  • Chapter
Book cover Pharmacology of the Eye

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 69))

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Abstract

More than 96% by weight of the human body consists of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. Other elements, including calcium, chlorine, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfur, are constituents of some macromolecules and important components in both intracellular and extracellular fluids. Their concentrations are such that they can be quantified easily and are expressed often as grams per kilogram or grams per day (Mertz 1981). Found in very much lower concentrations, however, are another group of elements which are also important to homeostasis and, in some cases, survival. These are designated “trace elements” because the concentrations found in the body by early investigators were at or near the sensitivity of the assays they used (Underwood 1977). The classification of these elements on a purely chemical basis correlated poorly with biological characteristics (i.e., concentration, localization, function, and essentiality). Mertz (1981) simply divides them into two categories: those essential in some or all mammals to either organismal survival or optimal performance, and those elements for which proof of essentiality does not exist. Those elements now considered proved to be essential are arsenic, chromium, cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. There is also some evidence suggesting that tin and fluorine are necessary for proper growth regulation (Mertz 1981) (Fig.1).

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  1. T. R. Jones
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  2. T. W. Reid
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA

    Marvin L. Sears

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Jones, T.R., Reid, T.W. (1984). Trace Elements in the Eye. In: Sears, M.L. (eds) Pharmacology of the Eye. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 69. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69222-2_19

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