Abstract
The penicillins and cephalosporins, collectively known as beta-lactam antibiotics, are among the most widely used and valuable antibiotics currently available. Benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) and Phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V) are derived from Penicillium molds by fermentation, while half-synthetic penicillins are derived by chemical modification of the penicillin nucleus, 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA), itself obtained either by splitting the side chain from benzylpenicillin through an enzymatic process or via a chemical deacylation reaction.
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de Weck, A.L. (1983). Penicillins and Cephalosporins. In: de Weck, A.L., Bundgaard, H. (eds) Allergic Reactions to Drugs. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 63. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69088-4_16
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