Abstract
In recent years the term “savanna” has become synonymous with African plainslands - grasslands studded with flat-crowned acacias and carrying a profusion of wild ungulates. In this chapter the term will be used in a wider context, to include all ecosystems in which C4 grasses potentially dominate the herbaceous stratum and where woody plants, usually fire-tolerant, vary in density from widely scattered individuals to a closed woodland broken now and again by drainage-line grasslands. Rainfall occurs in the warmer, summer months with a dry period of between two to eight months duration during which fire is a typical phenomenon at intervals varying from one to fifty years.
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References
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Fanshawe, D. B., 1968. The vegetation of Zambian termitaria. Kirkia 6, 169–18.
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Barbosa, LAG., 1970. Carta fitogeográfica de Angola. Instituto Investigacao Científica de Angola. Luanda. Benson C W and M P S Irwin 1966. The Brachystegia avifauna. Ostrich Supplement 6, 297–32.
Chapin, J. P., 1932. Birds of the Belgian Congo. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 65, 1–75.
Clayton, W. D., and F. N., Hepper, 1973. Computer-aided chorology of West African grasses. Kew Bulletin 29, 213–23.
Coetzee, B. J., F., van der Meulen, S., Zwanziger, P., Gonsalves, and P. J., Weisser, 1976. A phytosociological classification of the Nylsvley Nature Reserve. Bothalia 12, 137–16.
Cole, M. M., 1963. Vegetation and geomorphology in Northern Rhodesia: an aspect of the distribution of the savanna of central Africa. Geographical Journal 129, 290–31.
Davis, D. H. S., 1962 Distribution patterns of southern African Muridae, with notes on some of their fossil antecendants. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums 2, 56–7.
Ellis, R. P., 1977. Distribution of the Kranz syndrome in the southern African Eragrostoideae and Panicoideae according to bundle sheath anatomy and cytology. Agroplantae 9, 73–11.
Fanshawe, D. B., 1968. The vegetation of Zambian termitaria. Kirkia 6, 169–18.
Gates, D. M., and L. E., Papian, 1971. Atlas of Energy Budgets of Plant Leaves. Academic Press, New York. Gaussen H 1955. Expression des milieux par des formules ecologiques; leur representation cartographique. Coll. Int. Cent. Nat. Rech. Sei. 59, 257–6.
Giess, W., 1971. A preliminary vegetation map of South West Africa. Dinteria 4, 1–11.
Givnish, T. J., 1978. On the adaptive significance of compound leaves, with particular reference to tropical trees. In: Tomlinson P B and M H Zimmermann (eds) Tropical Trees as Living Systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Grove A T 1977. The geography of semi-arid lands. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 278, 457–47.
Hall, B. P., and R. E., Moreau, 1970. An atlas of speciation in African passerine birds. British Museum. London 1–42.
Holdridge, L. R., W. C., Grenke, W. H., Hatheway, T., Liang, and J. A., Zosi, 1971. Forest environments in tropical life zones. Pergamon Press, London, pp 2–1.
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Meester, J., 1965. The origins of the southern African mammal fauna. Zoologica Africana 1, 87–9.
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Rutherford, M. C., 1972. Notes on the flora and vegetation of the Omuverume Plateau-Mountain, Waterberg, South West Africa. Dinteria 3–5.
Schultze, R. E., and O. S., McGee, 1978. Climatic indices and classifications in relation to the biogeography of southern Africa. In: Werger M J A (ed) Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa. Junk, The Hague, pp 19–5.
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Tew, J., D. S., Grossman, P., Fair, and C. F., Cresswell, 1974. A study of the fine structure, enzyme activities and pattern of 14C02 incorporation of highveld grasses of different successional stages. Proceedings of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa 9, 95–10.
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White, F., 1965. The savanna woodlands of the Zambezian and Sudanian Domains. Webbia 19, 651–68.
White, F., 1971. The taxonomic and ecological basis of chorology. Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung, München _10, 91–11.
White, F., 1977. The underground forests of Africa: . Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore 29, 57–7.
Wild, H., 1952. The vegetation of Southern Rhodesian termitaria. Rhodesian Agricultural Journal 49, 280–29.
Wild, H., 1968. Phytogeography in South Central Africa. Kirkia 6, 197–22.
Wild, H., and L. A. G., Barbosa, 1967. Vegetation map of the Flora Zambeziaca area. Flora Zambeziaca Supplement 1–7. Collins, Salisbury.
Winterbottom, J. M., 1978. Birds. In: Werger M J A Biogeography and ecology of Southern Africa. Junk, The Hague. 949–97.
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Huntley, B.J. (1982). Southern African Savannas. In: Huntley, B.J., Walker, B.H. (eds) Ecology of Tropical Savannas. Ecological Studies, vol 42. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68786-0_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68786-0_6
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