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Cyclic Nucleotides pp 227–270Cite as

Regulation of Cell Secretion: The Integrated Action of Cyclic AMP and Calcium

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Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 58 / 2))

Overview

Both cyclic AMP and calcium play a central role in stimulus-secretion coupling. As the function of cyclic AMP is described in detail elsewhere in this volume, the emphasis of this chapter is placed on calcium which often is the key second messenger in secretory cells. The first part of the review describes the mechanisms responsible for generating a calcium signal originating either from calcium entering from the outside or from calcium being released from internal reservoirs. Entry of signal calcium from the external medium is regulated either through voltage-dependent or through agonist-dependent channels.

Voltage-dependent channels are found in synaptic endings, insulin-secreting β-cells and in anterior pituitary cells. The mechanisms responsible for depolarising the membrane to open these voltage-dependent channels varies from tissue to tissue. In β-cells there is a remarkable interplay between glycolysis and a potassium channel which leads to fluctuations in membrane potential. These membrane oscillations trigger bursts of calcium-dependent action potentials which are responsible for releasing insulin. These voltage-dependent channels can be modulated by cyclic AMP which may represent an important site of interaction between these two intracellular signals. The voltage-dependent channels tend to inactivate during prolonged depolarisation and cyclic AMP may act to prevent or alleviate this process of inactivation. Another possible mechanism to avoid channel inactivation is to depolarise the membrane in short bursts which might account for the membrane oscillations which have been described in β-cells and in anterior pituitary cells.

Calcium entry across the plasma membrane can also be regulated by agonists using receptors which are quite separate from those which generate cyclic AMP. There is growing evidence for the hypothesis that the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol (PI) is an integral part of the receptor mechanisms responsible for opening specific calcium channels. In many systems, the PI response is apparently independent of calcium; this lends support to the idea that the hydrolysis of this phospholipid may be responsible for generating rather than being a consequence of the calcium signal.

Many secretory cells are capable of mobilizing calcium to support secretory activity when external calcium is removed from the bathing medium. The functional significance of using intracellular calcium might depend upon the fact that the diffusion of calcium in cytoplasm is exceedingly slow. In many secretory systems (mast cells, β-cells, neurosecretory and nerve terminals) the problem of low calcium diffusibility is circumvented by having the secretory process and the signal generator on the same membrane. Stimulus-secretion coupling in these cells is very dependent upon external calcium which flows into the cell to trigger secretion in the immediate vicinity of the membrane. On the other hand, secretory cells which are organised into epithelia usually have the site of signal generation on the basal membrane whereas some of the effector systems lie on the opposite side of the cell. Such systems (salivary glands and pancreas) are much less dependent upon external calcium and seem to be capable of mobilizing calcium from internal reservoirs. This release of internal calcium may represent another important site of interaction between the cyclic nucleotides and calcium because there are numerous reports suggesting that cyclic AMP may act to release calcium from these internal pools.

Further details of the way in which cyclic AMP and calcium interact with each other are provided by considering how secretion is controlled in cells which release vesicles by exocytosis (insulin-secreting β-cells, anterior pituitary, mast cells) and in cells which primarily secrete fluid (parietal cells and pancreas). These secretory cells which combine exocytosis with fluid secretion (e.g. salivary glands and pancreas) provide fascinating systems for unravelling the way in which cells can integrate the action of both cyclic AMP and calcium in order to regulate two independent processes.

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  1. M. J. Berridge
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  1. Biochemical Neuropharmacology Unit, National Institutes of Health, Room 5c 108/Bldg. 10, Bethesda, MD, 20205, USA

    John W. Kebabian

  2. Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA

    James A. Nathanson

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Berridge, M.J. (1982). Regulation of Cell Secretion: The Integrated Action of Cyclic AMP and Calcium. In: Kebabian, J.W., Nathanson, J.A. (eds) Cyclic Nucleotides. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 58 / 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68393-0_5

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