Abstract
This paper sums up the impact of 3 most stimulating days at the Institute for Virology and Immunobiology in Würzburg upon my immunological convictions and my ignorance of retroviruses. I will first be concerned with some general aspects of lymphocyte activation and growth that I consider fundamental for framing questions in the correct perspective. I will then consider, on a purely speculative basis, possible implications of some experimental findings presented at the workshop and reviewed in this volume that define peculiarities of viral-induced lymphocyte growth. To do so, I will have to interpret other’s results without attempting to engage in any critical appreciation of them. The value of such speculations is, therefore, determined by the validity of the original results.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Andersson J, Sjöberg O, Möller G (1972) Induction of immunoglobulin and antibody synthesis in vitro by lipopolysaccharides. Eur J Immunol 2:349–354
Andersson J, Melchers F, Galanos C, Luderitz O (1973) The mitogenic effect of lipopolysaccharide in bonemarrow derived mouse lymphocytes. Lipid A as the mitogenic part of the molecule. J Exp Med 137:943–955
Andersson J, Coutinho A, Lernhart W, Melchers F (1977) Clonal growth and maturation to im-munoglobulin secretion in vitro of every growth-inducible B lymphocyte. Cell 10:27–34
Andersson J, Grönvik K-O, Larsson E-L, Coutinho A (1979) Studies on T lymphocyte activation. I. Requirements for the mitogen-dependent production of T cell growth factors. Eur J Immunol 9:581–587
Augustin AA, Coutinho A (1980) Specific T helper cells that activate B cells polyclonally. J Exp Med 151:587–601
Barnstable CJ, Jones EA, Bodmer WF, Arce-Gomez B, Snary D, Crumpton MJ (1976) Genetics and serology of HL-A linked human la-antigens. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol XLI: 443–455
Bernabé RR, Martinez-A C, Coutinho A (1979) The specificity of nonspecific Concanavalin A-induced helper factors. Eur J Immunol 9:546–552
Cammisuli S, Henry C, Wofsy L (1978) Role of membrane receptors in the induction of in vitro secondary antihapten responses. I. Differentiation of B memory cells to plasma cells is independent of antigen-immunoglobulin receptor interactions. Eur J Immunol 8:656–660
Coffman RL, Weissman IL (1981) A monoclonal antibody that recognizes B cells and B cell precursors in mice. J Exp Med 153:269–279
Cohn M (1981) Conversations with Niels Kaj Jerne on immune regulation: associative versus network recognition. Cell Immunol 61:425–436
Coutinho A (1975) The theory of the “one nonspecific signal” model for B cell activation. Transplant Rev 23:49–65
Coutinho A (1980) The self-nonself discrimination and the nature and acquisition of the antibody repertoire. Ann Immunol (Paris) 131D:235–253
Coutinho A, Meo T (1978) Genetic basis for unresponsiveness to lipopolysaccharide in C57BL/ l0Cr mice. Immunogenetics 7:17–24
Coutinho A, Gronowicz E, Bullock WW, Möller G (1974a) Mechanism of thymus-independent immunocyte triggering. Mitogenic activation of B cells results in specific antibody responses. J Exp Med 139:74–92
Coutinho A, Möller G, Richter W (1974b) Molecular basis of B cell activation. I. Mitogenicity of native and substituted dextrans. Scand J Immunol 3:321–338
Coutinho A, Forni L, Watanabe T (1978) Genetic and functional characterization of an antiserum to the lipid A-specific triggering receptor on murine B lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 8:63–67
Coutinho A, Larsson E-L, Grönvik K-O, Andersson J (1979) Studies on T lymphocyte activation. II. The target cells for Concanavalin A-induced growth factors. Eur J Immunol 9:587–592
Coutinho A, Forni L, Bernabé RR (1980) The polyclonal expression of immunoglobulin variable region determinants on B cells and their precursors. Springer Sem Immunopathol 3:171–211
Diamantstein T, Blitstein-Willinger E (1978) Specific binding of poly(I)-poly(C) to the membrane of murine B lymphocyte subsets. Eur J Immunol 8:896–899
Dutton RW, FalkoffR, Hirst JA, Hoffman M, Kappler JW, Kettman JR, Lesley JF, Vann D (1971) Is there evidence for a non-antigen specific diffusable chemical mediator from the thymus-derived cell in the initiation of the immune response? In: Amos B (ed) Progress in immunology. Academic Press, New York, pp 355–361
Enjuanes L, Lee JC, Ihle JN (1981) T cell recognition of Moloney Sarcoma virus proteins during tumor regression. I. Lack of a requirement for macrophages and the role of blastogenic factors in T cell proliferation. J Immunol 126:1478–1484
Forni L, Coutinho A (1978) An antiserum which recognizes lipopolysaccharide-reactive B cells in the mouse. Eur J Immunol 8:56–62
Freitas AA, Coutinho A (1981) Very rapid decay of mature lymphocytes in the periphery. J Exp Med 154:994–999
Freitas AA, Rocha B, Forni L, Coutinho A (1982) Population dynamics of B lymphocytes: demonstration of high turnover rates in the central and peripheral lymphoid organs. J Immunol 128 (in press)
Gery I, Waksman BH (1972) Potentiation of the lymphocyte response. II. The cellular source of potentiating mediators. J Exp Med 136:218–232
Gillis S, Mizel SB (1981) T-cell lymphoma model for the analysis of interleukin 1-mediated T-cell activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 78:1133–1137
Gillis S, Smith KA (1977) Long term culture of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells. Nature 268:154–157
Goodman J, Primi D, Lewis GK (1981) The role of immunoglobulin receptors and T cell mediators in B lymphocyte activation. In: Steinberg CM, Lefkovitz I (eds) The immune system, vol 2. Karger, Basel, pp 52–58
Haas W, von Boehmer H (1980) Generation of continuously growing CTL clones. Behring Inst Mitt 67:176–181
Hapel AJ, Lee JC, Farrar WL, Ihle JN (1981) Establishment of continuous cultures of Thy 1.2+,Lytl+, 2− T cells with purified interleukin 3. Cell 25:179–186
Immunological Reviews (1978) Acquisition of the T cell repertoire. Immunol Rev 42
Immunological Reviews (1981) T cell clones. Immunol Rev 54
Jerne NK (1955) The natural selection theory of antibody formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 41:849–857
Jerne NK (1971) The somatic generation of immune recognition. Eur J Immunol 1:1–9
Jerne NK (1974) Towards a network theory of the immune system. Ann Immunol (Paris) 125C: 373–389
Katz DH, Hamaoka T, Benacerraf B (1973) Cell interactions between histocompatible T and B lymphocytes. II. Failure of physiologic cooperative interactions between T and B lymphocytes from allogeneic donor strains in humoral response to hapten-protein conjugate. J Exp Med 137:1405–1422
Larsson E-L (1981) Mechanism of T cell activation. II. Antigen and lectin-dependent acquisition of responsiveness to TCGF is a nonmitogenic, active response of resting T cells. J Immunol 126: 1323–1326
Larsson E-L, Coutinho A (1979) The role of mitogenic lectins in T cell triggering. Nature 280: 239–241
Larsson E-L, Coutinho A (1980) Mechanism of T cell activation. I. A screening of “step one” li-gands. Eur J Immunol 10:93–97
Larsson E-L, Andersson J, Coutinho A (1978) Functional consequences of sheep red blood cell rosetting for human T cells: gain of reactivity to mitogenic factors. Eur J Immunol 8:693–696
Larsson E-L, Coutinho A, Martinez-A C (1980a) A suggested mechanism for T lymphocyte activation: implications on the acquisition of functional reactivities. Immunol Rev 51:61–91
Larsson E-L, Bernabé RR, Martinez-Alonso C, LeanderssonT, Coutinho A (1980b). Chemical and biological studies on lectin-induced T cell growth factors and “helper” factors for the in vitro antibody responses to erythrocytes. Behring Inst Mitt 67:18–25
Larsson E-L, Gullberg M, Ivars F, Holmberg D, Coutinho A (1980c) T cells producing and responding to TCGF. Behring Inst Mitt 67:12–17
Larsson E-L, Iscove NN, Coutinho A (1980d) Two distinct factors are required for induction of T cell growth. Nature 283:664–668
Larsson E-L, Gullberg M, Coutinho A (1981a) Heterogeneity of cells and factors participating in the activation of T lymphocytes with cytotoxic potential. Immunobiol (in press)
Larsson E-L, Langhorn J, Fischer Lindahl K, Coutinho A (1981b) Quantitative studies on Concana-valin A-induced, TCGF-reactive T cells. I. Direct correlation between proliferation and cytolytic activity, J Immunol 127:1081–1085
Lee JC, Horak I, Ihle JN (1981) Mechanisms in T cell leukemogenesis. II. T cell response of preleu-kemic BALB/C mice to Moloney leukemia virus antigens. J Immunol 126:715–723
Martinez-A C, Coutinho A (1981) B cell activation by helper cells is a two-step process. Nature 290:60–61
Martinez-A C, Coutinho A, Bernabé RR, Augustin AA, Haas W, Pohlit H (1980) Hapten-specific helper T cells. I. Collaboration with B cells to which the hapten has been directly coupled. Eur J Immunol 10:403–410
Melchers I, Braun V, Galanos C (1975a) The lipoprotein of the outer membrane of E. Coli: a B-lymphocyte mitogen. J Exp Med 142:473–481
Melchers F, Coutinho A, Heinrich G, Andersson J (1975b) Continuous growth of mitogen-reactive B lymphocytes. Scand J Immunol 4:859–856
Mitchison NA (1971) The carrier effect in the secondary response to hapten-protein conjugates. II. Cellular cooperation. Eur J Immunol 1:18–27
Morgan DA, Ruscetti FW, Gallo R (1976) Selective in vitro growth of T lymphocytes from normal human bone marrow. Science 193:1007–1009
Möller G (1968) Regulation of cellular antibody synthesis. Cellular 7 S production and longevity of 7 S antigen-sensitive cells in the absence of antibody feedback. J Exp Med 127:291–305
Nabholz M, Conzelman A, Acuto O, North M, Haas W, Pohlit H, von Boehmer H, Hengartner H, March J-P, Engers H, Johnson JP (1980) Established murine cytolytic T-cell lines as tools for a somatic cell genetic analysis of T cell functions. Immunol Rev 51:125–156
Ohno S (1978) The significance of gene duplication in immunoglobulin evolution (Epimethean natural selection and promethean evolution). In: Litman GW, Good RA (eds) Immunoglobu-lins. Plenum Press, New York, pp 197–204
Osmond DG (1979) Generation of B lymphocytes in bone marrow. In: Cooper M, Mosier DE, Scher I, Vitetta ES (eds) B lymphocytes in the immune response. Elsevier-North Holland, New York, pp 63–66
Osmond DG, Nossal GJV (1974) Differentiation of lymphocytes in mouse bone marrow. II. Kinetics of maturation and renewal of antiglobulin-binding cells studied by double labelling. Cell Immunol 13:132–141
Pettersson S, Pobor G, Coutinho A (1981) MHC-restriction of male antigen-specific T helper cells collaborating in antibody responses. Immunogenetics (in press)
Robb RJ, Smith KA (1981) Appearance of T-cell growth factor-specific receptors on activated T-cells: quantitation by radiolabelled TCGF binding. Nature (in press) Robb RJ, Munck A, Smith KA (1982) T-cell growth factor receptors: quantitation, specificity and biological relevance. J Exp Med (in press)
Raj ewsky K, Schirrmacher V, Nase S, Jerne NK (1969) The requirement of more than one antigenic determinant for immunogenicity. J Exp Med 129:1131–1143
Schimpl A-L, Wecker E (1972) Replacement of T cell function by a T cell product. Nature 237:15–16
Schimpl A, Wecker E (1975) A third signal in B cell activation given by TRF. Transplant Rev 23:176–188
Schimpl A, Hubner L, Wong CA, Wecker E (1980) Distinction between T helper cell replacing factor (TCGF) and T cell growth factor (TCGF). Behring Inst Mitt 67:221–225
Schreier M, Andersson J, Lernhart N, Melchers F (1980) Antigen-specific T helper cells stimulate H-2 compatible and H-2 incompatible B cell blasts polyclonally. J Exp Med 151:194–203
Scollay RC, Butcher EC, Weissman IL (1980) Thymus cell migration. Quantitative aspects of cellular traffic from the thymus to the periphery in mice. Eur J Immunol 10:210–218
Severinsson-Gronowicz E, Doss C, Schröder J (1979) Activation to IgG secretion by lipopolysac-charide requires several proliferation cycles. J Immunol 123:2057–2062
Sprent J (1973) Circulating T and B lymphocytes in the mouse. II. Life span. Cell Immunol 7:22–30
Transplantation Reviews (1972) Lymphocyte activation by mitogens. Transplant Rev 11
Transplantation Reviews (1975) Subpopulations of B lymphocytes. Transplant Rev 24
Vaz NM, Varela FJ (1978) Self and nonsense: an organism-centered view of the immune system. Med Hypothesis 4:231–251
von Boehmer H, Haas W (1981) H-2 restricted cytolytic and noncytolytic T cell clones: isolation, specificity and functional analysis. Immunol Rev 54:27–56
von Boehmer H, Haas W, Jerne NK (1978) MHC-linked immune responsiveness is acquired by lymphocytes of low-responder mice differentiating in thymus of high-responder mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 75:2439–2442
Watson J, Kelly K, Largen M, Taylor BA (1978) The genetic mapping of a defective LPS response gene in C3H/HeJ mice. J Immunol 120:422–424
Weissman IL, Baird S, Garderer RL, Papaioannon VE, Raschke W (1976) Normal and neoplastic maturation of T-lineage lymphocytes. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol XLL9–22
Wigzell H (1970) Specific fractionation of Immunocompetent cells. Transplant Rev 5:76–104
Williamson AR, Askonas BA (1972) Senescence of an antibody forming cell clone. Nature 238: 337–342
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Coutinho, A. (1982). From the Point of View of an Immunologist: Enemies from Within or Friends from Long Ago?. In: Wecker, E., Horak, I. (eds) Retrovirus Genes in Lymphocyte Function and Growth. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 98. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68369-5_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68369-5_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-68371-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-68369-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive