Abstract
One of the most bewildering features about the nuclear DNA of higher plants is the variability in amount and type between different species. The haploid DNA contents of angiosperms ränge from about 0.5 to over 200 pg (Bennett and Smith 1976). Sometimes the Variation is extensive within a genus. For example, there is a threefold Variation in haploid DNA content within the genus Lathyrus without any Variation in chromosome number (Rees and Hazarike 1969) and a tenfold Variation in the genus Crepis (Jones and Brown 1976). The amount of DNA in Angiosperms at the lowest end of the ränge, i. e., about 0.5 pg is approximately five times the amount in Drosophila melanogaster, a fact which immediately provokes the conclusion that higher plants contain a considerable excess of DNA over what is needed to specify their biological complexity (Hinegardner 1976). The large amounts of DNA in plants and the extensive Variation in DNA content between species pose many problems of a technical as well as an intellectual nature for research on chromosomal DNA sequences.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Abbreviations
- C0t :
-
unit of DNA reassociation after melting (definition see p. 47)
- HAP:
-
hydroxyapatite. Restriction enzymes
- Bam HI:
-
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
- Bgl II:
-
Bacillusglobigii
- Eco RI:
-
Escherichia coli RY 13
- Hae III:
-
Haemophilus aegypticus
- Hind III :
-
Haemophilusinfluenzae Rd
- Hpa II :
-
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
- Pst I :
-
Providencia stuartii
- Sal I :
-
Streptomyces albus
- Sma I :
-
Serratia marcescens
- Xba I :
-
Xanthomonas badrii
References
Appels R, Driscoll C, Peaeock WJ (1978) Heterochromatin and highly repeated DNA sequences in rye (Seeale cereale). Chromosoma 70: 67–89
Appels R, Gerlach WL, Dennis ES, Swift H, Peacock WJ (1980) Molecular and chromosomal Organisation of DNA sequences coding for ribosomal RNAs in cereals. Chromosoma 78: 293–311
Arthur RR, Straus NA (1978) DNA sequence Organisation in the genome of the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus) Can J Biochem 56: 257–263
Bachmann K, Price HJ (1977) Repetitive DNA in Cichorieae (compositae). Chromosoma 61: 267–275
Baulcombe D, Verma DPS (1978) Preparation of a complementary DNA for leghaemoglobin and direct demonstration that leghaemoglobin is encoded by the soybean genome. Nucl Acid Res 5: 4141 - 4153
Bazetoux S, Jouanin L, Huguet T (1978) Characterisation of inverted repeated sequences in wheat nuclear DNA. Nucl Acid Res 5: 751–769
Bedbrook J, Gerlach WL (1980) Cloning of repeated sequence DNA from cereal plants. In: Setlow J, Hollaender A (eds) Genetic engineering, principles and methods Vol II, Plenum, New York
Bedbrook J, Gerlach WL, Thompson RD, Jones J, Flavell RB (1978) Molecular cloning of higher plant DNA. In: Rubenstein I, Gengenbach B, Phillip RL (eds) Genetic improvement of crops. Univ Minnesota Press, pp 93–114
Beiford HS, Thompson WF (1979) Single copy DNA homologies and the phylogeny of Atriplex. Carnegie Inst Washington Year Book 78: 217–223
Bendich AF, Anderson RS (1977) Characterisation of families of repeated DNA sequences from four vascular plants. Biochemistry 16: 4655–4663
Bendich AJ, Taylor WC (1977) Sequence arrangement in satellite DNA from the muskmelon. Plant Physiol 59: 604–609
Bendich AJ, Ward BL (1980) On the evolution and functional significance of DNA sequence Organisation in vascular plants. In: Leaver CJ (ed) Genome Organisation and expression in plants. Plenum, New York, pp 17–30
Bennett MD, Smith JB (1976) Nuclear DNA amounts in Angiosperms. Proc R Soc London Ser B 274: 227–274
Bogenhagen DF, Sakonju S, Brown DD (1980) A control region in the center of the 5S RNA gene directs specific initiation of transcription. II The 3’ border of the region. Cell 19: 27–35
Bouchard RA, Swift H (1977) Nature of the heterogeneity in mispairing of reannealed middle repetitive fern DNA. Chromosoma 61: 317–333
Britten RJ, Davidson EH (1976) Studies on nucleic acid reassociation kinetics: Empirical equations describing DNA reassociation. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 73: 415–419
Britten RJ, Kohne DE (1968) Repeated sequences in DNA. Science 161. 529–540
Britten RJ, Graham DE, Neufeld BR (1974) An analysis of repeating DNA sequences by reassociation. In: Grossman L, Moldave K (eds) Methods in enzymology 29E. Academic Press, London New York, pp 363–418
Capesius I, Bierweiler B, Bachmann K, Rucker W, Nagl W (1975) An A + T rieh satelliteDNA in a monocotyledonous plant, Cymbidium. Biochim Biophys Acta 395:67–73
Cavalier-Smith T (1974) Palindromic base sequences and replication of eucaryotic chromosome ends. Nature (London) 250:467–470
Cavalier-Smith T (1978) Nuclear volume control by nucleoskeletal DNA, selection for cell volume and cell growth rate and the Solution of the DNA C-value paradox. J Cell Sei 34: 247–278
Cavalier-Smith T (1980) How selfish is DNA? Nature (London) 285: 617–618
Chilton MD (1975) Ribosomal DNA in a nuclear satellite of tomato. Genetics 81: 469–483
Chilton MD, McCarthy BJ (1973) DNA from maize with and without B chromosomes: a comparative study. Genetics 74: 605–614
Chooi WY (1971) Comparison of the DNA of six Vicia species by the method of DNADNA hybridisation. Genetics 68: 213–230
Cox BJ, Turnock B (1973) Synthesis and processing of ribosomal RNA in cultured plant cells. Eur J Biochem 37: 367–376
Cullis CA (1973) DNA differences between flax genotypes. Nature (London) 243: 515–516
Cullis CA (1977) Molecular aspects of the environmental induetion of heritable changes in flax. Heredity 38: 129–154
Cullis CA, Davies DR (1975) Ribosomal DNA amounts in Pisum sativum. Genetics 81: 485–492
Cullis CA, Schweizer D (1974) Repetitious DNA in some Anemone species. Chromosoma 44: 417–421
Davidson EH, Britten RJ (1979) Regulation of gene expression: possible role of repetitive sequences. Science 204: 1052–1059
Davidson EH, Hough BR, Amenson CS, Britten RJ (1973) General interspersion of repetitive with non repetitive sequence elements in the DNA of Xenopus. J Molec Biol 77: 1–23
Dennis ES, Gerlach WL, Peacock WJ (1980) Identical polypyrimidine-polypurine satellite DNAs in wheat and barley. Heredity 44: 349–366
Dhillon SS, Rake AV, Miksche JP (1980) Reassociation kinetics and cytophotometric characterisation of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L) DNA. Plant Physiol 65: 1121–1127
Doolittle WF, Sapienza C (1980) Selfish genes, the phenotype paradigm and genome evolution. Nature (London) 284: 601–603
Dover GA (1980) Ignorant DNA? Nature (London) 285: 618–620
Epplen JT, Leipoldt M, Engel W, Schmidtke J (1978) DNA sequence Organisation in avian genomes. Chromosoma 69: 307–321
Flavell RB (1980) The molecular characterisation and Organisation of plant chromosomal DNA sequences. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 31: 569–596
Flavell RB (1981) Molecular changes in chromosomal DNA Organisation and origins of phenotypic Variation. Chromosomes Today. Bennett, MD, Bobrow, M and Hewitt, eds. George Allen & Unwin, London, pp 42–254
Flavell RB, Smith DB (1974) Variation in nucleolar organiser rRNA gene multiplicity in wheat and rye. Chromosoma 47: 327–334
Flavell RB, Smith DB (1976) Nucleotide sequence Organisation in the wheat genome. Heredity 37: 231–252
Flavell RB, Smith DB (1977) Hyperpolymer formation during renaturation of DNA from genomes with different sequence Organisation. Nucl Acid Res 4: 2429–2444
Flavell RB, Bennett MD, Smith JB, Smith DB (1974) Genome size and the proportion of repeated sequence DNA in plants. Biochem Genet 12: 257–269
Flavell RB, Rimpau J, Smith DB, O’Dell M, Bedbrook JR (1979) The evolution of plant genome structure. In: Leaver CJ (ed) Plant genome Organisation and expression. Plenum, New York, pp 35–47
Gerlach WL, Dyer TA (1980) Sequence Organisation of the repeating units in the nucleus of wheat which contain 5S rRNA genes. Nucl Acid Res 8: 4851–4865
Gerlach WL, Peacock WJ (1980) Chromosomal locations of highly repeated DNA sequences in wheat. Heredity 44: 269–276
Goldberg RB (1978) DNA sequence Organisation in the soybean plant. Biochem Genet 16: 45–68
Goldberg RB, Hoschek G, Kamalay JC (1978) Sequence complexity of nuclear and polysomal RNA in leaves of the tobacco plant. Cell 14: 123–131
Graham DE, Neufeld BR, Davidson EH, Britten RJ (1974) Interspersion of repetitive and non-repetitive DNA sequence in the sea urchin genome. Cell 1: 127–137
Gurley WB, Hepburn AG, Key JL (1979) Sequence Organisation of the soybean genome. Biochim Biophys Acta 561: 167–183
Hake S, Walbot V (1980) The genome of Zea mays, its Organisation and homology to related grasses. Chromosoma 79: 251–270
Hamer DH, Thomas CA (1974) The cleavage of Drosophila melanogaster DNA by restriction endonucleases. Chromosoma 49: 243–267
Hinegardner R (1976) Evolution of genome size. In: Ayala FJ (ed) Molecular evolution. Sinauer, Sunderland, pp 179–199
Hinnebusch AG, Clark VE, Koltz LC (1978) Length dependence in reassociation kinetics of radioactive tracer DNA. Biochemistry 17: 1521–1529
Huguet T, Jouanin L (1972) Wheat DNA: Study of the heavy satellite in Ag+-Cs2S04 density gradient. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 46: 1169–1174
Hutchinson J, Flavell RB, Jones J (1981) Physical mapping of plant chromosomes by in situ hybridisation. In: Setlow J, Hollaender A (eds) Genetic engineering Vol III, Plenum, New York
Ingle J, Pearson GC, Sinclair J (1973) Species distribution and properties of nuclear satellite DNA in higher plants. Nature New Biol 242: 193–197
Ingle J, Timmis JN, Sinclair J (1975) The relationships between satellite deoxyribonucleic acid, ribosomal ribonucleic and gene redundancy and genome size in plants. Plant Physiol 55: 496–501
Jones JDG, Flavell RB (1982 a) The mapping of highly repeated DNA families and their relationship to C bands in chromosomes of Seeale eereale. Chromosoma, in press
Jones JDG, Flavell RB (1982 b) The structure, amount and localisation of defined repeated sequences in species of the genus Seeale. Chromosoma, in press
Jones RN, Brown LM (1976) Chromosome evolution and DNA Variation in Crepis. Heredity 36: 91–104
Kadouri A, Atsmon D, Edelman M (1975) Satellite-rich DNA in cucumber: Hormonal enhancement of synthesis and subcellular identiflcation. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 72: 2260–2264
Kiper M, Herzfeld F (1978) DNA sequence Organisation in the genome of Petroselinum sativum. Chromosoma 65: 335–351
Kiper M, Bartels D, Herzfeld F, Richter G (1979) The expression of a plant genome in hnRNA and mRNA. Nucl Acid Res 6: 1961–1978
Kiper M, Bolte M, Herzfeld F (1980) Reiteration frequency of genes coding for abundant and rare messenger RNA in greened barley seedlings. Heredity 45: 233–243
Lamppa GK, Bendich AJ (1979) Chloroplast DNA sequence homologues among vascular plants. Plant Physiol 63: 660–668
Leaver CJ, Key JL (1970) Ribosomal RNA synthesis in plants. J Molec Biol 49: 671–680
Mann MB, Smith HO (1977) Specificity of Hpa II and Hae III DNA methylases. Nucl Acid Res 4: 4211–4221
Miksche JP, Hotta Y (1973) DNA base composition and repetitious DNA in several conifers. Chromosoma 41: 29–36
Mitra R, Bhatia CR (1973) Repeated and non-repeated nucleotide sequences in diploid and polyploid wheat species. Heredity 31: 251–262
Murray MG, Cuellar RE, Thompson WF (1978) DNA sequence Organisation in the pea genome. Biochemistry 17: 5781–5790
Murray MG, Palmer JD, Cuellar RE, Thompson WF (1979) Deoxyribonucleic acid sequence Organisation in the mung bean genome. Biochemistry 18: 529–5266
Nandi VS, Wang JC, Davidson N (1965) Separation of deoxyribonucleic acids by Hg(II) binding and Cs2S04 density gradient centrifugation. Biochemistry 4: 1687–1696
Narayan RKJ, Rees H (1976) Nuclear DNA Variation in Lathyrus. Chromosoma 54: 141–154
Nathans D, Smith HO (1975) Restriction endonucleases in the analysis and restructuring of DNA molecules. Annu Rev Biochem 44: 273–293
Nze-ekekang L, Patellon M, Schafer A, Kovoor A (1974) Repetitive DNA of higher plants. Separation of fractions of different complexity from Jerusalem artichoke tissue by reassociation kinetics. J Exp Bot 25: 320–329
Orgel LE, Crick FHC (1980) Selfish DNA: the ultimate parasite. Nature (London) 284: 604–607
Palmer JD, Murray MG, Thompson WR (1979) Studies on chloroplast DNA of mung bean and pea. Carnegie Inst Washington Yearb 78: 226–231
Pearson WR, Davidson EH, Britten RJ (1977) A program for least squares analysis of reassociation and hybridisation data. Nucl Acid Res 4: 1727–1735
Pellegrini M, Goldberg RB (1979) DNA sequence Organisation in soybean investigated by electron microscopy. Chromosoma 75: 309–326
Preisler RS, Thompson WF (1978) Distribution of nucleotide sequence divergence among families of repetitive sequences in mung bean DNA. Carnegie Inst Washington Yearb 77: 323–330
Preisler RS, Thompson WF (1981a) Evolutionary sequence divergence within repeated DNA families of higher plant genomes. I. Analysis of reassociation kinetics. J Molec Evol 17: 78–84
Preisler RS, Thompson WF (1981b) Evolutionary sequence divergence within repeated DNA families of higher plant genomes. II. Analysis of thermal denaturation. J Molec Evol 17: 85–93
Ramirez SA, Sinclair JH (1975) Intraspecific Variation of ribosomal gene redundancy in Zea mays. Chromosoma 80: 495–504
Ranjekar PK, Lafontaine JG, Pallotta D (1974) Characterisation of repetitive DNA in rye (Seeale cereale). Chromosoma 48: 427–440
Ranjekar PK, Pallotta D, Lafontaine JG (1976) Analysis of the genome of plants. II. Characterisation of repetitive DNA in barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Tritieumaestivum). Biochem Biophys Acta 425: 30–40
Ranjekar PK, Pallotta D, Lafontaine JG (1978) Analysis of plant genomes. III. Denaturation and reassociation properties of cryptic satellite DNAs in barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Tritieum aestivum). Biochim Biophys Acta 520: 103–110
Rees H, Hazarika MH (1969) Chromosome evolution in Lathyrus. Chromosomes Today 2: 157–165
Rimpau J, Smith DB, Flavell RB (1978) Sequence Organisation analysis of the wheat and rye genomes by interspecies DNA/DNA hybridisation. J Molec Biol 123: 327–359
Rimpau J, Smith DB, Flavell RB (1980) Sequence Organisation in barley and oats chromosomes revealed by interspecies DNA/DNA hybridisation. Heredity 44: 131–149
Sakonju S, Bogenhagen DF, Brown DD (1980) A control region in the centre of the 5S RNA gene directs specific initiation of transcription. I. The 5’ border of the region. Cell 19: 13–25
Schildkraut CL, Marmur J, Doty P (1962) Determination of the base composition of deoxyribonucleic acid from its buoyant density in CsCl. J Molec Biol 4: 430–443
Scott NS, Possingham JV (1980) Chloroplast DNA in expanding spinach leaves. J Exp Bot 31: 1081–1092
Smith MJ, Britten RJ, Davidson EH (1975) Studies on nucleic acid reassociation kinetics. Reactivity of Single stranded tails in DNA-DNA renaturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72: 4805–4809
Smith DB, Flavell RB (1975) Characterisation of the wheat genome by renaturation kinetics. Chromosoma 50: 223–242
Smith DB, Flavell RB (1977) Nucleotide sequence Organisation in the rye genome. Biochim Biophys Acta 474: 82–97
Smyth DR, Stern H (1973) Repeated DNA synthesized during pachytene in Lilium henryi. Nature (London) 245: 94–96
Southern EM (1975) Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J Molec Biol 98: 503–517
Stack SM, Comings DE (1979) The chromosomes and DNA of Allium cepa. Chromosoma 70: 161–181
Stein DB, Thompson WF (1975) DNA hybridisation and evolutionary relationships in three Osmunda species. Science 189: 888–890
Straus N (1972) Reassociation of bean DNA. Carnegie Inst Washington Yearb 71: 257–259
Sullivan D, Brisson N, Goodchild B, Verma DPS, Thomas DY (1981) Molecular cloning and Organisation of two leghaemoglobin genomic sequences of soybean. Nature (London) 289: 516–518
Sun SM, Slightom JL, Hall TC (1981) Intervening sequences in a plant gene–comparison of the partial sequence of cDNA and genomic DNA of French bean phaseolin. Nature (London) 289: 37–41
Thompson WF (1976) Aggregate formation from short fragments of plant DNA. Plant Physiol 57: 617–622
Thompson WF, Murray MG (1980) Sequence Organisation in pea and mung bean DNA and a model for genome evolution. In: Davies DR, Hopwood DA (eds) Fourth John Innes Symp. John Innes Inst, Norwich, UK, pp 31–45
Thompson WF, Murray MG, Cuellar RE (1979) Contrasting patterns of DNA sequence Organisation in plants. In: Leaver CJ (ed) Genome Organisation and expression in plants. Plenum, New York
Thompson WF, Rubenstein I (1980) The nuclear genome. Organisation and funetion. In: Stumpf PK, Conn CE (eds) The biochemistry of plants Vol. 6. Academic Press, London New York
Ullman JS, McCarthy BJ (1973) The relationship between mismatched base pairs and the thermal stability of DNA duplexes. Biochim Biophys Acta 294: 405–415
Varsanyi-Breiner A, Gusella JF, Keys C, Housman DE, Sullivan D, Brisson N, Verma DPS (1979) The Organisation of a nuclear DNA sequence from a higher plant: Molecular cloning and characterisation of soybean ribosomal DNA. Gene 7: 317–334
Walbot V, Dure L (1976) Development biochemistry of cottonseed embryogenesis and germination. J Molec Biol 101: 503–536
Wahl MW, Stern M, Stark GR (1979) Efficient transfer of large DNA fragments from agarose gels to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper and rapid hybridisation by using dextran sulfate. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 76: 3683–3687
Walbot V, Goldberg RB (1980) Plant genome Organisation and its relationship to classical plant genetics. In: Hall TC, Davies JW (eds) Nucleic acids in plant Voll, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 3–40
Wells R, Royer HD, Hollenberg CP (1976) Non Xenopus-like DNA sequence Organisation in the Chironomus tentans genome. Mol Gen Genet 147: 45–51
Wetmur JG, Davidson N (1968) Kinetics of reassociation of DNA. J Molec Biol 31: 349–370
Wilson JT, Kattermann FRH, Endrizzi JE (1976) Analysis of repetitive DNA in three species of Gossypium. Biochem Genet 14: 1071–1075
Wilson DA, Thomas CA (1974) Palindromes in chromosomes. J Molec Biol 84: 115–144
Wimpee CF, Rawson JRY (1979) Characterisation of the nuclear genome of pearl millet. Biochim Biophys Acta 562: 192–206
Zimmerman JL, Goldberg RB (1977) DNA sequence Organisation in the genome of Nicotiana tabacum. Chromosoma 59: 227–252
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 Springer-Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Flavell, R.B. (1982). Chromosomal DNA Sequences and Their Organization. In: Parthier, B., Boulter, D. (eds) Nucleic Acids and Proteins in Plants II. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, vol 14 / B. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68347-3_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68347-3_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-68349-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-68347-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive