Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Radioimmunologic Methods

  • Chapter
Cardiac Glycosides

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 56 / 1))

Abstract

Based on the work of Yalow and Berson (1959) on the detection of insulin, radioimmunoassay (RIA) has now developed to be the best and most versatile method for the detection of trace amounts of biologically active substances (hereinafter termed antigens). To enable the detection of an antigen using RIA, the following conditions must be fulfilled

  1. a)

    Availability of purified antigen for standardization

  2. b)

    Availability of antibodies reacting specifically with the antigen to be determined

  3. c)

    Availability of radioactively labeled antigen with sufficient specific activity

  4. d)

    Availability of a system allowing separation of the antibody-bound and free antigen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, R.J.: Copolymers of globulin with specific binding proteins — for use as specific adsorbents for detecting the presence of a serum constituent by radioassay. US patent 3980764 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahluwalia, G.S., Kuczala, Z.J.: Absence of hypoalbuminemia in patients undergoing digoxin therapy, as related to use of digoxin radioimmunoassay kits. Clin. Chem. 22, 1539–1540 (1976)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anggard, E.E., Chew, L.F., Kalman, S.M.: A source of error in digoxin radioimmunoassay. N. Engl. J. Med. 287, 935 (1972)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arndts, D.: A solid phase radioimmunoassay for digoxin and its acylated derivatives. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 287, 309–319 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barbieri, U., Gandolfi, C.: Digoxin radioimmunoassay: a comparison of the assay performances using tritiated and 125I radioiodinated tracers. Clin. Chim. Acta 77, 257–267 (1977)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, M.J., Cohen, P.S.: Radioimmunoassay of serum renin activity and digoxin concentrations, with use of polyethylene glycol to separate free and antibody-bound ligand. Clin. Chem. 18, 1339–1342 (1972)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Batz, H.-G., Linke, H.-R., Steliner, K., Weimann, G.: Reaktive unsymmetrische, einen Digoxin-bzw. Digitoxinrest enthaltende Dicarbonsäureester, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung sowie ihre Verwendung zur Herstellung von Testreagentien. German patent 2537129 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Batz, H.-G., Steliner, K., Linke, H.-R., Weimann, G.: Hydroxylalkylamide von Hydroxyphenylalaninen, ein Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und deren Verwendung. German patent 2616724 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Belpaire, F.M., Bogaert, M.G., De Broe, M.E.: Radioimmunoassay of digoxin in renal failure: a comparison of different commercial kits. Clin. Chim. Acta 62, 255–261 (1975)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergdahl, B., Molin, L., Lindwall, L., Dahlström, G., Scherling, I.-L., Bertler, A.: Four kits for plasma digoxin radioimmunoassay compared. Clin. Chem. 25, 305–308 (1979)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berk, L.S., Lewis, J.L., Nelson, J.C.: One-hour radioimmunoassay of serum drug concentrations, as exemplified by digoxin and gentamicin. Clin. Chem. 20, 1159–1164 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, J., Varma, R.K., Vogt, B.R., Weisenborn, F.L.: Steroid derivatives and their usein radioimmunoassay. Brit patent 2002385 (1979a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, J., Varma, R.K., Vogt, B.R., Weisenborn, F.L.: Radiolabelled digoxigenin derivatives for radioimmunoassay of digoxin in plasma, and their unlabelled precursors. Brit patent 2003480 (1979b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Berson, S.A., Yalow, R.S.: General principles of radioimmunoassay. Clin. Chim. Acta 22, 51–69 (1968)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Besch, H.R., Watanabe, A. M.: Radioimmunoassay of digoxin and digitoxin. Clin. Chem. 21, 1815–1829 (1975)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blazey, N.D.: The preparation of 125I-labelled digoxin suitable for use in the digoxin radioimmunoassay. Clin. Chim. Acta 80, 403–407 (1977)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blend, M.J., Ferry, J.D.: RIA kit induced errors in serum digoxin measurement: a critical evaluation of two systems. Clin. Chem. 21, 966 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Boguslaski, R.C.: A column radioimmunoassay method for the determination of digoxin. Biochem. Med. 14, 83–92 (1975)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boink, A.B.T.J., Kruyswijk, H.H., Willebrands, A.F., Maas, A.H.J.: Some factors affecting a commercial kit for radioimmunoassay of digoxin using tritiated digoxin. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 15, 261–266 (1977)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borner, K., Rietbrock, N.: Bestimmung von Digoxin im Serum–Vergleich von Radioimmunoassay und heterogenem Enzymimmunoassay. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 16, 335–342 (1978)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brock, A.: Use of gelatin-coated charcoal in digoxin immunoassay. Clin. Chem. 19, 140–141 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brooker, G., Terasaki, W.L., Price, M.G.: Gammaflow: a completely automated radioimmunoassay system. Science 194, 270–276 (1976)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J.L., Lyle, L.R.: Radioimmunological titration of digoxin in non-extracted blood serum using I-125 hapten in aqueous buffer, antiserum and separation with ion-exchange membrane. US patent 4064227 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J.L., Lin, W.H.-T., Woods, J.W.: Länglicher hohler Behälter für immunochemische und enzymatische Methoden. Patent applied for (DT-OS) 2738183 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunk, S.D., Malmstadt, H.V.: Adaptation of the EMIT serum digoxin assay to a mini-disc centrifugal analyzer. Clin. Chem. 23, 1054–1056 (1977)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burnett, G.H., Conklin, R.L., Wasson, G.W., MacKinney, A.A.: Variability of standard curves in radioimmunoassay of plasma digoxin. Clin. Chem. 19, 725–726 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, V.P., Chen, J.P.: Digoxin-specific antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 57, 71–78 (1967)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, V.P.: Digoxin radioimmunoassay. Lancet 1971, 1, 186

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, V.P.: Assays of digitalis in the blood. Progr. Cardiovasc. Dis. 14, 571–600 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, V.P.: The immunological assay of drugs. Pharmacol. Rev. 29, 103–184 (1978a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, V.P.: Evaluation of different methods for determining serum concentrations of cardiac glycosides. In: Cardiac glycosides, part I. Bodem, G., Dengler, H.J. (eds.), pp. 1–21. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer 1978b

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Calesnick, B., Dinan, A.: Improved micro-radioimmunoassay of digoxin in serum, with use of 125I-labeled digoxin. Clin. Chem. 22, 903–905 (1976)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, I.H., Westgard, J.O., Joiner, B.L.: Characteristics and criteria for judging acceptability of RIA methods which measure digoxin. Clin. Chem. 21, 966 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, M.T., Witty, T.R., Hasler, M.J., Bjornsen, R.E., Painter, K.H.: The development of a fully automated solid phase radioimmunoassay for digoxin. J. Radioanal. Chem. 43, 389–397 (1978)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castro, A., McCreary, S., Wunsch, C., Malkus, H.: Totally automated radioimmunoassay systems for digoxin and thyroxine. Clin. Chem. 22, 11–66 (abstract) (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro, A., Seckinger, D., Cid, A., Buschbaum, P., Noto, R.: A simple automatic kinetic enzyme immunoassay for digoxin. Clin. Chim. Acta 99, 289–295 (1979)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cerceo, E., Elloso, C.A.: Factors affecting the radioimmunoassay of digoxin. Clin. Chem. 18, 539–543 (1972)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlaine, D.A., White, R.J., Howard, M.R., Smith, T.W.: Plasma digoxin concentrations in patients with atrial fibrillation. B rit. Med. J. 1970, 111, 429–432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chambers, R.E.: Digoxin radioimmunoassay: improved precision with iodinated tracer. Clin. Chim. Acta 57, 191–193 (1974)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, J.J., Crowl, C.P., Schneider, R.S.: Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for digoxin. Clin. Chem. 21, 967 (abstract) (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, J.J., Cobb, M.E., Haden, B.H., McNeil, K.G., Schneider, R.S.: Stat procedure for digoxin based upon homogeneous enzyme immunoassay. Clin. Chem. 22, 1185 (abstract) (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chard, T.: An introduction to radioimmunoassay and related techniques. In: Laboratory techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology, Work, T.S., Work, E. (eds.), Vol. 6, part II, pp. 293–534. Amsterdam, New York, Oxford: North-Holland Publ. Comp. 1978

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, I.W., Sperling, M., Volle, C., Maxon, H.R.: Emergency procedure for digoxin radioassay. Clin. Chem. 24, 1564–1567 (1978)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christiansen, N.J.B., Nielsen, M.D.: Digoxin radioimmunoassay: sephadex separation of free from antibody-bound digoxin. Clin. Chim. Acta 42, 125–129 (1972)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coombes, R.F.: Labelled cardiotonic glycosides for use in radioimmunoassay. US patent 396397 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Doering, W., Bliimel, E.: Vereinfachte Serum-Digoxin-Bestimmung mit einem Jod-125-Solid-Phase-Test. Klin. Wochenschr. 56, 497–502 (1978)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drewes, P.A., Pileggi, V.J.: Faster and easier radioimmúnoassay of digoxin. Clin. Chem. 20, 343–347 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drost, R.H., Plomp, T.A., Teunissen, A.J., Maas, A.H.J., Maes, R.A.A.: A comparative study of the homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) and two radioimmunoassays (RIA-S) for digoxin. Clin. Chim. Acta 79, 557–567 (1977)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duchateau, A.M.J.A., Van Megen, T., Merkus, F.W.H.M.: Digitoxin radioimmunoassay, I — comparison of three assays for the determination of serum digitoxin levels. Pharm. Weekbl. 108, 193–200 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dwenger, A., Zic, R., Friedel, R., Trautschold, I.: Separation techniques in radioimmunoassays for digoxin and insulin. Z. Anal. Chem. 279, 108–109 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dwenger, A., Friedel, R., Trautschold, I.: Performance of radioimmunoassays for digoxin as evaluated by a group experiment. In: Proceedings, Int. symposium on radioimmunoassay and related procedures in medicine, Berlin 1977, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Vol. II, pp. 141–148 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwenger, A., Trautschold, I.: Untersuchungen zur Vergleichbarkeit der Ergebnisse unterschiedlicher Methoden zur radioimmunologischen Digoxin-Bestimmung — Ein Beitrag zur Qualitätskontrolle. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 16, 587–595 (1978)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenhardt, W.A., Hedaya, E., Theodoropulos, S.: Protected hydroxyphethyl isocyanatesfor isotopically labelling compounds for use in assays. US patent 4115539 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekins, R.P.: Basic principles and theory. In: Radioimmunoassay and saturation analysis. Sönksen, P.H. (ed.). Brit. Med. Bull. 30, 3–11 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Eriksen, P.B., Andersen, O.: Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay of serum digoxin with use of a bichromatic analyzer. Clin. Chem. 25, 169–171 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Erlanger, B.F., Beiser, S.M.: Antibodies specific for ribonucleosides and ribonucleotides and their reaction with DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 52, 68–74 (1964)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ertingshausen, G., Shapiro, S.I., Green, G., Zborowski, G.: Adaptation of a T3-uptake test and of radioimmunoassays for serum digoxin, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine to an automated radioimmunoassay system — “Centria”. Clin. Chem. 21, 1305–1313 (1975)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evered, D.C., Chapman, C., Hayter, C.J.: Measurement of plasma digoxin concentration by radioimmunoassay. Brit. Med. J. 1970, 111, 427–428

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedel, R., Dwenger, A.: A simple, fast and sensitive microtechnique for radioimmunoassays. Clin. Chem. 21, 967 (abstract) (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauldie, J., Tang, H.K., Corsini, A., Walker, W.H.C.: Solid-phase radioimmunoassay with protein-A-bearing Staphylococcus aureus cells used to assay a protein (ferritin) and a hapten (digoxin). Clin. Chem. 26, 37–40 (1980)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gershman, H., Powers, E., Levine, L., Van Vunakis, H.: Radioimmunoassay of prostaglandins, angiotensin, digoxin, morphine, and adenosine-3’,5’-cyclic-monophosphate with nitrocellulose membranes. Prostaglandins 1, 407–423 (1972)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, H., Howard, M., Landon, J.: A rapid, simple assay for digoxin. J. Clin. Path. 27, 490–494 (1974)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, H., Landon, J., Forrest, G.C.: Radioimmunoassay for digoxin with a fully automated continuous-flow system. Clin. Chem. 23, 1868–1872 (1977)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gutcho, S., McCarter, H., Rapun, R.: Radioimmunoassay of digoxin: an intercomparison of results with three methods. Clin. Chem. 19, 1058–1059 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gutcho, S., McCarter, H., Chanod, E.: Immobilising receptor for ligand analysis — by depositing on a plastics support in the presence of blocking and antiaggregation agents. US patent 4105410 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, C.: Critical review of digoxin reagents and methodologies. Lab. Med. 5, 42–44 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, E.P., Bordens, R.W.: Microencapsulated antibodies in radioimmunoassay — I. Determination of digoxin. Clin. Chem. 25, 860–862 (1979)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansell, J.R.: Three-years’ experience in interlaboratory testing of commercial digoxin kits. Am. J. Clin. Path. 66, (1. Suppl), 234–237 (1976)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herbert, V., Lau, K.-S., Gottlieb, C.W., Bleicher, S.J.: Coated charcoal immunoassay of insulin. J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 25, 1375–1384 (1965)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hersh, L.S., Yaverbaum, S.: Magnetic solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Clin. Chim. Acta 63, 69–72 (1975)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoeschen, R.J., Proveda, V.: Serum digoxin by radioimmunoassay. Can. Med. Ass. J. 105, 170–173 (1971)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofman, L.F.: More accurate radioassay of digoxin. Clin. Chem. 19, 1413–1414 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holtzman, J.L., Shafer, R.B., Erickson, R.R.: Methodological causes of discrepancies in radioimmunoassay for digoxin in human serum. Clin. Chem. 20, 1194–1198 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holtzman, J.L., Shafer, R.B.: Radioimmunoassay of digoxin: effect of albumin. Clin. Chem. 21, 636–637 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horgan, E.D., Riley, W.J.: Radioimmunoassay of plasma digoxin, with use of iodinated tracer. Clin. Chem. 19, 187–190 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huffman, D.H.: The effect of spironolactone and canrenone on the digoxin radioimmunoassay. Res. Commun. Chem. Path. Pharmacol. 9, 787–790 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, W.M., Greenwood, F.C.: Preparation of iodine-131 labelled human growth hormone of high specific activity. Nature 194, 495–496 (1962)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, E.G., Sturgis, B.E., Stonecypher, T.E.: Development of Micromedic systems’ “Concept 4 automatic radioassay” system. Clin. Chem. 22, 1164 (abstract) (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinhammer, G., Lenz, H., Linke, R., Gruber, W.: Enzyme immunoassay for determination of serum digoxin in antibody coated tubes. (Abstract) 2’ European congress on clinical chemistry, Prague 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, W.G., Bathala, M.S., Reuning, R.H.: Specificity of the digoxin radioimmunoassay with respect to dihydrodigoxin. Res. Commun. Chem. Path. Pharmacol. 14, 83–88 (1976)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kroening, B.H., Weintraub, M.: Reduced variation of tracer binding in digoxin radioimmunoassay by use of 125I-labeled tyrosin-methyl-ester derivative: relation of thyroxine concentration to binding. Clin. Chem. 22, 1732–1734

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubasik, N.P., Schauseil, S., Sine, H.E.: Comparison of commercial kits for radioimmunoassay: I. The radioimmunoassay of serum digoxin using tritium tracer. Clin. Biochem. 7, 206–211 (1974 a)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kubasik, N.P., Norkus, N.S., Sine, H.E.: Comparison of commercial kits for radioimmunoassay: II. The radioimmunoassay of serum digoxin using iodinated tracer. Clin. Biochem. 7, 307–312 (1974b)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kubasik, N.P., Brody, B.B., Barold, S.S.: Problems in measurement of serum digoxin by commercially available radioimmunoassay kits. Am. J. Cardiol. 36, 975–977 (1975)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kubasik, N.P., Hall, J.L., Barold, S.S., Volosin, M.T., Sine, H.E.: Evaluation of the sensitivity of commercially available digoxin radioimmunoassay kits. Chest 70, 217–220 (1976)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuczala, Z.J., Ahluwalia, G.S.: Evaluation of two digoxin radioimmunoassay procedures in which 125I-labeled digoxin is used. Clin. Chem. 22, 193–197 (1976)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuno-Sakai, H., Sakai, H.: Effects on radioimmunoassay of digoxin of varying incubation periods for antigen-antibody reaction and varying periods of adsorption by dextrancoated charcoal. Clin. Chem. 21, 227–229 (1975)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lader, S., Bye, A., Marsden, P.: The measurement of plasma digoxin concentration: a comparison of two methods. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 5, 22–27 (1972 a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lader, S., Court, G., Johnson, B.F., Hum, B.A.L.: Radioimmunoassay of digoxin with iodinated tracer. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 29,Suppl. 126:14–10 (abstract) (1972 b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lader, S., Johnson, B.: Interpretation of results obtained using digoxin radioimmunoassay. Postgrad. Med. J. 50 (Suppl. 6): 18–23 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larbig, D., Kochsiek, K.: Radioimmunchemische Bestimmung von Digoxin im menschlichen Serum. Klin. Wochenschr. 49, 1031–1032 (1971)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larbig, D., Kochsiek, K.: Zur radioimmunologischen Bestimmung von Digoxin and Digoxinderivaten. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 97, 1310–1312 (1972)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, J.H., Beckala, H.R., Homburger, H.A.: Assay characteristics of four commercial 125I-digoxin radioimmunoassay kits. Am. J. Clin. Path. 69, 208–209 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesne, M., Kadima, L.: Assay of digitoxin in plasma by an enzyme-immunoassay technique. Clin. Chim Acta 84, 45–47 (1978)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leung, F.Y., Pomeroy, J., Capling, G.: Quality control of testosterone and digoxin radioimmunoassays and cortisol competitive protein binding assay by the reference sample methode. Clin. Biochem. 8, 118–123 (1975)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, S., Dioso, C., Baron, R.: Automated determination of digoxin by enzymimmunoassay utilizing the micro-automated ABA-100 analyzer. Clin. Chem. 23, 1169 (abstract) (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lichey, J., Schröder, R., Rietbrock, N.: The effect of oral spironolactone and intravenous canrenoate-K on the digoxin radioimmunoassay. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 15, 557–559 (1977)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Line, W.F., Siegel, S.J., Kwong, A., Frank, C., Ernst, R.: Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for digoxin. Clin. Chem. 19, 1361–1365 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Litt, G.J.: Solid phase immunoassay of antigens-by reaction of labelled and unlabelled anti- gen with an antibody complexed to an anti-antibody. US patent 4092408 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKinney, A.A., Burnett, G.H., Conklin, R.L., Wasson, G.W.: Comparison of five radioimmunoassays and enzyme bioassay for measurement of digoxin in blood. Clin. Chem. 21, 857–859 (1975)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, F.I., Ryan, J.N., Stafford, M.G.: The reactivity of derivatives of digoxin and digitoxin as measured by the Na-K-ATPase displacement assay and by radioimmunoassay. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 85, 610–620 (1975)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meade, R.C., Kleist, T.J.: Improved radioimmunoassay of digoxin and other sterol-like compounds using Somogyi precipitation. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 80, 748–754 (1972)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Müller, H., Graul, E.H., Müller, L.: Digoxinbestimmung im Serum- Klinische Bedeutung, Ergebnisse und Fehlerdiskussion an Hand vergleichender Untersuchungen mit verschiedenen Radioimmunoassays. Z. Kardiol. 64, 1123–1139 (1975)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Müller, H., Bräuer, H., Tratz, A.: Radioimmunologische Fehlbestimmung von Digoxin im Schwangerenserum. Ärtzl. Lab. 22,355–356 (1976 a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, H., Bräuer, H., Reinhardt, M., Förster, G.: Serumdigoxinbestimmung mit EIA und RIA. Arztl. Lab. 22, 399–402 (1976b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, H., Bräuer, H., Resch, B.: Cross reactivity of digitoxin and spironolactone in two radioimmunoassays for serum digoxin. Clin. Chem. 24, 706–709 (1978)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munz, E., Kessler, A., Koller, P.U., Busch, E.W.: Erfahrungen mit einem Enzymimmunoassay für Digoxin. Lab. Med. 3, 71–76 (1979)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nye, L., Forrest, G.C., Greenwood, H., Gardner, J.S., Jay, R., Roberts, J.R., Landon, J.: Solid-phase, magnetic particle radioimmunoassay. Clin. Chim Acta 69, 387–396 (1976)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oellerich, M., Haindl, R, Haeckel, R.: Die Bestimmung von Digoxin im Serum mit Enzymimmunotests. Internist 19, 188–190 (1978)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ojala, K., Karjalainen, J., Reissell, P.: Radioimmunoassay of digoxin. Lancet, 1972, 1, 150

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary, T.D., Howe, L.A., Geary, T.D.: Improvement in a radioimmunoassay for digoxin. Clin. Chem. 25, 332–334 (1979)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, G.C., Parker, B.M., Brasfield, D.L., Parker, C.W.: The measurement of digitoxin in human serum by radioimmunoassay. J. Clin. Invest. 47, 1035–1042 (1968)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, G.C., Parker, B.M., Parker, C.W.: Radioimmunoassay of digoxin, technic and clinical application. Am. J. Med. 51, 186–192 (1971)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ong, T.S., Baumann, H., Pohle, W., Schött, D., Hobrecker, M., May, B., Fritze, E.: Digoxin: vergleichende Bestimmung mit Radioimmun-und Enzymimmunassay. Diagnostik 12, 139–142 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Oslapas, R., Herrin, T.R.: Radioimmunological determination of digoxin in serum — by incubating with antibodies and labeled digoxin-tyramin analogue. US patent 3981982 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Sullivan, M.J., Bridges, J.W., Marks, V.: Enzyme immunoassay: a review. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 16, 221–240 (1979)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Painter, K., Hasler, M.J.: Development of chemistries for a fully automated radioimmunoassay instrument, Micromedic systems “concept 4 automatic radioassay”. Clin. Chem. 22, 1164 (abstract) (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Painter, K.: Verfahren zum Messen des Digoxingehalts einer Serumprobe. Dt-OS 2743446 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Painter, K., Vader, C.R.: Interference of iodine-125 ligands in radioimmunoassay: evidence implicating thyroxine-binding globulin. Clin. Chem. 25, 797–799

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, H.M., Chen, I.W., Manitasas, G.T., Lowey, A., Saenger, E.L.: Clinical evaluation of radioimmunoassay of digoxin. J. Nucl. Med. 14, 531–533 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, C.W.: Radioimmunoassay of biologically active compounds. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc. 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, A.P.: The improvement of specificity in radioimmunoassays. Clin. Chim. Acta 44, 333–340 (1973)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piasio, R.N., Woiszwillo, J.E.: Radioiodine labelled peptide derivatives of digoxin — for radioimmunoassay, having same antibody affinity as digoxin. US patent 3925355 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Piasio, R.N., Perry, D.A., Nayak, P.N.: Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Durchführung klinischer Diagnose-Tests in vitro unter Verwendung eines Festphasen-Bestimmungs-Systems. DT-OS 2824742 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pippin, S.L., Marcus, F.I.: Digoxin Immunoassay with use of 3H-Digoxin vs. ‘25I-tyrosinmethyl-ester of digoxin. Clin. Chem. 22, 286–287 (1976)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polito, A.J.: Digoxin carboxylic ester derivatives — pref. labelled with radioiodine for use in radioimmunoassay. US patent 4021535 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravel, R.: Negligible interference by spironolactone and prednisone in digoxin radioimmunoassay. Clin. Chem. 21, 1801–1803 (1975)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ravel, R., Schall, R.F.: Pitfalls in iodine-125 digoxin measurement. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 6, 365–371 (1976)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ravel, R., Espinola, A.F.: Comparison of 125I digoxin kits. Lab. Med. 7, 19–24 (1976)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, F., Vargas, M.G., Klass, C.S.: Evaluation of enzymemultiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) for determination of serum digoxin. Clin. Chem. 22, 1899–1902 (1976)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubenstein, K.E., Schneider, R.S., Ullman, E.F.: “Homogeneous” enzyme immunoassay. A new immunochemical technique. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 47, 846–851 (1972)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutner, H., Rapun, R., Lewin, N.: Labelled 3-acetyldigoxigeninaminoacids-for digoxin test from digoxigenin-l2-acetate-3-hemisuccinate and aminoacids. US patent 3855208 (1971a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutner, H., Rapun, R., Lewin, N.: Labelled digitoxigenin-3-aminoacids-for digitoxin test from mixed anhydrides of hemisuccinates and pivalylchloride coupled. US patent 3810886 (1971b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schall, R.F.: Digoxin radioimmunoassay: dealing with a loss of sensitivity. Clin. Chem. 19, 688–689 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scharpe, S.L., Cooreman, W.M., Blomme, W.J., Laekeman, G M Quantitative enzyme immunoassay: current status. Clin. Chem. 22, 733–738 (1976)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schuurs, A.H.W.M., Van Weemen, B.K.: Enzyme-Immunoassay. Clin. Chim. Acta 81, 140 (1977)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, B., Kollmann, G.J., Heine, W.I.: Pitfalls in the application of digoxin determinations. Semin. Nucl. Med. 5, 205–220 (1975)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, W.: Radioimmunoassay of digoxin: effect of albumin. Clin. Chem. 21, 636 (1975)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, W., Schulman, L., Spierto, F.W.: The carrier effect of gamma globulin when a polethylene glycol separation technique is used in digoxin radioimmunoassay. Clin. Chim. Acta 60, 385–389 (1975)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, W., Powell, M.K., Bayse, D.: The influence of serum albumin concentration on fatty acid interference in the radioimmunoassay for serum digoxin. Clin. Chem. 23, 1124–1125 (abstract) (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Silber, B., Sheiner, L.B., Powers, J.L., Winter, M.E., Sadee, W.: Spironolactone-associated digoxin radioimmunoassay interference. Clin. Chem. 25, 48–50 (1979)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sjöholm, I.G.H., Lindmark, N.R., Ekman, B M: Immobilisierte biologisch aktive Substanz und deren Verwendung. Dt-OS 2546379 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Skelley, D.S., Brown, L.P., Besch, P.K.: Radioimmunoassay. Clin. Chem. 19, 146–186 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T.W., Butler, V.P., Haber, E.: Determination of therapeutic and toxic serum digoxin concentrations by radioimmunoassay. N. Engl. J. Med. 281, 1212–1216 (1969)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T.W., Butler, V.P., Haber, E.: Characterization of antibodies of high affinity and specificity for the digitalis glycoside digoxin. Biochemistry 9, 331–337 (1970)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T.W.: Radioimmunoassay for serum digitoxin concentration: methodology and clinical experience. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 175, 352–360 (1970)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T.W.: Ouabain-specific antibodies immunochemical properties and reversal of Na, K+-activated ATPase inhibition. J. Clin. Invest. 51, 1583–1593

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T.W., Haber, E.: Clinical value of the radioimmunoassay of the digitalis glycosides. Pharmacol. Rev. 25, 219–228 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T.W.: Digoxin radioimmunoassay: capabilities and limitations. J. Pharmac. Biopharm. 4, 197 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sönksen, P.H. (ed.): Radioimmunoassay and saturation analysis. Brit. Med. Bull. 30, 1–103 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Soto, A.R., Brotherton, M., Castellanos, M.E., Chambliss, K.W.: Comparison of digoxin values obtained using several commercially available tritiated and iodinated digoxin methods. Clin. Chem. 21, 966 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Soto, A.R., Brotherton, M., Castellanos, M.E., Chambliss, K.W.: Causes of variability of assay values in radioimmunoassay of digoxin. Clin. Chem. 22, 1183 (abstract) (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stellner, K., Glatz, C., Linke, R.: Solid-phase tube radioimmunoassay zur Bestimmung von Digoxin. Z. Klin. Chem. Biochem. 13, 257 (abstract) (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stellner, K.: A new simple assay for determining digoxin serum levels. In: Cardiac glycosides. Bodem, G., Dengler, H.J. (eds.), part I, pp. 22–27. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer 1978

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoll, R.G., Christensen, M.S., Sakmar, E., Wagner, J.G.: The specificity of the digoxin.radioimmunoassay procedure. Res. Commun. Chem. Path. Pharmacol. 4, 503–510 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, L., Spiehler, V.: Radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassay compared for determination of digoxin. Clin. Chem. 22, 2029–2031 (1976)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taubert, K., Shapiro, W.: Serum digoxin levels using an 125I-labelled antigen: validation of method and observations on cardiac patients. Am. Heart J. 89, 79–86 (1975)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terrance, G.: Tetra-125iodo-dityramine of digitalis derivative. US patent 3997525 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tovey, K.C., Findlay, J.W.A.: Digoxin-und Digitoxinderivate und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung. DT-OS 2526984 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ullman, E.F., Rubenstein, K.E.: Cardiac glycoside enzyme conjugates. US patent 4039385 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Valdes, R., Savory, G., Bruns, D., Renoe, B., Savory, J., Wills, M.R.: Performance assessment of the gammaflow TM automated radioimmunoassay system by assaying for digoxin. Clin. Chem. 25, 1254–1258 (1979)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verspohl, E., Strobach, H., Greeff, K.: Eine Methode zur radioimmunologischen Bestimmung von g-Strophanthin. Arzneim. Forsch. 28, 1694–1698 (1978)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vijgh, W.J.F. van der: Modification of a commercially available digoxin radioimmunoassay kit for higher precision. Clin. Chem. 21, 1172–1174 (1975)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt, W., Tausch, A., Jacob, K., Knedel, M.: Die Bestimmung von Digoxin im Serum mit einem schnellen Analyser mit der EMIT-Technik. In: Enzymimmunoassay. Vogt, W. (Hrsg.), S. 27–35. Stuttgart: Thieme 1978

    Google Scholar 

  • Voshall, D.L., Hunter, L., Grady, H.J.: Effect of albumin on serum digoxin radioimmunoassay.. Clin. Chem. 21, 402–406 (1975)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, D., Alspector, B., Feingers, J., Pick, A.: Direct radioimmunoassay with capillary chromatography tubes. Clin. Chem. 25, 1337–1339 (1979)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiler, E.W., Zenk, M.H.: Iodinated digoxin derivatives with improved reactivity and stability, for use in radioimmunoassay. Clin. Chem. 25, 44–47 (1979)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, S.: Reagentien zur Untersuchung von Herzglycosiden. DT-OS 2331922 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, S.: Radio-iodine-labelled steroid 3-oximes for radioimmunoassay of genins and their 3-glycosides. US patent 3954739 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wisdom, G.B.: Enzyme-Immunoassay. Clin. Chem. 22, 1243–1255 (1976)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witherspoon, L.R., Shuler, S.E., Garcia, M.M.: Spurious underestimation of results for digoxin radioimmunoassay with a commercial kit. Clin. Chem. 24, 494–498 (1978)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, W.G.: Test of six commercial 125I-labelled digoxin radioimmunoassay kits. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 15, 679–685 (1977)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, W.G., Wachter, C.: A critical appraisal of a further three new commercial digoxin radioimmunoassay kits with reference to cross-reacting substances. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 17, 77–83 (1979)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodcock, B.G., Rodgers, M., Gibbs, A.C.: Quality control of digoxin radioimmunoassay. In: Radioimmunoassay in clinical biochemistry. Pasternak, C.A. (ed.), pp. 131–138. London, New York, Rheine: Heyden 1975

    Google Scholar 

  • Yalow, R.S., Berson, S.A.: Assay of plasma insulin in human subjects by immunological methods. Nature 184, 1648–1649 (1959)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yaverbaum, S., Vann, W.P., Findley, W.F., Piasio, R.A.: A rapid and specific porous glass solid-phase radioimmunoassay of digoxin. Fed. Proc. 32, 962 (abstract) (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeegers, J.J.W., Maas, A.H.J., Willebrands, A.F., Kruyswijk, H.H., Jambroes, G.: The radioimmunoassay of digoxin. Clin. Chim. Acta 44, 109–117 (1973)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. K. Stellner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Instituts für Pharmakologie, Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, D-4000, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Kurt Greeff (Direktor) (Direktor)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1981 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Stellner, K. (1981). Radioimmunologic Methods. In: Greeff, K. (eds) Cardiac Glycosides. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 56 / 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68163-9_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68163-9_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-68165-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-68163-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation