Abstract
This section is concerned with psychotomimetics or hallucinogens such as d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its less potent indole and phenylethylamine congeners. In man, low doses of these agents (e.g., 1–5 jig LSD) are said to produce a specific state in which “psychedelic, mystical, or psychotomimetic, perceptions and thought occur in the presence of clear consciousness” (Freedman and Halaris, 1978). In other animals, psychotomimetics have been reported to produce diverse effects ranging from bizarre alterations in spiders’ web building (Witt, 1956) to an elephant’s death (West and Pierce, 1962). In more frequently studied species such as rats, LSD increases overall levels of activity (Kuhn and Appel, 1975), prevents the habituation of a startle response (Davis and Sheard, 1974), and causes a characteristic “behavioral syndrome” consisting of tremor, rigidity, Straub trail, hindlimb abduction, lateral head weaving, and reciprocal forepaw treading (Trulson et al., 1976).
Keywords
- Stimulus Property
- Conditioned Suppression
- Behavioral Pharmacology
- Discriminative Stimulus Property
- Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abrahamson, H.A., Rolo, A., Sklarofsky, B., Stache, J.: Production of cross-tolerance to psychosis-producing doses of lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin. J. Psychol. 49, 151–154 (1960)
Aghajanian, G.K., Haigler, H J., Bennett, J.L.: Amine receptors in the CNS. III. 5-hydroxy- tryptamine in the brain. In: Handbook of psychopharmacology. Iversen, L.L., Iversen, S.D., Snyder, S.H. (eds.), pp. 63–69. New York: Plenum 1975
Altman, J.L., Appel, J.B.: LSD and fixed-interval responding in the rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 3, 151–155 (1975)
Altman, J.L., Appel, J.B., McGowan, W.T., III: Drugs and the discrimination of duration. Psychopharmacology 60, 183–188 (1979)
Appel, J.B.: Drugs, shock intensity, and the CER. Psychopharmacology 4, 148–153 (1963)
Appel, J.B.: Effects of LSD on time-based schedules of reinforcement. Psychopharmacology 21, 174–186 (1971)
Appel, J.B.: The effects of “psychotomimetic” drugs on animal behavior. In: Psychopharmacology: A review of progress 1957–1967. Efron, D. (ed.). U. S. Public Health Service Publication 1836, 1211–1222 (1968)
Appel, J.B., Dykstra, L.A.: Drugs, discrimination and signal detection theory. In: Advances in behavioral pharmacology. Thompson, T., Dews, P.B. (eds.), Vol.1, pp. 139–166. New York: Academic Press 1977
Appel, J.B., Freedman, D.X.: Chemically-induced alterations in the behavioral effects of LSD-25. Biochem. Pharmacol. 13, 861–869 (1964)
Appel, J.B., Freedman, D.X.: The relative potencies of psychotomimetic drugs. Life Sci. 4, 2181–2186 (1965)
Appel, J.B., Freedman, D.X., Filby, Y.M.: The effects of three psychoactive drugs on two varieties of escape behavior. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 167, 179–193 (1967)
Appel, J.B., Freedman, D.X.: Tolerance and cross-tolerance among psychotomimetic drugs. Psychopharmacology 13, 261–214 (1968)
Appel, J.B., Joseph, J.A., Utsey, E., Hernandez, L.L., Boggan, W.O.: Sensitivity to psychoactive drugs and the serotonergic neuronal system. Commun. Psychopharmacol. 1, 541–551 (1977)
Appel, J.B., Lovell, R.A., Freedman, D.X.: Alterations in the behavioral effects of lysergic acid diethylamide by pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. Psychopharmacology 18, 387-Appel, J.B., Lovell, R.A., Freedman, D.X.: Alterations in the behavioral effects of lysergic acid diethylamide by pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. Psychopharmacology 18, 387-Appel, J.B., Lovell, R.A., Freedman, D.X.: Alterations in the behavioral effects of lysergic acid diethylamide by pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. Psychopharmacology 18, 387-Appel, J.B., Lovell, R.A., Freedman, D.X.: Alterations in the behavioral effects of lysergic acid diethylamide by pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. Psychopharmacology 18, 387–406 (1970a) 406 (1970a) 406 (1970a) 406 (1970a)
Appel, J.B., Sheard, M.H., Freedman, D.X.: Alterations in the behavioral effects of LSD by midbrain raphe lesions. Commun. Behav. Biol. 5, 237–241 (1970b)
Appel, J.B., White, F.J.: Behavioral and neuropharmacological aspects of the discriminative stimulus properties of quipazine. Fed. Proc. 37 (1978)
Appel, J.B., White, F.J., Kuhn, D.M.: The use of drugs as discriminative stimuli in behavioral pharmacodynamics. In: Stimulus Properties of Drugs: Ten years of Progress. Colpaert, F.C., Rosecrans, J.A. (eds.), pp. 7–29. Amsterdam-New York: Elsevier/North-Holland 1978
Appel, J.B., Whitehead, W.E., Freedman, D.X.: Motivation and the behavioral effects of LSD. Psychonomic Sci. 12, 305–306 (1968)
Barry, H., III: Classification of drugs according to their discriminable effects in rats. Fed. Proc. 33, 1814–1824 (1974)
Barry, H. III, Wagner, S.A., Miller, N.E.: Effects of several drugs on performance in an Approach-Avoidance conflict. Psychol. Rep. 12, 215–221 (1963)
Becker, D.I., Appel, J.B., Freedman, D.X.: Some effects of LSD on visual discrimination in pigeons. Psychopharmacology 11, 354–364 (1967)
Bennett, J.P., Snyder, S.H.: Stereospecific binding of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to brain membranes: relationship to post-synaptic serotonin receptors. Brain Res. 94, 523–544 (1975)
Bennett, J.P., Snyder, S.H.: Serotonin and lysergic acid diethylamide binding in rat brain mem-branes: relationship to post-synaptic serotonin receptors. Mol. Pharmacol. 12, 373–389 (1976)
Browne, R.G.: The role of serotonin in the discriminative stimulus properties of mescaline. In: Drug discrimination and state dependent learning. Ho, B.T., Richards, D.W., Ill, Chute, D.L. (eds.). pp. 79–101. New York: Acadmic Press 1978
Browne, R.G., Ho, B.T.: The role of serotonin in the discriminative stimulus properties of mescaline. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 3, 429–435 (1975)
Calil, H.M.: Screening hallucinogenic drugs. II. Systematic study of two behavioral tests. Psychopharmacology 56, 87–92 (1978)
Cameron, O.G., Appel, J.B.: Conditioned suppression of bar-pressing behavior by stimuli associated with drugs. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 17, 127–137 (1972a)
Cameron, O.G., Appel, J.B.: Generalization of LSD-induced conditioned suppression. Psy-chonomic Sei. 27, 302–304 (1972b)
Cameron, O.G., Appel, J.B.: A behavioral and pharmacological analysis of some discriminable properties of d-LSD in rats. Psychopharmacology 33, 117–134 (1973)
Cameron, O.G., Appel, J.B.: Drug-induced conditioned suppression: specificity due to drug employed as UCS. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 4, 221–224 (1976)
Carter, R.B., Appel, J.B.: LSD and 5-HTP: Tolerance and cross-tolerance relationships. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 50, 145–148 (1978)
Davis, M., Sheard, M.H.: Effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on habituation and sensitization of the startle response in the rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2, 675–684 (1974)
Dews, P.B., Wenger, G.R.: Rate-dependency of the behavioral effects of amphetamine. In: Advances in behavioral pharmacology. Thompson, T., Dews, P.B. (eds.), Vol. I, pp. 167–227. New York: Academic Press 1977
Dykstra, L.A., Appel, J.B.: Effects of LSD on auditory generalization. Psychonomic Sei. 21, 272–274 (1970)
Dykstra, L.A., Appel, J.B.: LSD and stimulus generalization: Rate-dependent effects. Science 177, 720–722 (1972)
Dykstra, L.A., Appel, J.B.: Effects of LSD on auditory perception: a signal detection analysis. Psychopharmacology 34, 289–307 (1974)
Estes, W.K., Skinner, B.F.: Some quantitative properties of anxiety. J. Exp. Psychol. 29, 390- 400 (1941)
Freedman, D.X., Appel, J.B., Hartman, F.R., Molliver, M.E.: Tolerance to behavioral effects of LSD-25 in rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 143, 309–313 (1964)
Freedman, D.X., Halaris, A.E.: Monoamines and the biochemical mode of action of LSD at synapses. In: Psychopharmacology: A generation of progress. Lipton, M.A., DiMascio, A., Killam, K.F. (eds.), pp. 347–359. New York: Raven 1978
Gillett, E.: Effects of chlorpromazine and d-lysergic acid diethylamide on sex behavior of male rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 103, 393 (1960)
Goldberg, S.: The behavioral analysis of drug addiction. In: Behavioral pharmacology. Glick, S.D., Goldfarb, J. (eds.), pp. 283–316. St. Louis: Mosby 1976
Green, D.M., Swets, J.A.: Signal detection theory and psychophysics. New York: Wiley 1966
Greenberg, I., Kuhn, D.M., Appel, J.B.: Behaviorally-induced sensitivity to the discriminable properties of LSD. Psychopharmacology 43, 229–232 (1975)
Guttman, N., Kalish, H.I.: Discriminability and stimulus generalization. J. Exp. Psychol. 51, 79–88 (1956)
Hamilton, C.L.: Effects of LSD-25 and amphetamine on a running response in the rat. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2, 104–109 (1960)
Hamilton, C.L., Wilpizeski, C.: Effects of LSD-25 on food intake in the rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 108, 319–321 (1961)
Hernandez, L.L., Appel,.T.B.: An analysis of some perceptual effects of morphine, chlorpromazine and LSD. Psychopharmacology 60, 125–130 (1979)
Hill, H.F., Bell, E.C., Wikler, A.: Reduction of conditioned suppression: actions of morphine compared with those of amphetamine, pentobarbital, nalorphine, cocaine, LSD-25, and chlorpromazine. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 165, 212–225 (1967)
Hirschhorn, I.D., Winter, J.C.: Mescaline and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) as discriminative stimuli. Psychopharmacology 22, 64–71 (1971)
Hoffmeister, F.: Negatively reinforcing properties of some psychotropic drugs in drug-naive rhesus monkeys. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 192, 468–477 (1975)
Hoffmeister, F., Wuttke, W.: Negative reinforcing properties of morphine antagonists in naive rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology 33, 247–258 (1973)
Jaffe, J.H.: Drug addiction and drug abuse. In: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. Goodman, L.S., Gilman, A. (eds.), pp. 276–313. New York: Macmillan 1965
Jarrard, L.E.: Effects of d-lysergic acid diethylamide on operant behavior in the rat. Psycho- pharmacology 5, 39–46 (1964)
Joseph, J.A., Appel, J.B.: Alterations in the behavioral effects of LSD by motivational and neurohumoral variables. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 5, 35–37 (1976)
Joseph, J.A., Appel, J.B.: Behavioral sensitivity to LSD: Dependency upon the pattern of central serotonin depletion. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 6, 499–504 (1977)
Ksir, C., Nelson, S.: LSD and d-amphetamine effects on fixed-interval responding in the rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 6, 269–272 (1977)
Kuhn, D.M., Appel, J.B.: Effect of serotonin agonists and antagonists on motor activity in rats. New York: Society for Neuroscience 1975
Kuhn, D.M., White, F.J., Appel, J.B.: Discriminable stimuli produced by hallucinogens. Psy-chopharmacol. Commun. 2, 345–348 (1976)
Kuhn, D.M., White, F.J. Appel, J.B.: Discriminative stimulus properties of hallucinogens: behavioral assay of drug action. In: Discriminative stimulus properties of drugs: Lai, H. (ed.), pp. 137–155. New York: Plenum 1977
Kuhn, D.M., White, F.J., Appel, J.B.: The discriminative stimulus properties of LSD: mechanism of action. Neuropharmacology 77, 257–263 (1978)
Lovell, R.A., Freedman, D.X.: Stereospecific receptor sites for d-lysergic acid diethylamide in rat brain: effects of neurotransmitters, amine antagonists, and other psychotropic drugs. Mol. Pharmacol. 72, 620–630 (1976)
Mahler, D.J., Humoller, F.L.: Effect of lysergic acid diethylamide and bufotenine on performance of trained rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 102, 697–701 (1959)
McGowan, W.T., III: Tolerance to LSD and cross-tolerance relationships between LSD and psilocybin. Unpublished thesis. University of South Carolina 1976
McIsaac, W.M., Khairallah, P.A., Page, I.H.: 10-Methoxyharmalan a potent serotonin antagonist which affects conditioned behavior. Science 134, 674–675 (1961)
McMillan, D.E., Leander, J.D.: Effects of drugs on schedule-controlled behavior. In: Behavioral Pharmacology, Glick, S., Goldfarb, J. (eds.), pp. 85–139. St. Louis: Mosby, 1976
Millenson, J.R., Leslie, J.: The conditioned emotional response as a baseline for the study of anti-anxiety drugs. Neuropharmacology 13, 1–9 (1974)
Overton, D.A.: Discriminative control of behavior by drug states. In: Stimulus properties of drugs. Thompson T., Pickens R. (eds.), pp. 87–110, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts 1971
Peterson, N.J.: Some effects of LSD on the control of responding in the cebus monkey by reinforcing and discriminative stimuli. Unpublished thesis. Yale University 1966
Poling, A.D., Appel, J.B.: Drug effects under automaintenance and negative automaintenance procedures. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 9, 315–318 (1978)
Poling, A.D., Appel, J.B.: Drug effects on the performance of pigeons under a negative automaintenance procedure. Psychopharmacology 60, 207–210 (1979)
Poling, A., Urbain, C., Thompson, T.: Effects of d-amphetamine and chlordiazepoxide on positive conditioned suppression. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 7, 233–238 (1977)
Sanger, D.J., Blackman, D.: Rate-dependent effects of drugs: a review of the literature. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 4, 73–83 (1976)
Sankar, D.V. Siva: LSD - A total study. Westbury, New York: PJD Publications 1975
Schechter, M.D., Rosecrans, J.A.: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) as a discriminative cue: drugs with similar stimulus properties. Psychopharmacology 26, 313–316 (1972)
Schoenfeld, R.I.: LSD and mescaline induced attenuation of the effect of punishment in the rat. Science 192, 801–803 (1976)
Schuster, C.R., Johanson, C.E.: The use of animal models for the study of drug abuse. In: Research advances in alcohol and drug problems. Gibbin, R.J., Israel, Y., Popham, R.E., Schmidt, W., Smart, R.G. (eds.), Vol. 1, pp. 1–32. New York: Wiley 1974
Smythies, J.R., Sykes, E.A.: The effect of mescaline upon the conditioned avoidance response in the rat. Psychopharmacology 6, 163–172 (1964)
Smythies, J.R., Sykes, E.A.: Structure-activity relationship studies on mescaline: the effect of dimethoxyphenylethylamine and N:N-dimethyl mescaline on the conditioned avoidance response in the rat. Psychopharmacology 8, 324–330 (1966)
Straub, S.A., Appel, J.B.: Signal detection analysis of brightness discrimination following chlorpromazine, LSD and d-amphetamine. Southeastern Psychological Association. At-lanta 1975
Thompson, T., Pickens, R., (eds.): Stimulus properties of drugs. New York: Appleton-Century- Crofts 1971
Thompson, T., Pickens, R.: An experimental analysis of behavioral factors in drug dependence. Fed. Proc. 34, 1759–1767 (1975)
Trulson, M.E., Ross, C.A., Jacobs, B.L.: Behavioral evidence for the stimulation of CNS serotonin receptors by high doses of LSD. Psychopharmacol. Commun. 2, 149–164 (1976)
West, L.J., Pierce, C.M.: Lysergic acid diethylamide; its effects on a male asiatic elephant. Science 138, 1100–1102 (1962)
White, F.J., Kuhn, D.M., Appel, J.B.: Discriminative stimulus properties of quipazine. Neuro-pharmacology 16, 827–832 (1977)
Witt, P.N.: Die Wirkung von Substanzen auf den Netzbau der Spinne als biologischer Test. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1956
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Appel, J.B., Poling, A.D., Kuhn, D.M. (1982). Psychotomimetics: Behavioral Pharmacology. In: Hoffmeister, F., Stille, G. (eds) Psychotropic Agents. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 55 / 3. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-67770-0_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-67770-0_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-67772-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-67770-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive