Abstract
Photoperiod has been shown to affect the tissue levels of hormones in all of the major categories. More difficult to assess is the precise role of these variations in controlling the many responses of plants to daylength. The great range of photoperiodic behavior (see Vince-Prue 1975) precludes discussion of the hormonal regulation of all daylength-controlled phenomena and this review, there-fore, concentrates on selected responses in three major areas:
-
a)
vegetative growth (stem elongation),
-
b)
dormancy phenomena (the formation of storage organs and resting buds),
-
c)
reproductive behavior (the formation of floral primordia).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abeles FB (1967) Inhibition of flowering in Xanthium pennsylvanicum by ethylene. Plant Physiol 42: 608–609
Alden J, Hermann RK (1971) Aspects of the cold hardiness mechanism in plants. Bot Rev 37: 37–142
Alleweldt G, Düring H (1972) Einfluss der Photoperiode auf Wachstum und Abscisinsäu-
regehalt der Rebe. Vitis 111:280–288
Alvim RW, Hewett EW, Saunders PF (1976) Seasonal variation in the hormone content of willow. I. Changes in abscisic acid content and cytokinin activity in the xylem sap. Plant Physiol 57: 474–476
Alvim RW, Thomas S, Saunders PF (1978) Seasonal variation in the hormone content of willow. II. Effect of photoperiod on growth and abscisic acid content of trees under field conditions. Plant Physiol 62: 779–780
Alvim RW, Saunders PF, Barros RS (1979) Abscisic acid and the photoperiodic induction of dormancy in Salix viminalis L. Plant Physiol 63: 774–777
Angrish R, Nanda KK (1982) Dormancy and flowering process in reproductive buds of Salix babylonica cultured in vitro. Z Pflanzenphysiol 106:263-269 Asahira T, Nitsch JP ( 1968 ) Tuberization in vitro: Ullucus tuberosus et Dioscorea. Bull
Soc Bot (France) 115:345-352 Badizadegan M, Tafazoli E, Kheradnam M (1972) Effect of N6-benzyladenine on vegetative growth and tuber production in potato. Am Potato J 49:109–116
Bae M, Mercer EI (1970) The effect of long- and short-day photoperiods on the sterol levels in the leaves of Solanum andigena. Phytochemistry 9: 63 - 68
Baldev B, Lang A (1965) Control of flower formation by growth retardants and gibberel-lin in Samolus parvtflorus a long-day plant. Am J Bot 52: 408–417
Batutis EJ, Ewing EE (1982) Far-red reversal of red light effect during long-night induction of potato (/Solanum tuberosum L.) tuberization. Plant Physiol 69: 672–674
Beever JE, Woolhouse HW (1973) Increased cytokinin from root systems of Perilla frutescens and flower and fruit development. Nature 246: 31–32
Bentley B, Morgan CR, Morgan DG, Saad FA (1975) Plant growth substances and effects of photoperiod on flower bud development in Phaseolus vulgaris. Nature 256: 121–122
Bernier G, Kinet J, Jacqmard A, Havelange A, Bodson M (1977) Cytokinin as a possible component of the floral stimulus in Sinapis alba. Plant Physiol 60: 282–285
Betria AI, Montaldi ER (1974) Light effects on bulb differentiation and leaf growth in Cyperus rotundus L. Phyton 32: 1–8
Biran I, Gur I, Halevy AH (1972) The relationship between exogenous growth inhibitors and endogenous levels of ethylene, and tuberization of dahlias. Physiol Plant 27: 226–230
Biran I, Lesham B, Gur I, Halevy AH (1974) Further studies on the relationship between growth regulators and tuberization of dahlias. Physiol Plant 31: 23–28
Biswas PK, Paul KB, Henderson JHM (1967) Effects of steriods on chrysanthemum in relation to growth and flowering. Nature 213: 917–918
Bledsoe CS, Ross CW (1978) Metabolism of mevalonic acid in vegetative and induced plants of Xanthium strumarium. Plant Physiol 62: 683–686
Blondon F, Jacques R (1970) Action de la lumière sur l’initiation florale du Lolium temulentum L: spèctre d’action et ròle du phytochrome. CR Acad Sci Ser D 270: 947–950
Bonner J, Heftman JE, Zeevaart JAD (1963) Suppression of fiorai induction by inhibition of steriod biosynthesis. Plant Physiol 38: 81–88
Booth A, Lovell PH (1972) The effect of pre-treatment with gibberellic acid on the distribution of phytosynthate in intact and disbudded plants of Solanum tuberosum L. New Phytol 1: 795–804
Borah MH, Milthorpe F (1962) Growth of the potato as influenced by temperature. Indian J Plant Physiol 5: 53–72
Borkowska B, Powell LE (1982/1983) Abscisic acid relationships in dormancy of apple buds. Sci Hortic 18: 111–117
Bowen MR, Hoad GV (1968) Inhibitor content of phloem and xylem sap obtained from willow ( Salix viminalis L.) entering dormancy. Planta 81: 64–70
Brewster JL (1977) The physiology of the onion. Hortic Abst 47: 17–23
Brix H, Portlock FT (1982) Flowering response of western hemlock seedlings to gibberel-lin and water-stress treatments. Can J For Res 12 (1): 76–82
Burg SP, Burg E A (1966) Interaction between auxin and ethylene and its role in plant growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 55: 262–269
Carr DJ (1967) The relationship between florigen and the flower hormones. Ann NY Acad Sci 144: 305–312
Catchpole AH, Hillman J (1969) Effect of ethylene on tuber initiation in Solanum tuberosum L. Nature 223: 1387
Cathey HM (1968 a) Response of Dianthus caryophyllus L. (carnation) to synthetic abscisic acid. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 93:560–568
Cathey HM (1968 b) Response of some ornamental plants to synthetic abscisic acid. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 93:693–698
Chailakhyan M KH (1936) New facts in support of the hormonal theory of plant development. Dokl Akad Nauk USSR 12: 443–447
Chailakhyan M KH (1940) Translocation of the flowering hormones across various plant organs. III. Across the root. Dokl Akad Nauk USSR 27: 373–376
Chailakhyan M KH (1958) Hormonale Faktoren des Pflanzenblühens. Biol Zentralbl 77: 641–662
Chailakhyan M KH (1968) Flowering hormones of plants. In: Wightman F, Setterfield G (eds) Biochemistry and physiology of growth substances. Runge Press, Ottawa, pp 1317–1340
Chailakhyan M KH (1975 a) Substances of plant flowering. Biol Plant 17:1–11
Chailakhyan M KH (1975 b) Forty years of research on the hormonal basis of plant development - some personal reflections. Bot Rev 41:1–29
Chailakhyan M KH (1982) Hormonal substances in flowering. In: Wareing PF (ed) Plant growth substances 1982. Academic Press, London New York, pp 645–655
Chailakhyan M KH, Butenko RG (1957) Movements of assimilates of leaves to shoots under different photoperiodic conditions of leaves. Fiziol Rast 4: 450–462
Chailakhyan M KH, Lozhnikova UN (1966) Reaction of the interruption of darkness on plant gibberellins. Fiziol Rast 13: 833–841
Chailakhyan M KH, Kakhidse NT, Milyeva EL, Gukasyan I A, Yanina LI (1969) Effects of daylength and gibberellins on growth rate, flowering, and complex differentiation in bi-colored coneflower. Fiziol Rast 16: 392–399
Charnay D, Courduroux JC (1972) Acide abscissique et tubérisation in vitro de bourgeons de topinambour (Helianthus tuberosus L. var D19). CR Acad Sci (Paris) 275: 2351–2354
Chouard P (1936) Nouvelles recherches experimentáis sur l’action de la folliculine sur floraison des Reines-Marguerites et de plusiers autres plantes. CR Seances Soc Biol 122: 823–825
Chouard P (1957 a) Diversité des méchanismes des dormances, de la vernalisation et du photopériodisme revelée notamment par l’action de l’acide gibbérellique. Mem Soc Bot Fr 1956–1957:51–64
Chouard P (1957 b) La journée courte ou l’acide gibbérellique comme succedanées du froid pour la vernalisation d’une plante vivace en rosette, le Scabiosa succisa L. CR Hebd Seances Acad Sci 245:2520–2522
Chvojka L, Travnick M, Zakourilova M (1962) The influence of stimulating doses of 6-benzylaminopurine on awaking apple buds and on their consumption of oxygen. Biol Plant 4: 203–206
Clark JE, Heath OVS (1962) Studies in the physiology of the onion plant. V. An investigation into the growth substance content of bulbing onions. J Exp Bot 13: 227–249
Cleland CF (1974 a) Isolation of flower-inducing and flower-inhibiting factors from aphid honeydew. Plant Physiol 54:899–903
Cleland CF (1974 b) The influence of salicylic acid on flowering and growth in the long- day plant. Lemna gibba G3. In: Bieleski RL, Ferguson AR, Cresswell MM (eds) Mechanisms of regulation of plant growth. R Soc NZ, Wellington, pp 553–557
Cleland CF (1975) The florigen enigma. New Plant Physiol 7 /6: 1–4
Cleland CF (1978) The flowering enigma. Bio Sci 28: 265–269
Cleland CF (1982) The chemical control of flowering - a status report. In: Wareing PF (ed) Plant growth substances. Academic Press, London New York, pp 635–644
Cleland CF, Ajami A (1974) Identification of the flower-inducing factor isolated from aphid honeydew as being salicylic acid. Plant Physiol 54: 904–906
Cleland CF, Ben-Tal Y (1983) Hormonal regulation of flowering and sex expression. In: Meudt WJ (ed) Strategies of plant reproduction. BARC Symp 6. Allanheld, Os-mun, Totowa, pp 157–180
Cleland CF, Briggs WR (1969) Gibberellin and CCC effects on flowering and growth in the long-day plant, Lemna gibba G3. Plant Physiol 44: 503–507
Cleland CF, Tanaka O (1979) Effect of daylength on the ability of salicylic acid to induce flowering in the long-day plant Lemna gibba G3 and the short-day plant Lemna paucicostata 6746. Plant Physiol 64: 421–424
Cleland CF, Zeevaart JAD (1970) Gibberellins in relation to flowering and stem elongation in the long-day plant Silene armeria. Plant Physiol 46: 392–400
Cleland CF, Tanaka O, Fledman LJ (1982) Influence of plant growth substances and salicylic acid on flowering and growth in the Lemnaceae (duckweeds). Aquat Bot 13(1) (Spec Iss) 3–20
Cockshull KE, Horridge JS (1978) 2-Chloroethanephosphonic acid and flower initiation by Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. in short days and in long days. J Hortic Sci 53: 89–90
Coulter MW (1983) Isolation of a dark-induced hormone from Pharbitis nil. Plant Physiol 72 (Suppl):85, No 481
Courduroux JC (1966) Mécanisme physiologique de la tubérisation du topinambour. Bull Soc Fr Physiol Veg 12: 213–232
Courduroux JC (1967) Etude du mécanisme physiologique de la tubérisation chez le topinambour (.Helianthus tuber osus L.). Ann Sci Nat Bot 8: 215–355
Czopek M (1964) Action of kinetin and gibberellic acid and red light on the germination of turions of Spirodela polyrrhiza. Bull Acad Pol Sci Cl II 12: 177–182
Davies PJ, Emshwiller E, Gianfagna TJ, Proebsting WM, Noma M, Pharis RP (1982) The endogenous gibberellins of vegetative and reproductive tissue of G2 peas. Planta 154: 266–272
Deitzer GF, Hayes R, Jabben M (1979) Kinetics and time dependence of the effect of far-red light on the photoperiodic induction of flowering in Wintex barley. Plant Physiol 64: 1015–1021
Digby J, Wareing PF (1966) The relationship between endogenous hormone levels in the plant and seasonal aspects of cambial activity. Ann Bot 30: 607–622
Domanski R, Kozlowski TT (1968) Variations of kinetin-like activity in buds of Be tula and Populus during release from dormancy. Can J Bot 46: 397–403
Downs RJ (1956) Photoreversibility of flower initiation. Plant Physiol 31: 279–284
Downs RJ, Borthwick HA (1956 a) Effect of photoperiod upon the vegetative growth of Weigela florida var variegata. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sei 68: 518–521
Downs RJ, Borthwick HA (1956b) Effects of photoperiod on growth of trees. Bot Gaz 117: 310–326
Dunberg A, Malmberg G, Sassa T, Pharis RP (1983) Metabolism of tritiated gibberellins A4 and A9 in Norway Spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst. Effects of a cultural treatment known to enhance flowering. Plant Physiol 71: 257–262
Durley RC, Pharis RP, Zeevart J AD (1975) Metabolism of (3H) gibberellin A20 under long- and short-day conditions. Planta 126: 139–149
Eagles CF, Wareing PF (1964) The role of growth substances in the regulation of bud dormancy. Physiol Plant 17: 697–708
El-Antably HMM, Wareing PF, Hillman J (1967) Some physiological responses to DL abscisin (dormin.). Planta 73: 74–90
Ende van den H, Zeevaart JAD (1971) Influence of daylength on gibberellin metabolism and stem growth in Silene armeria. Planta 98: 164–176
Erez A, Lavee S (1969) Prunin identification, biological activity and quantitative change in comparison to naringenin in dormant peach buds. Plant Physiol 44: 342–346
Esashi Y (1960) Studies on the formation and sprouting of aerial tubers in Begonia evansiana Adr. IV. Cutting method and tuberizing stages. Sei Rep Tohoku Univ 26: 239–249
Esashi Y (1961) Studies on the formation and sprouting of aerial tubers in Begonia evansiana Andr. V. Antagonistic action of long-days to short-day response. Plant Cell Physiol 2: 117–127
Esashi Y (1966) The relation between red and blue or far-red lights in the night interruption of the photoperiodic tuberization of Begonia evansiana. Plant Cell Physiol 7: 405–414
Esashi Y, Leopold AC (1968) Regulation of tuber development in Begonia evansiana by cytokinin. In: Wightman F, Setterfleld R (eds) Biochemistry and physiology of plant growth substances. Runge, Ottawa, pp 923–941
Evans LT (1960) Inflorescence initiation in Lolium temulentum L. II. Evidence for inhibitory and promotive processes involving transmissible products. Aust J Biol Sei - 13: 429–440
Evans LT (1962) Inflorescence initiation in Lolium temulentum L. III. The effect of anaerobic conditions during photoperiodic induction. Aust J Biol Sci 15: 281–290
Evans LT (1964) Inflorescence initiation in Lolium temulentum L. V. The role of auxins and gibberellins. Aust J Biol Sci 17: 24–35
Evans LT (1966) Inhibitory effect on flower induction in a long-day plant. Science 151: 107–108
Evans LT (1969) (ed) The nature of flower induction. In: The induction of flowering. MacMillan, Melbourne, pp 457–580 Evans LT (1971) Flower induction and the florigen concept. Ann Rev Plant Physiol 22: 365–394
Evans LT, Wardlaw IF (1966) Independent translocation of 14C-labelled assimilates and of the floral stimulus in Lolium temulentum. Planta 68: 310–316
Ewing EE, Wareing PF (1978) Shoot, stolon and tuber formation on potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) cuttings in response to photoperiod. Plant Physiol 61: 348–353
Fuchigami LH, Evert DR, Weiser CJ (1971) A translocatable cold hardiness promoter. Plant Physiol 47: 164–167
Fujioka S, Yamaguchi I, Murofushi N, Takahashi N, Kaihara S, Takimoto A (1983) Flowering and endogenous levels of benzoic acid in Lemna species. Plant Cell Physiol 24: 235–239
Gaskin P, MacMillan J, Zeevaart JAD (1973) Identification of gibberellin A20, abscisic acid, and phaseic acid from flowering Bryophyllum daigremontanum by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Planta 111: 347–352
Gaspar T (1980) Rooting and flowering, two antagonistic phenomena from a hormonal point of view, Joint DPGRG amp; BPGRG Symp. Aspects and prospects of plant growth regulators. Monogr 6: 39–49
Gianfagna T, Zeevaart JAD, Lusk WJ (1983) Effect of photoperiod on the metabolism of deuterium-labelled gibberellin A53 in spinach. Plant Physiol 72: 86–89
Gregory LE (1956) Some factors for tuberization in the potato plant. Am J Bot 43: 281–288
Griesel WO (1963) Photoperiodic responses of two Cestrum species and non interchangeably of their flowering hormones. Plant Physiol 38: 479–482
Grigorieva NYa, Kucherov VF, Lozhnikova VN, Chailakhyan MKH (1971) Endogenous gibberellins and gibberellin-like plants: a possible correlation with photoperiodic response. Phytochemistry 10: 509–517
Gupta S, Maheshwari SC (1970) Growth and flowering of Lemna paucicostata II. Role of growth regulators. Plant Cell Physiol 11: 97–106
Guttridge CG (1959 a) Evidence for a flower inhibitor and vegetative growth promoter in the strawberry. Ann Bot 23:351–360
Guttridge CG (1959 b) Further evidence for a growth-promoting and flower-inhibiting hormone in strawberry. Ann Bot 23:612–621
Guttridge CG (1969) Fragaria. In: Evans LT (ed) The induction of flowering. MacMillan, Melbourne, pp 247–267
Guttridge CG (1970) Interaction of photoperiod, chilling and exogenous gibberellic acid on growth of strawberry petioles. Ann Bot 34: 349–364
Guttridge CG, Thompson PA (1964) The effect on growth and flowering of Fragaria and Duchesnea. J Exp Bot 15: 631–646
Hackett WP, Sachs RM (1968) Experimental separation of inflorescence development from initiation in Bougainvillea. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 192: 615–621
Hammes PS (1971) Tuber initiation in the potato (Solarium tuberosum L.) Agroplantae 3: 73–74
Hammes PS, Beyers EA (1973) Localization of the photoperiodic perception in potatoes. Potato Res 16: 68–72
Hamner KC (1940) Interrelation of light and darkness in photoperiodic induction. Bot Gaz 101: 658–687
Hamner KC, Bonner J (1938) Photoperiodism in relation to hormones as factors in floral initiation and development. Bot Gaz 100: 388–431
Hamner KC, Long EM (1939) Localization of the photoperiodic perception in Helianthus tuberosus. Bot Gaz 101: 81–90
Hanks GR (1974) Abscisic acid levels and daylength in perennial ryegrass. Z Pflanzenphy- siol 71: 63–66
Harada H, Bose RK, Cheruel J (1971) Effects of four growth regulating chemicals on flowering of Pharbitis nil. Z Pflanzenphysiol 64: 267–269
Harrison MA, Saunders PF (1975) The abscisic acid content of dormant birch buds. Planta 123: 291–298
Hashimoto T, Tamura S (1969) Effects of abscisic acid on the sprouting of aerial tubers of Begonia evansiana and Dioscorea batatas. Bot Mag (Tokyo) 82: 69–75
Heath OVS, Holdsworth M (1948) Morphogenic factors as exemplified by the onion plant. Symp Soc Exp Biol 2: 326–350
Heath OVS, Hollies MA (1965) Studies in the physiology of the onion plant. VI. A sensitive morphological test for bulbing and its use in detecting bulb development in sterile culture. J Exp Bot 16: 124–144
Heide OM (1967) The auxin level of Begonia leaves in relation to their regeneration ability. Physiol Plant 20: 886–902
Heide OM (1968) Auxin level and regeneration of Begonia leaves. Planta 81: 153–159
Heide OM, Skoog F (1967) Cytokinin activity in Begonia and Bryophyllum. Physiol Plant 20: 771–780
Heim B, Jabben M, Schäfer E (1981) Phytochrome destruction in dark- and light-grown Amaranthus caudatus seedlings. Photochem Photobiol 34: 89–93
Henson IE, Wareing PF (1974) Cytokinins in Xanthium strumarium: a rapid response to short-day treatment. Physiol Plant 32: 185–187
Henson IE, Wareing PF (1977 a) Cytokinins in Xanthium strumarium L.: the metabolism of cytokinins in detached leaves and buds in relation to photoperiod. New Phytol 78: 27–33
Henson IE, Wareing PF (1977 b) Cytokinins in Xanthium strumarium L.: some aspects of the photoperiodic control of endogenous levels. New Phytol 78: 35–45
Heslop-Harrison J (1964) The control of flower differentiation and sex expression. In: Régulateurs naturels de la croissance végétale. 5th Int Conf Plant Growth Substances. CNRS Paris, pp 597–609
Hewett EW, Wareing PG (1973) Cytokinins in Populus x robusta; changes during chilling and bud burst. Physiol Plant 28: 393–399
Higham BH, Smith H (1969) The induction of flowering by abscisic acid in Lemna perpusilla 6746. Life Sci 8: 1061–1065
Hoad GV, Bowen MR (1968) Evidence for gibberellin-like substances in phloem exudate from higher plants. Planta 82: 22–32
Hocking TJ, Hillman JR (1975) Studies in the role of abscisic acid in the initiation of bud dormancy in Alnus glutinosa and Betula pubescens. Planta 125: 235–242
Hodson HK, Hamner KC (1970) Floral inducing extracts from Xanthium. Science 167: 384–385
Holland RWK, Vince D (1971) Floral initiation in Lolium temulentum L.: the role of phytochrome in the responses to red and far-red light. Planta 98: 232–243
Humphries EC (1963) Effects of gibberellic acid and CCC on growth of potato. Rotham-sted Exp Stn Ann Rep 89 Humphries EC, Dyson PW (1967) Effect of a growth inhibitor, N-dimethylaminosuc-cinamic acid ( B9) on potato plants in the field. Eur Potato J 10: 116–126
Hurst C, Hall TC, Weiser CJ (1967) Reception of the light stimulus for cold acclimation in Cornus stolonifera Michx. Hortic Sci 2: 164 - 166
Imamura S, Takimoto A (1955) Transmission rate of photoperiodic stimulus in Pharbitis nil Bot Mag 68: 260–266
Imhoff CH, Lecharny A, Jacques R, Brulfert J (1979) Two phytochrome dependent processes in Anagallis arvensis L.: flowering and stem elongation. Plant Cell Environ 2: 67–72
Irving RM (1969) Characterization and role of an endogenous inhibitor in the induction of cold hardiness in Acer negundo. Plant Physiol 44: 801–805
Irving RM, Lanphear FO (1967) The long-day leaf as a source of cold-hardiness inhibitors. Plant Physiol 42: 1384–1388
Irving RM, Lanphear FO (1968) Regulation of cold hardiness in Acer negundo. Plant Physiol 43: 9–13
Jacobs WP (1980) Inhibition of flowering in short-day plants. In: Skoog F (ed) Plant growth substances. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 301–309
Jacques M (1968) Diversité et caractéristiques des processus de l’induction florale chez deux Chénopodiacées. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sei Ser D 267: 1592–1595
Jacques M (1973) Transfert par voie de greffage du stimulus photopériodique. C R Acad Sci 276D: 1705–1708
Jones MG, Zeevaart JAD (1980 a) Gibberellins and the photoperiodic control of stem elongation in the long-day plant Agrostemma githago L. Planta 149: 269–273
Jones MG, Zeevaart JAD (1980 b) The effect of photoperiod on the levels of seven endogenous gibberellins in the long-day plant Agrostemma githago L. Planta 149: 274–279
Jones MG, Zeevaart JAD (1982) Effect of photoperiod on metabolism of [3H] gibberellins A1, 3-epi-A1 and A20 in Agrostemma githago L. Plant Physiol 69: 660–662
Junttila O (1981) Effects of different gibberellins on elongation growth under short-day conditions in seedlings of Salix pentandra. Physiol Plant 53: 315–318
Junttila O (1982) Gibberellin-like activity in shoots of Salix pentandra as related to the elongation growth. Can J Bot 60: 1231–1234
Kato T (1965) Physiological studies on the bulbing and dormancy of onion plants. V. The relations between the metabolism of carbohydrates, nitrogen compounds and auxin and the bulbing phenomenon. J Jpn Soc Hortic Sei 34: 187–195
Ketellapper HJ, Barbaro A (1966) The role of photoperiod, vernalization and gibberellic acid in floral induction in Coreopsis grandtflora Nutt. Phyton 23: 33–41
King RW (1975) Multiple circadian rhythms regulate photoperiodic flowering responses. Can J Bot 53: 2631–2638
King RW (1976) Implications for plant growth of the transport of regulatory compounds in phloem and xylem. In: Passioura J (ed) Transport and transfer processes in plants. Academic Press, London New York, pp 415–431
King RW, Evans LT (1977) Inhibition of flowering in Lolium temulentum L. by water stress: a role for abscisic acid. Aust J Plant Physiol 4: 225–233
King RW, Zeevaart JAD (1973) Floral stimulus movement in Perilla and flower inhibition caused by non-induced leaves. Plant Physiol 51: 727–738
King RW, Evans LT, Wardlaw IF (1968) Translocation of the floral stimulus in Pharbitis nil in relation to that of assimilates. Z Pflanzenphysiol 59: 377–388
King RW, Evans LT, Firn RD (1977) Abscisic acid and xanthoxin contents in the long- day plant Lolium temulentum L. in relation to daylength. Aust J Plant Physiol 4: 217–223
King RW, Schäfer E, Thomas B, Vince-Prue D (1982) Photoperiodism and rhythmic response to light. Plant Cell Environ 5: 395–404
Knott JE (1934) Effect of a localized photoperiod on spinach. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sei 31: 152–154
Kohli RK, Sawhney S (1979) Promotory effect of GA13 on flowering of Amaranthus a short day plant. Biol Plant 21: 206–213
Kojerzenko IE, Majko TK (1967) On the role of natural gibberellins in the photoperiod reaction of peach and vine. Dokl Akad Nauk USSR 177: 720–723
Krauss A, Marschner H (1976) Einfluss von Stickstoffernährung und Wuchsstoffapplikation auf die Knollen-Induktion bei den Kartoffelpflanzen. Z Pflanzenern Bodenkd 2: 143–155
Krauss A, Marschner H (1982) Influence of nitrogen nutrition, daylength and temperature on contents of gibberellic and abscisic acid and on tuberization in potato plants. Potato Res 25: 13–21
Krekule J (1979) Stimulation and inhibition of flowering. In: Champagnat P, Jacques R (eds) Physiologie de la floraison. CNRS, Paris, pp 19–57
Krekule J, Horavka B (1972) The response of short-day plant Chenopodium rubrum L. to abscisic acid and gibberellic acid treatment applied at two levels of photoperiodic induction. Biol Plant 14: 254–259
Krekule J, Kohli RK (1981) The condition of the apical meristem of seedlings responsive to a promotive effect of abscisic acid on flowering in the short-day plant Chenopodium rubrum. Z. Pflanzenphysiol 103: 45–52
Krekule J, Seidlova F (1977) Brassica campestris as a model for studying the effects of exogenous growth substances on flowering in long-day plants. Biol Plant 19: 462–468
Krishnamoorthy HN, Nanda KK (1967) Effect of intercalated long days and light interruption of dark period on flowering, extension growth and senescence of Impatiens balsamina. Physiol Plant 20: 760–770
Kumar S, Nanda KK (1981) Effect of gibberellic acid and salicylic acid on the activity and electrophoretic pattern of I AA-oxidase during floral induction in Impatiens balsamina. Biol Plant 23: 328–334
Lang A (1957) The effect of gibberellin upon flower formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 43: 709–717
Lang A (1960) Gibberellin-like substances in photoinduced and vegetative Hyoscyamus plants. Planta 54: 498–504
Lang A (1965) Physiology of flower initiation. In: Ruhland W (ed) Encyclopedia of plant physiology, vol XV, Pt 1. Springer, Berlin Göttingen Heidelberg, pp 1380–1536
Lang A (1980) Inhibition of flowering in long-day plants. In: Skoog F (ed) Plant growth substances. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 310–322
Lang A, Melchers G (1943) Die photoperiodische Reaktion von Hyoscyamus niger. Planta 33: 653–702
Lang A, Chailakhyan MKH, Frolova IA (1977) Promotion and inhibition of flower formation in a day-neutral plant in grafts with a short-day plant and a long-day plant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74: 2412–2416
Langille AR (1972) Effects of (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid on rhizome and tuber formation in the potato Solanum tuberosum L. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 97: 305–308
Lenton JR, Perry VM, Sauners PF (1972) Endogenous abscisic acid in relation to photo-periodically induced bud dormancy. Planta 106: 13–22
Lercari B, Micheli P (1981) Photoperiodic regulation of cytokinin levels in leaf blades of Allium cepa L. Plant Cell Physiol (Tokyo) 22 (3): 501–505
Levy D, Kedar N, Karacinque R (1973) Effect of ethephon on bulbing of onion under non-inductive photoperiod. Hort Sci 8: 228–229
Lincoln RG, Cunningham A (1964) Evidence for a florigenic acid. Nature 202: 559–561
Lincoln RG, Mayfield DL, Cunningham A (1961) Preparation of a floral initiating extract from Xanthium. Science 133: 756
Lincoln RG, Mayfield DL, Hutchins RO, Cunningham A, Hamner KC, Carpenter BH (1962) Floral induction of Xanthium in response to application of an extract from a day-neutral plant. Nature 195: 918
Lincoln RG, Mayfield DL, Cunningham A (1966) Florigenic acid from a fungal culture. Plant Physiol 41: 1079–1080
Liverman JL, Lang A (1956) Induction of flowering in long-day plants by applied indoleacetic acid. Plant Physiol 31: 147–150
Lona F, Bocchi A (1957) Effetti morfogenetici ed organo-genetici provocati dalla cine- tine (kinetin) su piante erbacee in condizioni esterne controllate. N G Bot Ital 64: 236–246
Loveys BR, Leopold AC, Kriedemann PE (1974) Abscisic acid metabolism and stomatal physiology in Betula lutea following alteration in photoperiod. Ann Bot 38: 85–92
Lozhnikova VN, Krekule J, Seidlova F, Bavrina TV, Chailakhyan MKh (1982) The balance of gibberellins and abscisins in tobaccos during the process of photoperiodic induction. Sov Plant Physiol 29: 185–190
Lumsden PJ, Vince-Prue D (1984) The perception of dusk signals in photoperiodic time-measurement. Physiol Plant 60: 427–432
Luukkanen O (1981) Effects of gibberellins GA4 and GA7 on flowering in Scots pine grafts. Silva Fenn 15: 359–365
Mauk CS, Langille AR (1978) Physiology of tuberization in Solanum tuberosum L. Ciszeatin riboside in the potato plant: its identification and changes in endogenous levels as influenced by temperature and photoperiod. Plant Physiol 62: 438–442
McKenzie J, Weiser CJ, Burke MJ (1974) Effects of red and far-red light on the initiation of cold hardiness acclimation in Cornus stolonifera Michx. Plant Physiol 53: 783–789
Menhenett R, Wareing PF (1977) Effects of photoperiod and temperature on the growth and cytokinin content of two populations of Dactylis glomerata ( Cocksfoot ). New Phytol 78: 17–25
Menzel CM (1980) Tuberization in potato at high temperatures: responses to gibberellins and growth inhibitors. Ann Bot 46: 259–265
Metzger JD (1983) Gibberellins and cold-induced stem elongation in Thlapsi arvense L. Plant Physiol 72 Suppl No 467: 82
Metzger JD, Zeevaart J AD (1980 a) Identification of six endogenous gibberellins in spinach shoots. Plant Physiol 65: 623–626
Metzger JD, Zeevaart J AD (1980 b) Comparison of the levels of six endogenous gibberellins in roots and shoots of spinach in relation to photoperiod. Plant Physiol 66: 679–683
Metzger JD, Zeevaart JAD (1980c) Effect of photoperiod on the levels of endogenous gibberellins in spinach as measured by combined gas chromatography-selected ion current monitoring. Plant Physiol 66: 844–846
Metzger JD, Zeevaart JAD (1982) Photoperiodic control of gibberellin metabolism in spinach. Plant Physiol 69: 287–291
Michniewicz M, Kamienska A (1965) Flower formation induced by kinetin and vitamin F treatment in long-day plant ( Arabidopsis thaliana) grown in short-day. Naturwissen- schaften 52: 623
Miginiac E (1978) Some aspects of regulation of flowering: role of correlative factors in photoperiodic plants. Bot Mag (Tokyo) Spec Iss 1: 159–173
Milborrow BY (1967) The identification of (+)-abscisin II ((+)-dormin) in plants and the measurement of its concentrations. Planta 76: 93–113
Mingo-Castel AM, Negm FB, Smith OE (1974) Effect of carbon dioxide and ethylene on tuberization of isolated potato stolons cultured in vitro. Plant Physiol 53: 798–801
Morgan DC, Smith H (1976) Linear relationship between phytochrome photoequilibrium and growth in plants under simulated natural radiation. Nature 262: 210–212
Morgan DG, Morgan CB (1984) Photoperiod and the abscission of flower buds in Phaseo- lus vulgaris. In: Vince-Prue D, Cockshull KE, Thomas B (eds) Light and the flowering process. Academic Press, London New York, pp 227–240
Morgan DG, Zehni MS (1980) The effect of light breaks in the dark period on flower-bud development in varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Ann Bot 46: 37–42
Murneek AE (1940) Length of day and temperature effects in Rudbeckia. Bot Gaz 102: 269–279
Nagao M, Okagami N (1966) Effect of (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride on the formation and dormancy of aerial tubers of Begonia evansiana. Bot Mag (Tokyo) 79: 687–692
Nanda KK, Jindal RK (1975) Summation of the effect of sub-threshold gibberellin treatment and sub-threshold photo-induction of flowering of Impatiens balsamina. Indian J Plant Physiol 18: 109–114
Nanda KK, Krishnamoorthy HN (1967) Photoperiodic studies in growth and development of Impatiens balsamina. II. Floral bud initiation, flower opening and extension growth. Planta 72: 338–343
Nanda KK, Anaradha TA, Lai K (1967) Floral induction by gibberellic acid in Impatiens balsamina L., a qualitative short-day plant. Planta 76: 367–370
Nanda KK, Toky KL, Lata K (1969) Effects of gibberellins A3, A4+7 and A13 and of (—)-kaurene on flowering and extension growth of Impatiens balsamina under different photoperiods. Planta 86: 134–141
Nanda KK, Kumar S, Sood V (1976) Effect of gibberellic acid and some phenols on the flowering of Impatiens balsamina, a qualitative short-day plant. Physiol Plant 38: 53–56
Newton C, Morgan CB, Morgan DG (1980) Evaluation of a bioassay for cytokinins using soybean hypocotyl sections. J Exp Bot 31: 721–729
Nitsch C, Nitsch JP (1969) Floral induction in a short-day plant, Plumbago indica L. by 2-chloroethane phosphonic acid. Plant Physiol 44: 1747–1748
Nitsch JP (1957) Growth responses of woody plants to photoperiodic stimuli. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 70: 512–525
Nitsch JP (1959) Réactions photopériodiques chez les plantes ligneuses. Bull Soc Bot France 106: 259–287
Nitsch JP (1965) Éxistence d’un stimulus photopériodique non spécifique capable de provoquer la tubérisation chez Helianthus tuberosus L. Bull Soc Bot France 112: 333–340
Nitsch J, Nitsch C (1960) Le problème de l’action des auxines sur la division cellulaire: présence d’un cofacteur de division dans le tubercle de topinambour. Ann Physiol Vég 2: 261–268
Nitsch JP, Somogyi L (1958) Le photopériodisme des plantes ligneuses. Ann Sci Nat Hortic France 16: 466–490
Ofir M (1976) Interaction of gibberellin with photo-induction in the initiation of the dormant phase in vernalized Hordeum bulbosum. Aust J Plant Physiol 3: 827–832
Ogawa Y (1977) Difference in effectiveness of various gibberellins on shoot elongation and flower formation in Pharbitis nil Chois. J Jpn Soc Hortic Sci 46: 117–122
Ogawa Y (1981a) Stimulation of the flowering of Pharbitis nil Chois. by gibberellin Plant Cell Physiol 22: 675–681
Ogawa Y (1981b) Effect of chilling at germinating stage on the flowering response of Pharbitis nil Choisy. J (Jpn) Soc Hortic Sci 49: 102–106
Ogawa Y, King RW (1979) Establishment of photoperiodic sensitivity by benzyladenine and a brief red irradiation in dark grown seedlings of Pharbitis nil Chois. Plant Cell Physiol 20: 115–122
Ogawa Y, Zeevaart J AD (1967) The relations of growth regulators to flowering. In: Imamura S (ed) Physiology of flowering in Pharbitis nil Jpn Soc Plant Physiol, pp 107–119
Okagami N, Esashi Y, Nagao M (1977) Gibberellin-induced inhibition and promotion of sprouting in aerial tubers of Begonia evansiana and in relation to photoperiodic treatment and tuber storage. Planta 136: 1–6
Okazawa Y (1960) Studies on the relationship between tuber formation of potato and its natural gibberellin content. J Crop Sci Soc Jpn 29: 121–124
Okazawa Y (1967) Physiological studies on the tuberization of potato plants. J Fac Agric Hokkaido Univ Sapporo 55: 267–336
Owens JN, Pharis RP (1971) Initiation and development of western red cedar cones in response to gibberellin induction under natural conditions. Can J Bot 49: 1165–1175
Palmer CE, Barker WG (1973) Influence of ethylene and kinetin on tuberization and enzyme activity in Solanum tuberosum L. Ann Bot 37: 85–93
Palmer CE, Smith OE (1969) Effect of abscisic acid on elongation and kinetin-induced tuberization of isolated stolons of Solanum tuberosum L. Plant Cell Physiol 10: 657–664
Parker MW, Hendricks SB, Borthwick HA, Scully NJ (1946) Action spectrum for the photoperiodic control of floral initiation of short-day plants. Bot Gaz 108: 1–26
Parker MW, Hendricks SB, Borthwick HA (1950) Action spectrum for the photoperiodic control of floral initiation of the long-day plant Hyoscyamus niger. Bot Gaz 111: 242–252
Perry TO, Byrne OR (1969) Turion induction in Spirodela polyrrhiza by abscisic aid. Plant Physiol 44: 754–785
Perry TO, Hellmers H (1973) Effects of ABA on growth and dormancy of two races of red maple ( Acer rubrum ). Bot Gaz 134: 283–288
Peterson RL, Yeung EC (1972) Effect of two gibberellins on species of the rosette plant Hieracium. Bot Gaz 133: 190–198
Pharis RP (1972) Flowering of Chrysanthemum under non-inductive long-days by gibberellins and by N6-benzyladenine. Planta 105: 205–212
Pharis RP (1976) Probable roles of plant hormones in regulating shoot elongation, diameter growth and crown form of coniferous trees. In: Cannel MGR, Last FT (eds) Tree physiology and yield improvement. Academic Press, London New York, pp 291–306
Pharis RP, Ruddat MDE, Glenn JL, Morf W (1970) A quantitative requirement for long day in the induction of staminate strobili by gibberellin in the conifer Cupressus arizonica. Can J Bot 48: 653–658
Philipson JJ (1983) The role of gibberellin A4/7, heat and drought in the induction of flowering in Sitka spruce. J Exp Bot 34: 291–302
Phillips DA, Cleland CF (1972) Cytokinin activity from the phloem sap of Xanthium strumarium L. Planta 102: 173–178
Phillips ID J, Hoffmann A (1979) Abscisic acid (ABA), ABA esters and phaseic acid in vegetative terminal buds of Acer pseudoplatanus during emergence from dormancy. Planta 146: 591–596
Phillips IDJ, Wareing PF (1959) Studies in dormancy of sycamore. II. The effect of daylength on the natural growth inhibitor content of the shoot. J Exp Bot 10: 504–514
Phillips IDJ, Miners J, Roddick JG (1980) Effect of light and photoperiodic conditions on abscisic acid in leaves and roots of Acer pseudoplatanus L. Planta 149: 118–122
Pieterse AH (1982) A review of chemically induced flowering in Lemna gibba G3 and Pistia stratiotes. Aquat Bot 13 Spec Iss: 21–28
Plancher B, Naumann WD (1978) Influence of water supply and day length on abscisic acid content of Fragaria ananassa. Gartenbauwissenschaft 43: 126–136
Pol van de PA (1972) Floral induction, floral hormones and flowering. Meded Landbouw-hogesch Wageningen 72: 1–89
Porlingis IC, Boynton D (1961) Growth responses of the strawberry plant, Fragaria chiloensis var ananassa to gibberellic acid and to environmental conditions. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 78: 261–269
Powell LE (1976) Effect of photoperiod on endogenous abscisic acid in Malus and Betula. Hortic Sci 11: 498–499
Proebsting WM, Heftmann E (1980) The relationship of (3H) GA9 metabolism to photo-period-induced flowering in Pisum sativum L. Z Pflanzenphysiol 98: 305–309
Proebsting WM, Davies PJ, Marx GA (1978) Photoperiod-induced changes in gibberellin metabolism in relation to apical growth and senescence in genetic lines of peas ( Pisum sativum L. ). Planta 141: 231–238
Pryce RJ (1972) Gallic acid as a natural inhibitor of flowering in Kalanchoe blossfeldiana. Phytochemistry 11: 1911–1918
Purse JG (1984) Phloem exudate of Perilla crispa and its effects on flowering of P. crispa shoot explants. J Exp Bot 35: 227–238
Railton IDM, Wareing PF (1973) Effects of daylength on endogenous gibberellins in leaves of Solarium andigena L. Changes in levels of free acidic gibberellin-like substances. Physiol Plant 28: 88–94
Ramsay J, Martin GC (1970) Isolation and identification of a growth inhibitor in spur buds of apricot. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 95: 574–577
Reid DM, Pharis RP, Roberts DWA (1974) Effects of four temperature regimens on the gibberellin content of winter wheat cv Kharkov. Physiol Plant 30: 53–57
Ren XC, Lian HK, Cao GY (1982 a) The possible role of GA3 in promotion of flowering in SDP Pharbitis nil Acta Phytophysiol Sin 8: 134–140
Ren XC, Zhang J-Y, Luo W-H, Jin S-P ( 1982 b) Flower inhibitory effects of long days preceding the inductive short days on SDP Hibiscus cannabinus cv. South Selected. Acta Phytophysiol Sinica 8: 214–221
Robinson PM, Wareing PF (1964) Chemical nature and biological properties of the inhibitor varying with photoperiod in sycamore, Acer pseudoplatanus. Physiol Plant 17: 314–323
Rogers MN, Tsia BOS (1966) Effects of ethylene in the atmosphere on photoperiodic responses of chrysanthemums. Proc 17th Int Congr Hortic 1, Abstr No 471
Ross SD, Pharis RP, Binder WD (1983) Growth regulators and conifers: their physiology and potential uses in forestry. In: Nickell LG (ed) Plant growth regulating chemicals. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Rudich J, Halevy AH, Kedar N (1972 a) Ethylene evolution from cucumber plants as related to sex expression. Plant Physiol 49: 998–999
Rudich J, Halevy AH, Kedar N (1972 b) The level of phytohormones in monoecious and gynoecious cucumbers as affected by photoperiod and ethephon. Plant Physiol 50: 585–590
Sachs RM (1969) Cestrum nocturnum L. In: Evans LT (ed) The induction of flowering. Mac Millan, Sydney, pp 424–434
Sachs RM, Kofranek AM, Shyr SY (1967) Gibberellin-induced inhibition of floral initiation in Fuchsia. Am J Bot 54: 921–929
Saji H, Furuya M, Takimoto A (1982) Spectral dependence of the night-break effect on photoperiodic floral induction in Lemna paucicostata 441. Plant Cell Physiol 23: 623–629
Saji H, Vince-Prue D, Furuya M (1983) Studies on the photoreceptors for the promotion and inhibition of flowering in dark-grown seedlings of Pharbitis nil Choisy. Plant Cell Physiol 24: 1183–1189
Satter RL, Wetherell DF (1968) Photomorphogenesis in Sinningia speciosa cv. Queen Victoria. II. Stem elongation: interaction of a phytochrome controlled process and a red requiring energy dependent reaction. Plant Physiol 43: 961–967
Sawhney S, Sawhney N (1976) Floral induction by gibberellic acid in Zinnia elegans under non-inductive long days. Planta 131: 207–208
Sawhney S, Sawhney N, Nanda KK (1972) Partial substitution by long days of short days required for floral induction in Impatiens balsamina. Plant Cell Physiol 13: 1113–1115
Schneider MJ, Borthwick HA, Hendricks SB (1967) Effects of radiation on flowering of Hyoscyamus niger. Am J Bot 54: 1241–1249
Schwabe WW (1972) Flower inhibition in Kalanchoe blossfeldiana. Bioassay of an endogenous inhibitor and inhibition by (±) abscisic acid and xanthoxin. Planta 103: 18–23
Schwabe WW (1984) Photoperiodic induction - flower-inhibiting substances. In: Vinceprue D, Cockshull KE, Thomas B (eds) Light and the flowering process. Academic Press, London New York, pp 143–153
Schwabe WW, Nachmony-Bascombe S (1963) Growth and dormancy in Lunularia cruciata (L) DUM. II. The response to daylength and temperature. J Exp Bot 14: 353–378
Schwabe WW, Wimble RH (1976) Control of flower initiation in long- and short-day plants - a common model approach. In: Sunderland N (ed) Perspectives in experimental biology, vol II, Botany. Pergamon, Oxford New York, pp 41–57
Seidlova F (1980) Sequential steps of transition to flowering in Chenopodium rubrum L. Physiol Veg 18: 477–487
Sengupta SK, Rogers MN, Lorah EJ (1974) Effects of photoperiod and ethephon treatment on abscisic acid levels in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 99: 416–420
Simmons HA, Coulter MW (1979) Responses of normal and dwarf Pharbitis nil to an extended dark period and gibberellic acid. Plant Cell Physiol 20: 1671–1673
Smith OE, Palmer CE (1970) Cytokinin induced tuber formation on stolons of Solanum tuberosum. Physiol Plant 23: 599–606
Smith OE, Rappaport L (1969) Gibberellins, inhibitors and tuber formation in the potato, Solanum tuberosum L. Am Potato J 46: 185–191
Sotta B (1978) Interaction du photoperiodisme et des effets de la zeatine, du saccharose et du l’eau dans la floraison du Chenopodium polyspermum. Physiol Plant 43: 337–342
Spence J, Humphries EC (1972) Effect of moisture supply, root remperature and growth regulators on photosynthesis of isolated rooted leaves of sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas ). Ann Bot 36: 115–121
Staden van J, Wareing PF (1972) The effect of photoperiod on levels of endogenous cytokinins in Xanthium strumarium. Physiol Plant 27: 331–337
Steward GR (1969) Abscisic acid and morphogenesis in Lemna polyrrhiza L. Nature 221: 61–62
Stoddart JL (1966) Studies on the relationship between gibberellin metabolism and day- length in normal and non-flowering red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). J Exp Bot 17: 96–107
Stoddart JL, Lang A (1968) The effect of daylength on gibberellin synthesis in leaves of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). In: Wightman F, Setterfield G (eds) Biochemistry and physiology of growth substances. Runge, Ottawa, pp 1371–1383
Suge H, (1972) Inhibition of photoperiodic floral induction in Pharbitis nil by ethylene. Plant Cell Physiol 13: 1031–1038
Suge H, Rappaport L (1968) Role of gibberellins in stem elongation and flowering in radish. Plant Physiol 43: 1208–1214
Tafazoli E, Vince-Prue D (1978) A comparison of the effects of long days and exogenous growth regulators on growth and flowering in strawberry, Fragaria x ananassa Duch. J Hortic Sci 53: 255–259
Takahashi H, Saito T, Suge H (1983) Separation of the effects of photoperiod and hormones on sex expression in cucumber. Plant Cell Physiol 24: 147–154
Takashima S, Nakamura K, Naito M, Hirose T (1962) Studies on the growth of potato by the foliar spray of growth regulating substances ( Japanese ). Sei Rep Kyoto Prefect Univ Agric 14: 37–43
Takeba G, Takimoto A (1966) Translocation of the floral stimulus in Pharbitis nil. Bot Mag (Tokyo) 79: 811–814
Thomas TH (1972) Stimulation of onion bulblet production by N6-benzyladenine. Hortic Res 12: 77–79
Thompson PA, Guttridge CG (1959) Effect of gibberellic acid on the initiation of flowers and runners in the strawberry. Nature 184: 72–73
Thompson PA, Guttridge CG (1960) The role of leaves as inhibitors of flower induction in strawberry. An Bot 24: 482–490
Tizio R (1960) Présence de kinines dans périderme de tubercles de pomme de terre. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sei Paris 262: 868–869
Tse AT Y, Ramina A, Hackett WP, Sachs RM (1974) Enhanced inflorescence development in Bougainvillea San Diego Red by removal of young leaves and cytokinin treatment. Plant Physiol 54: 404–407
Udebo AE (1971) Effect of external supply of growth substances on axillary proliferation and development in Dioscorea bulbifera. Ann Bot 35: 159–163
Uematsu Y, Katsura N (1983) Changes in endogenous gibberellin level in strawberry plants induced by light breaks. J Jpn Soc Hortic Sei 51: 405–411
Venkataraman R, Seth PN, Maheshwari SC (1970) Studies on the growth and flowering of a short-day plant, Wolffia microscopica. I. Growth aspects and induction of flowering by cytokinins. Pflanzenphysiol 62: 316–327
Vince D (1965) The promoting effect of far-red light on flowering in the long-day plant Lolium temulentum. Physiol Plant 18: 474–482
Vince D (1969) The regulation of flowering in long-day plants. Acta Hortic 14: 91–95
Vince D (1970) Lighting techniques for the control of flowering. Proc 18th Int Congr Hortic 5: 169–180
Vince D (1972) Phytochrome and flowering. In: Mitrakos K, Shropshire W (eds) Photochrome. Academic Press, London New York, pp 257–291
Vince-Prue D (1975) Photoperiodism in plants. McGraw-Hill, London New York
Vince-Prue D (1976) Phytochrome and photoperiodism. In: Smith H (ed) Light and plant development. Butterworths, London, pp 347–369
Vince-Prue D (1977) Photocontrol of stem elongation in light-grown plants of Fuchsia hybrida. Planta 133: 149–156
Vince-Prue D (1979) Effect of photoperiod and phytochrome in flowering: time measurement. In: Champagnat P, Jacques R (eds) Physiologie de la floraison. CNRS, Paris, pp 91–127
Vince-Prue D (1981) Daylight and photoperiodism. In: Smith H (ed) Plants and the daylight spectrum. Academic Press, London New York, pp 223–242
Vince Prue D (1982) Phytochrome and photoperiodic physiology. In: Brady J (ed) Biological time-keeping. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 101–117
Vince-Prue D (1983a) Photomorphogenesis and flowering. In: Shropshire W, Mohr H (eds) Encyclopedia of plant physiology new ser vol XVI b. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 457–490
Vince-Prue D (1983 b) The perception of light - dark transitions. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B 303:523–536
Vince-Prue D (1984) Contrasting types of photoperiodic response in the control of dormancy. Plant Cell Environ 7: (in press)
Vince-Prue D, Guttridge CG (1973) Floral initiation in strawberry: spectral evidence for the regulation of flowering by long-day inhibition. Planta 110: 165–172
Vince-Prue D, Guttridge CG, Buck MW (1976) Photocontrol of petiole elongation in light-grown strawberry plants. Planta 131: 109–114
Vlitos AJ, Meudt W (1954) The role of auxin in plant flowering. III. Free indole acids in short-day plants grown under photo-inductive and non-photo-inductive daylengths. Contrib Boyce Thompson Inst 17: 413–417
Wareing PF (1951) Growth studies in woody species. III. Further photoperiodic effects in Pinus sylvestris. Physiol Plant 4: 41–56
Wareing PF (1953) Growth studies in woody species. V. Photoperiodism in dormant buds of Fagus sylvatica L. Physiol Plant 6: 692–706
Wareing PF (1954) Growth studies in woody species. VI. The locus of photoperiodic perception in relation to dormancy. Physiol Plant 7: 261–277
Wareing PF (1959) Photoperiodism in seeds and buds. In: Withrow RB (ed) Photo-periodism and related phenomena in plants and animals. A A AS, Washington, pp 73–87
Wareing PF (1969) Germination and dormancy. In: Wilkins MB (ed) Physiology of plant growth and development. McGraw-Hill, London, New York, pp 605–644
Wareing PF (1982) Hormonal control of stolon and tuber development, expecially in the potato plant. In: Wareing PF (ed) Plant growth substances. Academic Press, London New York, pp 181–195
Wareing PF, El-Antably HMM (1970) The possible role of endogenous growth inhibitors in the control of flowering. In: Bernier G (ed) Cellular and molecular aspects of floral induction. Longman Group, London, pp 285–303
Wareing PF, Jennings AMV (1980) The hormonal control of tuberization in potato. In: Skoog F (ed) Plant growth substances. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 147–153
Wareing PF, Saunders PF (1971) Hormones and dormancy. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 22: 261–288
Warm E (1980) Effect of phytohormones and salicylic acid on flowering and stem elongation in the long-day plant Hyoscyamus niger. Z Pflanzenphysiol 99: 325–330
Watanabe K, Takimoto A (1979) Flower-inducing effects of benzoic acid and some related compounds in Lemna paucicostata 151. Plant Cell Physiol 20:847 -850
Watanabe K, Fujita T, Takimoto A (1981) Relationship between structure and flower- inducing activity of benzoic acid derivatives in Lemna paucicostata 151. Plant Cell Physiol 22: 1469–1479
Waxman S (1957) The development of woody plants as affected by photoperiodic treatments. Ph D Thes, Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY Weaver RJ (1963) Use of kinin in breaking rest in buds of Vitis vinifera. Nature 198: 207–208
Weber J A, Nooden LD (1976) Environmental and hormonal control of turion formation in Myriophyllum verticillatum. Plant Cell Physiol 17: 721–731
Wellensiek SJ (1970) The floral hormones in Silene armeria and Xanthium strumarium. Z Pflanzenphysiol 63: 25–30
Wellensiek SJ (1973) Gibberellic acid, flower formation and stem elongation in Silene armeria. Neth J Agric Sci 21: 245–255
Williams BJ Jr, Pellett NE, Klein RM (1972) Phytochrome control of growth cessation and initiation of cold acclimation in selected woody plants. Plant Physiol 50: 262–265
Williams MW (1972) Induction of spur and flower bud formation in young apple trees with chemical growth retardants. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 97: 210–212
Withrow AP, Withrow RB (1943) Translocation of the floral stimulus in Xanthium. Bot Gaz 104: 409–416
Yeh RY, Matches AG, Larson RL (1976) Endogenous growth regulators and summer tillering of tall fescue. Crop Sci 16: 409–413
Zeevaart J AD (1958) Flower formation as studied by grafting. Meded Landbouwhogesch Wageningen 58: 1–88
Zeevaart J AD (1969 a) The leaf as a site of gibberellin action in flower formation in Bryophyllum daigremontianum. Planta 84:339–347
Zeevaart J AD (1969 b) Gibberellin-like substances in Bryophyllum daigremontianum and the distribution and persistence of applied gibberellin A3. Planta 86:124–133
Zeevaart J AD (1969 c) Changes in the gibberellin content of Bryophyllum daigremontianum in connection with floral induction. Neth J Agric Sci 17:215–220
Zeevaart J AD (1969d) Bryophyllum. In: Evans LT (ed) The induction of flowering. MacMillan, Melbourne, pp 435–456
Zeevaart JAD (1970) Gibberellins and flower formation. In: Bernier G (ed) Cellular and molecular aspects of floral induction. Longman, London, pp 335–344
Zeevaart JAD (1971 a) Effects of photoperiod on growth rate and endogenous gibberellins in the long-day rosette plant spinach. Plant Physiol 47:821–827
Zeevaart JAD (1971b) (±)-Abscisic acid content of spinach in relation to photoperiod and water stress. Plant Physiol 48:86–90
Zeevaart JAD (1971c) Lack of evidence for distinguishing florigen and flower hormone in Perilla. Planta 98: 190–194
Zeevaart JAD (1973) Gibberellin A20 content of Bryophyllum daigremontianum under different photoperiodic conditions as determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Planta 114: 258–288
Zeevaart JAD (1974) Levels of (+)-abscisic acid and xanthoxin in spinach under different
environmental conditions. Plant Physiol 53:644–648
Zeevaart JAD (1976) Physiology of flower formation. Ann Rev Plant Physiol 27: 321–348
Zeevaart JAD (1978) Transmission of the floral stimulus between four different photoperiodic response types in the Crassulaceae. Plant Physiol 61 Suppl: 14, No 72
Zeevaart JAD (1979) Perception, nature and complexity of transmitted signals. In: Cham-pagnat P, Jacques R (eds) Physiologie de la floraison. CNRS, Paris, pp 59–90
Zeevaart JAD (1982) Transmission of the floral stimulus from a long-short-day plant, Bryophyllum daigremontianum, to the short-long-day plant Echeveria harmsii. Ann Bot 46: 549–552
Zeevaart JAD (1984) Photoperiodic induction, the floral stimulus and flower-promoting substances. In: Vince-Prue D, Cockshull KE, Thomas B (eds) Light and the flowering process. Academic Press, London New York, pp 137–142
Zeevaart JAD, Kivilaan T (1977) Abscisic acid in the short-day plant, Xanthium strumarium. In: Plant research. Annu Rep MSU/AEC Plant Res Lab Michigan State Univ, East Lansing
Zeevaart JAD, Lang A (1963) Suppression of floral induction in Bryophyllum daigremontianum by a growth retardant. Planta 59: 509–517
Zhadanova LP (1950) Significance of the gaseous regime for the passage of the light stage in plants. Dokl Akad Nauk USSR 70: 715–718
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vince-Prue, D. (1985). Photoperiod and Hormones. In: Pharis, R.P., Reid, D.M. (eds) Hormonal Regulation of Development III. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, vol 11. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-67734-2_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-67734-2_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-67736-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-67734-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive