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Effects of Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors on the Urinary Tract

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Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 54 / 2))

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Abstract

In the adult man the ureter is a thick-walled tube, about 25 to 30 cm in length, which arises within the renal sinus as a funnel-shaped renal pelvis into which open the calyces and renal pyramids and ends in the bladder (Notley, 1978). A multicalyceal kidney is found in man and pig whereas in the rat, guinea pig, rabbit, dog, and sheep it is uni-calyceal. The ureter is blood-supplied by a variable number of long arteries arising from the aorta or its branches. These arteries give off secondary branches which form a plexus on the surface of the ureter and this plexus sends small twigs into the substance of the ureter (Daniel and Shackman, 1952). The ureter receives sympathetic innervation from the spinal cord segments thoracic 6 to lumbar 2, and parasympathetic innervation in the upper two-thirds from the vagus nerve. The lower ureteral third is parasympathetically innervated from the spinal cord segments sacral 2 and 3 (Schreyer, 1974). As early as 1869, Engelmann described how a number of nerves enter the ureter at two points: at the hilus renalis are a few branches from the plexus renalis; and, at the bladder end, a few somewhat larger branches arise from the sympathetic plexus. These nerve trunks build a plexus with large and long meshes in the outer fibrous coat along the whole length of the ureter. Satani (1919) found that the outer fibrous coat of the ureter is an important seat of nerves and blood vessels. Nerve trunks which enter this coat at several points — starting from the plexus renalis, vesicalis, and spermaticus, as well as from the inferior mesenteric and other ganglia — make numerous divisions successfully connecting each other to make a plexus with long and rhomboidlike meshes.

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Authors
  1. J. Hannappel
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Pharmacology, University Medical School of Szeged, Dóm tér 12, H-6701, Szeged, Hungary

    Lászlo Szekeres

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© 1981 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Hannappel, J. (1981). Effects of Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors on the Urinary Tract. In: Szekeres, L. (eds) Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 54 / 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-67584-3_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-67584-3_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-67586-7

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