Abstract
Sympathomimetic amines affect the functioning of skeletal muscles in several different ways and through a number of different peripheral mechanisms and sites of action. Depending to some extent on the species and the conditions of the experiment, they can be shown to influence the extrafusal muscle fibres themselves, the muscle spindles, the process of neuromuscular transmission, and conduction in the motor nerve. The compounds also affect the tone and spontaneous fibrillatory activity of chronically denervated muscles. Even in the same animal, different types of muscle respond differently, and in some muscles the response obtained may differ, at least quantitatively, according to the age of the animal and to the condition of the muscle (that is, whether or not it is fatigued). In addition to the peripheral actions, central noradrenergic and dopaminergic mechanisms play important roles in the control of skeletal muscle function, but central mechanisms are outside the scope of this chapter.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Åblad, B., Borg, K.O., Carlsson, E., Ek, L., Johnsson, G., Malmfors, T., Regårdh, C.-G.: A survey of the pharmacological properties of metoprolol in animals and man. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 36, (Suppl.V) 7–23 (1975)
Abramsky, O., Carmon, A., Levy, S.: Combined treatment of parkinsonian tremor with propranolol and levodopa. J. Neurol. Sci. 14, 491 – 494 (1971)
Albuquerque, E.X., Mclsaac, R J.: Fast and slow mammalian muscles after denervation. Exp. Neurol. 26, 183–202 (1970)
Albuquerque, E.X., Thesleff, S.: A comparative study of membrane properties of innervated and chronically denervated fast and slow skeletal muscles of the rat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 73, 471–481 (1968)
Albuquerque, E.X., Schuh, F.T., Kauffman, F.C.: Early membrane depolarization of the fast mammalian muscle after denervation. Pflugers Arch. Ges. Physiol. 328, 36–50 (1971)
Albuquerque, E.X., Warnick, J.E., Sansone, F.M., Onur, R.: The effect of vinblastine and colchicine on neural regulation of muscle. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 228, 224–243 (1974)
Aldrich, T.B.: A preliminary report on the active principle of the suprarenal gland. Am. J. Physiol. 5, 457–461 (1901)
Al-Jeboory, A.A., Marshall, R.J.: Correlation between the effects of salbutamol on contractions and on cyclic AMP content of isolated fast- and slow-contracting muscles of the guinea-pig. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. Pharmacol. 305, 201–206 (1978)
Apperley, G.H., Daly, M.J.: Simultaneous measurement of skeletal muscle, pulmonary mechanical and vascular responses to bronchodilators in the cat. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 24, 152–153 (1972)
Apperley, G.H., Levy, G.P.: Characterisation of the β-adrenoceptors of guinea-pig tracheo-bronchial, skeletal and cardiac muscle. Br. J. Pharmacol. 54, 260–261P (1975)
Apperley, G.H., Daly, M.J., Levy, G.P.: Selectivity of β-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on bronchial, skeletal, vascular and cardiac muscle in the anaesthetised cat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 57, 235–246 (1976)
Axelrod, J., Weil-Malherbe, H., Tomchick, R.: Physiological disposition of H3 epinephrine and its metabolite metanephrine. J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 127, 251–256 (1959)
Axelsson, J., Thesleff, S.: A study of supersensitivity in denervated mammalian skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 147, 178–193 (1959)
Bach-y-Rita, P., Ito, F.: In vivo studies on fast and slow muscle fibres in extracular muscles. J. Gen. Physiol. 49, 117–1198 (1966)
Baetjer, A.M.: The relation of the sympathetic nervous system to the contractions and fatigue of skeletal muscle in mammals. Am. J. Physiol. 93, 41–56 (1930)
Banu, G.: Recherches physiologiques sur le développement neuromusculaire chez l’homme et l’animal. Paris: Maretheux, 1922
Bárány, M.: ATPase of myosin correlated with speed of shortening. J. Gen. Physiol. 50, 197–216 (1967)
Bárány, M., Bárány, K., Reckard, T., Volpe, A.: Myosin of fast and slow muscles of the rabbit. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 109, 185–191 (1965)
Barbeau, A.: Traitement du tremblement essentiel familiar par le propranolol. Union Med. Can. 102, 899–902 (1973)
Barbeau, A., Sourkes, T.L., Murphy, G.F.: Les catécholamines de la Maladie de Parkinson. In: Monoamines et Système Nerveux Centrale. Ajuriaguerra, De, Masson, J. (Eds.). Paris, 1962, pp. 247–262
Barcroft, H., Swan, H.J.C.: Sympathetic Control of Human Blood Vessels. London: Arnold, 1953, pp. 88–89
Barcroft, H., Peterson, E., Schwab, R.S.: Action of adrenaline and noradrenaline on the tremor in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 2, 154–160 (1952)
Barker, D.: The morphology of muscle receptors. In: Handbook of Sensory Physiology. Vol. Ill 2 Muscle Receptors. Hunt, C.C. (Ed.). Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer, 1974, pp. 1–190
Barnard, R.J., Edgerton, V.R., Furukawa, T., Peter, J.B.: Histochemical, biochemical and contractile properties of red, white and intermediate fibres. Am. J. Physiol. 220, 410–414 (1971)
Barrett, A.M., Carter, J., Fitzgerald, J.D., Hull, R., Le Count, D.: A new type of cardioselective adrenoceptive blocking drug. Br. J. Pharmacol. 48, 340 P (1973)
Batra, S.: The effect of sodium and potassium on calcium uptake by frog skeletal muscle mitochondria and vesicles. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 50, 1157–1161 (1972)
Batra, S.: The effects of zinc and lanthanum on calcium uptake by mitochondria and fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum of frog skeletal muscle. J. Cell. Physiol. 82, 246–256 (1973)
Beatty, C.H., Peterson, R.D.: Metabolism of red and white muscle fiber groups. Am. J. Physiol. 204, 939–942 (1963)
Beckett, S.B., Ellis, S.: Antagonistic and synergistic actions of neuromuscular blocking agents, acetylcholine and epinephrine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 113, 4 (1955)
Belmar, J., Eyzaguirre, C.: Pacemaker sites of fibrillation potentials in denervated mammalian muscle. J. Neurophysiol. 29, 425–441 (1966)
Bergamini, V., Ferro, M.F., Rovizza, L.: Azione di alcuni farmaci su l’attività fibrillare spontanea del muscolo denervato. Arch. Fisiol. 55, 254–262 (1955)
Berthler, A., Falck, B., Rosengren, E.: The direct demonstration of a barrier mechanism in brain capillaries. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 20, 317–321 (1963)
Beumer, H.M.: Comparative studies of the protective effect of Alupent and Th 1165a against histamine in man. Respiration 28, 148–153 (1971)
Bhoola, K.D., Schachter, M.: Contracture of the denervated rat diaphragm by adrenaline. J. Physiol. 157, 20–21P (1961)
Bhoola, K.D., Diette-Spiff, K., Webster, R.D.: Effect of adrenaline on mammalian muscle spindles. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 164, 16P (1962)
Bhoola, K.D., Evans, R.H., Smith, J.W.: Catecholamine induced contractures of denervated muscle. Br. J. Pharmacol. 46, 513–532P (1972)
Bianchi, C.P.: The effect of caffeine on radiocalcium movement in frog sartorius. J. Gen. Physiol. 44, 848–858 (1961)
Bianchi, C.P., Bolton, T.C.: Action of local anesthetics on coupling systems in muscle. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 157, 388–405 (1967)
Birkmayer, W., Hornykiewicz, O.: Der L-Dioxyphenylalanin (=L-DOPA)-Effekt bei Parkinson-Akinese. Klin. Wochenschr. 73, 787–788 (1961)
Blaber, L.C., Gallagher, J.P.: The facilitatory effects of catechol and phenol at the neuromuscular junction of the cat. Neuropharmacology 10, 153 - 159 (1971)
Bleckman, I., Jurna, I., Rummel, W.: Vergleichende Untersuchungen von Methoden zur Bestimmung der Plateaudauer des aktiven Zustandes am Warmblüter-Muskel. Pflügers Arch. Ges. Physiol. Menschen Tiere 277, 422–433 (1963)
Blinks, J.R., Olson, C.B., Jewell, B.R., Braveny, P.: Influence of caffeine and other methylxanthines on mechanical properties of isolated mammalian heart muscle. Circ. Res. 30, 367–392 (1972)
Blum, K.: The effect of dopamine and other catecholamines on neuromuscular transmission. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 181, 297–306 (1969)
Boegman, R.J., Wood, P.L.: Monoamine as possible mediators in the regulation of fast axoplasmic flow. J. Neurochem. 26, 737–740 (1976)
Bohmer, K., Raper, C.: ß-Adrenoreceptors in denervated skeletal muscles of the cat. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2, 239–248 (1975)
Bohmer, K., Raper, C.: Sympathomimetic-induced effects in the soleus muscle of the guineapig. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 221, 60–65 (1976)
Bohmer, K., Raper, C.: Species difference in the β1/β2-adrenoceptor selectivity of Sm 220 Cl in the cat and guinea-pig. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 4, 349–358 (1977)
Bohmer, K., O’Donnell, S.R.: Beta-adrenoreceptor-mediated effects of clenbuterol (NAB 365) on trachea, heart and skeletal muscle in anaesthetized guinea-pigs. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 4, 383–390 (1977)
Bolte, H.D., Lüderitz, B.: Intra-extacellularer Kaliumkonzentrationsgradient und g-Strophanthinwirkung (Ouabain) bei Kaliummangel-Untersuchungen an Skeletmuskelzellen. Klin. Wochenschr. 47, 889–891 (1969)
Borys, H.K., Karler, R.: Effects of caffeine on the intracellular distribution of calcium in frog sartorius muscle. J. Cell. Physiol. 78, 387–404 (1971)
Boura, A.L., Green, A.F.: The actions of bretylium: adrenergic neurone blocking and other effects. Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother. 14, 536–548 (1959)
Boura, A.L., Green, A.F.: Adrenergic neurone blockade and other acute effects caused by TV- benzyl-WW11-dimethylguanidine and its ortho chloro derivative. Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother. 20, 36–55 (1963)
Bowman, W.C.: Blood flow in relation to the effects of adrenaline on skeletal muscle. Ph. D. Thesis, University of London (1956)
Bowman, W.C.: A comparison between the vascular responses to adrenaline and noradrenaline in individual skeletal muscles of the cat. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 11, 104–119 (1959)
Bowman, W.C., Nott, M.W.: Actions of sympathomimetic amines and their antagonists on skeletal muscle. Pharmacol. Rev. 21, 27–72 (1969)
Bowman, W.C., Nott, M.W.: Actions of some sympathomimetic bronchodilator and beta-ad- renoceptor blocking drugs on contractions of the cat soleus muscle. Br. J. Pharmacol. 38, 37–49 (1970)
Bowman, W.C., Nott, M.W.: Effects of catecholamines, cyclic nucleotides and phosphodies-terase inhibitors on contractions of skeletal muscles in anaesthetized cats. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 1, 309–323 (1974)
Bowman, W.C., Nott, M.W.: Peripheral muscle effects of levodopa in the anaesthetized cat. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 5, 305–312 (1978)
Bowman, W.C., Raper, C.: Adrenaline and slow-contracting skeletal muscle. Nature (London) 193, 41–43 (1962)
Bowman, W.C., Raper, C.: The effect of adrenaline and other drugs affecting carbohydrate metabolism in contractions of the rat diaphragm. Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother. 23, 184–200 (1964 a)
Bowman, W.C., Raper, C.: Spontaneous fibrillary activity of denervated muscle. Nature (London) 201, 160–162 (1964b)
Bowman, W.C., Raper, C.: The effects of sympathomimetic amines on chronically denervated skeletal muscles. Br. J. Pharmacol. 24, 98–109 (1965)
Bowman, W.C., Raper, C.: Effects of sympathomimetic amines on neuromuscular transmission. Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother. 27, 313–331 (1966)
Bowman, W.C., Raper, C.: Adrenotropic receptors in skeletal muscle. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 139, 741–753 (1967)
Bowman, W.C., Raper, C.: Sympathomimetic bronchodilators and animal models for assessing their potential value in asthma. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 28, 369–374 (1976)
Bowman, W.C., Rodger, I.W.: Actions of the sympathomimetic bronchodilator, Rimiterol (R 798), on the cardiovascular, respiratory and skeletal muscle systems of the anaesthetised cat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 45, 574–583 (1972)
Bowman, W.C., Webb, S.N.: Acetylcholine and Anticholinesterase Drugs. In: Int. Encycl. Pharmac. Ther. Section 14 Vol 2 Chapter 16; Cheymol, J. (Ed.). Oxford: Pergamon Press 1972, pp. 427–502
Bowman, W.C., Zaimis, E.: A comparison between the responses of the tibialis anterior and the soleus muscles in the cat to adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 128, 14–15 P (1955)
Bowman, W.C., Zaimis, E.: The effects of adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline on skeletal muscle contractions in the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 144, 92–107 (1958)
Bowman, W.C., Zaimis, E.: The actions of adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline on the denervated mammalian muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 158, 24–25 P (1961)
Bowman, W.C., Goldberg, A.A.J., Raper, C.: A comparison between the effects of a tetanus and the effects of sympathomimetic amines on fast- and slow-contracting mammalian muscles. Brit. J. Pharmacol. Chemother. 19, 464–484 (1962)
Bowman, W.C., Hemsworth, B.A., Rand, M.J.: Effects of analogues of choline on neuromuscular transmission. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 144, 471–482 (1967)
Boyd, I.A.: The structure and innervation of the nuclear bag muscle fibre system and nuclear chain muscle fibre system in mammalian muscle spindles. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B. 245, 81–136 (1962)
Brand, H.: A propos du mode d’action du décaméthonium et de ramyltriméthylammonium sur 111 le préparation isoleé nerf phrénique-diaphragme du rat. Experientia 8, 273 (1952)
Bray, J.J., Hawken, M.J., Hubbard, J.I., Pockett, S., Wilson, L.: The membrane potential of rat diaphragm muscle fibres and the effect of denervation. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 255, 651–667 (1976)
Breckenridge, B.M., Burn, J.H., Matschinsky, F.M.: Theophylline, epinephrine and neostigmine facilitation of neuromuscular transmission. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 57, 1893–1897 (1967)
Bressler, B.H., Phillis, J.W., Kozachuk, W.: Noradrenaline stimulation of a membrane pump in frog skeletal muscle. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 33, 201–204 (1975)
Brittain, R.T., Jack, D., Ritchie, A.C.: Recent β-adrenoreceptor stimulants. Adv. Drug Res. 5, 197–253 (1970)
Brody, I.W.: Relaxing factor in denervated muscle: a possible explanation for fibrillation. Am. J. Physiol. 277, 1277–1280 (1966)
Brooke, M.H., Kaiser, K.K.: Some comments on the histochemical characterization of muscle adenosine triphosphatase. J. Histochem. 77, 431–432 (1969)
Brooks, J.E.: Hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis. Arch. Neurol. 20, 13–18 (1969)
Brown, G.L.: The action of acetylcholine on denervated mammalian and frog’s muscle. J. Physiol. 89, 439–461 (1937)
Brown, G.L.: The sympathetic innervation of the extrinsic ocular muscles. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 772, 211–214 (1951)
Brown, G.L., Burns, B.D.: Fatigue and neuromuscular block in mammalian skeletal muscle. Proc. R. Soc. B. Biol. Sci. 136, 182–195 (1949)
Brown, G.L., von Euler, U.S.: The after effects of a tetanus on mammalian muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 93, 285–300 (1938)
Brown, G.L., Biilbring, E., Burns, B.D.: The effect of adrenaline upon striated muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 106, 15–16P (1947)
Brown, G.L., Biilbring, E., Burns, B.D.: The action of adrenaline on mammalian skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 107, 115–128 (1948)
Brown, G.L., Goffart, M., Vianna Dias, M.: The effects of adrenaline and of sympathetic stimulation on the demarcation potential of mammalian skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 111, 184–194 (1950)
Bülbring, E.: Observations on the isolated phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation of the rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother. 7, 38–61 (1946)
Bülbring, E.: Catecholamines then and now. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 28, 345–355 (1976)
Bülbring, E., Burn, J.H.: Blood flow during muscle contraction and the Orbeli phenomenon in the dog. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 95, 203–225 (1939)
Bülbring, E., Burn, J.H.: The effect of sympathomimetic and other substances on the contraction of skeletal muscle. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 68, 150–172 (1940)
Bülbring, E., Whitteridge, D.: The effect of adrenaline on nerve action potentials. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 99, 201–207 (1941)
Buller, A.J.: The neural control of the contractile mechanism in skeletal muscle. Endeavour 29, 107–111 (1970)
Buller, A. J., Lewis, D.M.: Further observations on the differentiation of skeletal muscles in the kitten hind limb. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 176, 355–370 (1965)
Buller, A.J., Eccles, J.C., Eccles, R.M.: Interactions between motoneurones and muscles in respect of the characteristic species of their responses. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 150, 417–439 (1960)
Buller, A.J., Ranatunga, K.W., Smith, J.M.: The influence of temperature on the contractile characteristics of mammalian fast and slow twitch muscles. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 196, 82 P (1968 a)
Buller, A.J., Ranatunga, K.W., Smith, J.M.: Influence of temperature on the isometric myo-grams of cross-innervated mammalian fast twitch and slow twitch skeletal muscles. Nature (London) 218, 877–878 (1968 b)
Buller, A.J., Mommaerts, W.F.H.M., Seraydarian, K.: Enzymic properties of myosin in fast and slow twitch muscles of the cat following cross-innervation. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 205, 581–597 (1969)
Burn, J.H.: The relation of adrenaline to acetylcholine in the nervous system. Physiol. Rev. 25, 377–394 (1945)
Butcher, L.L., Engel, J.: Peripheral factors in the mediation of the effects of L-dopa on locomotor activity. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 21, 614–616 (1969)
Calma, I., Kidd, G.L.: Effect of adrenaline on muscle spindles in cat. Arch. Ital. Biol. 100, 381–393 (1962)
Calne, D.B., Spiers, A.S.D., Stern, G.M., Laurence, D.R., Armitage, P.: L-Dopa in idiopathic parkinsonism. Lancet II, 973–976 (1969)
Cambridge, G.W.: Comparison of the properties of denervated rat diaphragm muscle and an invertebrate smooth muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 158, 25–26P (1961)
Campbell, E.D.R., Montuschi, E.: Muscle weakness caused by bretylium tosylate. Lancet II, 789 (1960)
Campos, F.A.DeM., Cannon, W.B., Lundin, H., Walker, T.T.: Some conditions affecting the capacity for prolonged muscular work. Am. J. Physiol. 87, 680–701 (1929)
Cannon, W.B., Gruber, C.M.: Oscillatory variations in the contractions of rhythmically stimulated muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 42, 36–45 (1916)
Cannon, W.B., Nice, L.B.: The effect of splanchnic stimulation on muscular fatigue. Am. J. Physiol. 29, xxiv-xxv (1911)
Cannon, W.B., Nice, L.B.: The effect of adrenaline secretion on muscular fatigue. Am. J. Physiol. 32, 44–60 (1913)
Cannon, W.B., Rosenblueth, A.: The Supersensitivity of Denervated Structures. New York: Macmillan Company, 1949
Carafoli, E., Patriarca, P., Rossi, C.S.: A comparative study of the role of mitochondria and the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the uptake and release of Ca+ + by the rat diaphragm. J. Cell. Physiol. 74, 17–30 (1969)
Celander, O.: The range of control exercised by the sympathoadrenal system. Acta Physiol. Scand. 32, (Suppl.) 116 (1954)
Chang, C.C., Chen, T.F., Cheng, H.C.: On the mechanism of neuromuscular blocking action of bretylium and guanethidine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 158, 89–98 (1967)
Charlet, H.: Fortgesetzte Untersuchungen über den Einfluß des Sympathikus auf den Kontraktionsablauf ermüdeter Skelettmuskeln. Z. Biol. 90, 299–312 (1930)
Clausen, T., Flatman, J.A.: The effect of catecholamines on Na-K transport and membrane potential in rat soleus muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 270, 383–414 (1977)
Clausen, T., Flatman, J.A.: β2-Adrenoceptors mediate the stimulating effect of adrenaline on active eletrogenic Na+-K+ -transport in rat solens muscle. Br. J. Pharmacol, in press (1980).
Clausen, T., Hansen, O.: Active Na-K transport and the rate of ouabain binding. The effect of insulin and other stimuli on skeletal muscle and adipocytes. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 270,415— 430 (1977)
Claveria, L.E., Vakil, S.D., George, C.F., Reid, J.L., Calne, D.B., Petrie, A.: Oxprenolol in parkinsonism. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 18, 66–68 (1975)
Close, R.: Dynamic properties of fast and slow skeletal muscles of the rat during development. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 173, 74–95 (1964)
Close, R.: The relation between intrinsic speed of shortening and duration of the active state of muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 180, 542–559 (1965 a)
Close, R.: Force: velocity properties of mouse muscles. Nature (London) 206, 718–719 (1965 b)
Close, R.: Neural influences on physiological properties of fast and slow limb muscles. In: Contractility of Muscle Cells and Related Processes. Podolsky, R.J. (Ed.) Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1971
Close, R.: Dynamic properties of mammalian skeletal muscles. Physiol. Rev. 52, 129–197 (1972)
Close, R., Hoh, J.F.Y.: Force; velocity properties of kitten muscles. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 192, 815–822 (1967)
Close, R., Höh, J.F.Y.: The after-effects of repetitive stimulation on the isometric twitch contraction of rat fast skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 197, 461–411 (1968)
Constas, C.: The effects of adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline on parkinsonian tremor. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 25, 116–121 (1962)
Corda, M., Staderini, G.: Effeti dell’adrenaline et della noradrenalina sulle terminazione fusali primäre e secundarie de mucuto tenvissimo suppavivente in vitro. Arch. Fisiol. 62, 165–171 (1962)
Cori, G.T., Illingworth, B.: The effect of epinephrine and other glycogenolytic agents on the Phosphorylase a content of muscle. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 21, 105–110 (1956)
Corkill, A.B., Tiegs, O.W.: The effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation on the power of contraction of skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 78, 161–185 (1933)
Corvaja, N., Marinozzi, V., Pompeiano, O.: Muscle spindles in the lumbrical muscles of the cat. Arch. Ital. Biol. 107, 365–543 (1969)
Costa, E., Guidotti, A., Handbauer, L.: Do cyclic nucleotides promote the trans-synaptic in-duction of tyrosine hydroxylase? Life Sci. 14, 1169–1188 (1974)
Costin, J.C., Cohen, L.S., Zaret, B.L.: Effect of the beta receptor upon potassium uptake in skeletal muscle. Am. J. Cardiol. 37, 129 (1976)
Cox, B., Danta, G., Schnieden, H., Yuill, G.M.: Interactions of L-dopa and amantadine in patients with Parkinsonism. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 36, 354–361 (1973)
Craig, J.W., Rail, T.W., Larner, J.: The influence of insulin and epinephrine on adenosine 3′,5′- phosphate and glycogen transferase in muscle. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 177, 213–219 (1969)
Csillik, B.: Functional structure of the post-synaptic membrane in the myoneural junction. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, 1965
Davies, J.N.: Intention tremor. Practitioner 216, 371 (1976)
Davis, D.A., Landstrom, D.L., Thong, N.N.: Essential tremor: a common and treatable disorder. J. Oklahoma State Med. Assoc. 69, 35 – 37 (1976)
Denny-Brown, D.E.: The histological features of striped muscle in relation to its functional activity. Proc. R. Soc. Ser. B. Biol. Sci. 104, 371–411 (1929 a)
Denny-Brown, D.E.: On the nature of postural reflexes. Proc. R. Soc. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 104,252–310 (1929 b)
Denny-Brown, D., Pennybacker, J.B.: Fibrillation and fasciculation in voluntary muscle. Brain 61, 311–334 (1938)
Dessy, S., Grandis, V.: Contribution à l’étude de la fatigue. Action de l’adrénaline sur la fonction du muscle. Arch. Ital. Biol. 41, 225–233 (1904)
Dietz, V., Freund, H.-J., Allum, J.H J.: Parkinsonian tremor during rest and voluntary contraction and its correlation with single motor unit activity. In: Advances in Parkinsonism. Birkmayer, W., Hornykiewicz, O. (Eds.). Basel: Hoffmann-La Roche and Co. Ltd. 1976, pp. 244–250
Dixit, B.N., Gulati, O.D., Gokhale, S.D.: Action of bretylium and guanethidine at the neuromuscular junction. Br. J. Pharmacol. 17, 372–379 (1961)
Dockry, M., Kernan, R.P., Tangney, A.: Active transport of sodium and potassium in mammalian skeletal muscle and its modification by nerve and by cholinergic and adrenergic agents. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 186, 187–200 (1966)
Dollery, C.T.: The use of bretylium tosylate (Darenthine) in hypertension. Med. Clin. North Am. 45, 429–439 (1961)
Dowzenko, A., Buksowicz, C., Kuran, W.: The effect of coretalpolfa (oxprenolol) on parkinsonian tremor and benign essential tremor. Neurol. Neurochir. Pol. 26, 49–53 (1976)
Dransfleld, H., Greef, K., Schorn, A., Ting, B.T.: Calcium uptake in mitochondria and vesicles of heart and skeletal muscle in the presence of potassium, sodium, K-strophanthin and pentobarbital. Biochem. Pharmacol. 18, 1335–1345 (1969)
Draskoci, N., Feldberg, W., Haramath, P.S.R.K.: Passage of circulating adrenaline into perfused cerebral ventricles and subarachnoid space. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 150, 34–49 (1960)
Dretchen, K.L., Standaert, F.G., Skirboll, L.R., Morgenroth III, V.H.: Evidence for a prejunctional role of cyclic nucleotides in neuromuscular transmission. Nature (London) 264, 79–81 (1976)
Drew, L.R., Moon, J.R., Buchanan, F.H.: Inderal in the treatment of alcoholism. Med. J. Aust. 2, 282–285 (1973)
Eakins, K.E., Katz, R.L.: The effect of sympathetic stimulation and epinephrine on the superior rectus muscle of the cat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 151, 524–531 (1967)
Easton, J.D.: Propranolol in neurology. Calif. Med. 117, 63 (1972)
Ebashi, S., Endo, M., Ohtsuki, I.: Control of muscle contraction. Q. Rev. Biophys. 2, 351–384 (1969)
Eberstein, A., Sandow, A.: Fatigue mechanisms in muscle fibres. In: The Effect of Use and Disuse on Neuromuscular Functions. Proceedings of a Symposium held at Liblice near Prague. Gutman, E., Hnik, P. (Eds.). Prague: Publishing House of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. 1963, pp. 515–526
Edge, N.D., Mason, D.F.J., Wyllie, J.H.: Some actions of substituted choline phenyl ethers, particularly of choline 2:6 xylyl ether. Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother. 12, 312–318 (1957)
Edgerton, V.R., Simpson, D.R.: The intermediate muscle fibre of rats and guinea pigs. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 77, 828–838 (1969)
Edgerton, V.R., Simpson, D.R.: Dynamic and metabolic relationships in the rat extensor digitorium longus muscle. Exp. Neurol. 30, 374–376 (1971)
Editorial: Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs and thyroid function. Br. Med. J. II, 1039–1040 (1977)
Ehringer, H., Hornykiewicz, O.: Verteilung von Noradrenalin und Dopamin (3-Hydroxytyr- amin) im Gehirn des Menschen und ihr Verhalten bei Erkrankungen des extrapyramidalen Systems. Klin. Wochenschr. 38, 1236–1239 (1960)
Ekblom, B., Goldbarg, A.N., Kilbom, A. Åstrand, P.O.: Effects of atropine and propranolol on the oxygen transport system during exercise in man. Scand. J. clin. Lab. Invest. 30, 35–42 (1972)
Eldred, E., Schnitzlein, H.N., Buchwald, J.: Response of muscle spindles to stimulation of the sympathetic trunk. J. Exp. Neurol. 2, 13–25 (1960)
Elliot, T.R.: The control of suprarenal glands by the splanchnic nerves. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 44, 374–409 (1912)
Ellis, S.: Relaxation of biochemical effects of epinephrine to its muscular effects. Pharmacol. Rev. 11, 469–479 (1959)
Ellis, S., Beckett, S.B.: Depression of neuromuscular transmission by epinephrine. Fed. Proc. 14, 336 (1955)
Emmelin, N., Strömblad, R.: Adrenaline and noradrenaline content of the suprarenals of cats in chloralose and morphine-ether anaesthesia. Acta Physiol. Scand. 24, 261–266 (1951)
Engelhardt, von, D.: Pharmakologisches Wirkungsprofil von NAB 365 (Clenbuterol), einem neuen Broncholytikum mit einer selektiven Wirkung auf die β2-Rezeptoren. Arzneim.- Forsch. (Drug Res.) 26, 1404–1420 (1976)
Epstein, S.E., Robinson, B.F., Kahler, R.L., Braunwald, E.: Effects of ß-adrenergic blockade on the cardiac response to maximal and submaximal exercise in man. J. Clin. Invest. 44, 1745–1753 (1965)
Euler, von, U.S., Gaddum, J.H.: Pseudomotor contractures after degeneration of the facial nerve. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 73, 54–66 (1931)
Evans, R.H., Smith, J.W.: Mode of action of catecholamines on skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 232, 81–82P (1973)
Evans, R.H., Smith, J.W.: The effect of catecholamines on the influx of calcium and the development of tension in denervated mouse diaphragm muscle. Br. J. Pharmacol. 58, 109–116 (1976)
Evanson, J.M., Sears, H.T.N.: Comparison of bretylium tosylate with guanethidine in the treatment of severe hypertension. Lancet II, 387–389 (1960)
Fahn, S.: Differential diagnosis of tremors. Med. Clin. North 56, 1363–1375 (1972)
Farmer, J.B., Lehrer, D.N.: The effect of isoprenaline on the contraction of smooth muscle produced by histamine, acetylcholine or other agents. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 18, 649–656 (1966)
Fellenius, E., Hedberg, R., Holmberg, E., Waldeck, B.: Functional and metabolic effects of terbutaline and propranolol in fast- and slow-contracting skeletal muscle in vitro. Acta physiol. scand. in the press (1980)
Ferko, A.P.: The inhibitory action of dopamine on the anterior tibialis muscle preparation antagonised by pimozide and chlor promazine. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 221, 66–74 (1976)
Ferko, A.P., Calesnick, B.: L-Dopa and dopamine on skeletal muscle. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 2, 146–153 (1971)
Fex, S., Sonesson, B.: Histochemical observation after implantation of a ‘fast’ nerve into an innervated mammalian ‘slow’ skeletal muscle. Acta Anat. 77, 1–10 (1970)
Fiehn, W., Peter, J.B.: Properties of the fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum from fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscles. J. Clin. Invest. 50, 570–573 (1971)
Floru, L.: Klinische Behandlungsversuche des lithiumbedingten Tremors durch einen Beta-Rezeptorenantagonisten (Propranolol). Int. Pharmacopsychiatr. 6, 197–222 (1971)
Floru, L., Floru, L., Tegeler, J.: Wirkung von Beta-Rezeptorenblockern (Pinduloc und Practolol) auf den lithiumbedingten Tremor-klinischen Versuch und theoretische Erwägungen. Arzneimittelforschung 24, 1122–1125 (1974)
Folkow, B.: Nervous control of blood vessels. Physiol. Rev. 35, 629–663 (1955)
Fonseca, Da, J.M.: Da asthenia suprarenal. Arq. Bras. Med. 9, 149–163 (1919)
Formgren, H.: The therapeutic value of oral long-term treatment with terbutaline (Bricanyl®) in asthma. Scand. J. Respir. Dis. 56, 321–328 (1975)
Foster, J.B., Longley, B.P., Stewart-Wynne, E.G.: Propranolol in essential tremor. Lancet I, 1455 (1973)
Frankenhauser, M.: Behaviour and circulating catecholamines. Brain. Res. 31, 241–262 (1971)
Freedman, B.J.: Trial of new bronchodilator terbutaline, in asthma. Br. Med. J. 7, 633–636 (1971)
Frishman, W., Smithen, C., Befler, B., Kligfield, P., Killip, T.: Noninvasive assessment of clinical response to oral propranolol therapy. Am. J. Cardiol. 35, 635–644 (1975)
Gallagher, J.P.: An analysis of the facilitatory action of catechol and phenol at the neuromuscular junction of the cat. Ph. D. Thesis, Loyola University Medical Center, May wood, Illinois, U.S.A. (1972)
Gallagher, J.P., Blaber, L.C.: Catechol, a facilitatory drug that demonstrates only in prejunctional site of action. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 184, 129–135 (1973)
Gallagher, J.P., Karczmar, A.G.: A direct facilitatory action for dopamine at the neuromuscular junction. Neuropharmacology 72, 783–791 (1973)
Gamstorp, I.: Adynamia episódica hereditaria. Acta Paediatr. (Suppl.) 45, 108, 1–126 (1956)
Gamstorp, I., Hauge, M., Helweg-Larsen, H.F., Mjönes, H., Sagild, U.: Adynamia episódica hereditaria. Am. J. Med. 23, 385–390 (1957)
Ganguly, D.K.: Antioxotremorine action of propranolol. Br. J. Pharmacol. 56, 21–24 (1976)
Garber, A.J., Karli, I.E., Kipnis, D.M.: Alanine and glutamine synthesis and release from skeletal muscle. IV Beta-adrenergic inhibition of amino acid release. J. Biol. Chem. 251, 851–857 (1976)
Gasser, H.S.: Contractures of skeletal muscle. Physiol. Rev. 10, 35–109 (1930)
Gauthier, G.F.: On the relationship of ultrastructural and cytochemical features to color in mammalian skeletal muscle. J. Zellforsch. Mikroskop. Anat. 95, 462–482 (1969)
Gay, L.N., Long, J.W.: Clinical evaluation of isopropylnorepinephrine in management of bronchial asthma. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 139, 452–457 (1949)
Giessen, H.K., Illig, H.: Tremor nach Gabe eines neuen beta-Rezeptoren-Stimulators. Med. Klin. 67, 1045–1047 (1972)
Gilbert, J.C., Wyllie, M.G.: Effects of prostaglandins on the ATPase activities of synaptosomes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 24, 551–556 (1975)
Gilbert, J.C., Wyllie, M.G., Davison, D.V.: Nerve terminal ATPase as possible trigger for neurotransmitter release. Nature (London) 255, 237–238 (1975)
Gill, E.W., Vaughan Williams, E.M.: Local anaesthetic activity of the beta-receptor antagonist, pronethalol. Nature (London) 201, 199 (1964)
Gilligan, B.: Propranolol in essential tremor. Lancet II, 980 (1972)
Gilligan, B.S., Veale, J.L., Wodak, J.: Propranolol in the treatment of tremor. Med. J. Aust. 7, 320–322 (1972)
Ginetzinsky, A.G., Shamarina, H.M.: Tonomotor phenomena in denervated muscle. Usp. Sovrem. Biol. 15, 283–294 (1942)
Ginsborg, B.L., Hirst, G.D.S.: The effect of adenosine on the release of the transmitter from the phrenic nerve of the rat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 224, 629–645 (1972)
Ginsborg, B.L., Jenkinson, D.H.: Transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle. Chapter 3 In: The Neuromuscular Junction. Handbook of Pharmacology. (Ed.) Zaimis, E. Berlin- Heidelberg-New York: Springer, 1976, Vol.42
Ginsborg, B.L., Hirst, G.D.S., Maizels, J.V., Walker, J.: Specificity of adenosine on transmitter output at the neuromuscular junction. Br. J. Pharmacol. 47, 637 P (1973)
Girling, F.: Effects of intravenous and intra-arterial adrenaline and of adrenaline after priscoline, in hind limb of intact rabbit. Am. J. Physiol. 164, 400–406 (1951)
Godwin-Austen, R.B., Tomlinson, E.B., Frears, C.C., Kok, H.W.L.: Effects of L-Dopa in Parkinson’s disease. Lancet II, 165 – 168 (1969)
Goffart, M.: Inversion d’action de l’adrénaline sur le muscle strié et taux du K+ musculaire. C.R. Séances Soc. Biol. 141, 1278–1279 (1947)
Goffart, M.: Mode of action of adrenaline on unfatigued mammalian muscle. Abstracts of communications, XVIII International Physiological Congress. Copenhagen, 1950, pp. 222–224
Goffart, M.: Recherches relatives a l’action de l’adrénaline sur le muscle strié de mammifere. I. Potentiation par l’adrénaline de la contraction maximale du muscle non fatigué. Arch. Int. Physiol. 60, 318–366 (1952)
Goffart, M.: The action of l-noradrenaline and adrenochrone on unfatigued mammalian muscle. Pharmacol. Rev. 6, 33–34 (1954)
Goffart, M., Brown, G.L.: Relation entre le potassium du milieu extracellulaire et l’action de l’adrénaline sur le muscle strié non fatigué du rat. C.R. Séances Soc. Biol. 141, 958–959 (1947)
Goffart, M., Perry, W.L.M.: The action of adrenaline on the rate of loss of potassium ions from unfatigued striated muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 112, 95–101 (1951)
Goffart, M., Ritchie, J.M.: The effect of adrenaline on the contractions of mammalian skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 116, 357–371 (1952)
Gokhale, S.D., Gulati, O.D., Kelkar, V.V., Joshi, N.Y.: Effects of bretylium and guanethidine on some cholinergic effectors. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 145, 243–253 (1963)
Goldberg, A.L., Singer, J.J.: Evidence for a role of cyclic AMP in neuromuscular transmission. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 64, 134–141 (1969)
Goldspink, G., Larson, R.E., Davies, R.E.: The immediate energy supply and the cost of maintenance of isometric tension for different muscles in the hamster. Z. Vergl. Physiol. 66, 389–397 (1970)
Goodman, D.B.P., Rasmussen, H., Di Bella, F., Guthrow, C.F.: Cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-mono- phosphate-stimulated phosphorylation of isolated neurotubule subunits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 67, 652–659 (1970)
Graham, J.D.P.: Static tremor in anxiety states. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 8, 57–60 (1945)
Grampp, W., Harris, J.B., Thesleff, S.: Inhibition of denervation changes in skeletal muscle by blockers of protein synthesis. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 221, 743–754 (1972)
Green, A.F., Hughes, R.: Effects of adrenergic neurone blocking agents on voluntary muscle stimulated at different frequencies. Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother. 27, 164–176 (1966)
Greenblatt, D.J., Koch-Weser, J.: Adverse reactions to β-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs: a report from the Boston collaborative drug surveillance program. Drugs 7, 118–129 (1974)
Greengard, P., Costa, E. (Eds.): Role of Cyclic AMP in Cell Function. New York: Raven Press, 1970
Greengard, P., Paoletti, R., Robison, G.A. (Eds.): Advances in Cyclic Nucleotide Research. New York: Raven Press, 1972, Vol. 1
Grossie, J., Yonas, H.: Response of primary spindle afferents with epinephrine during arterial decreased oxygen tension and partial asphyxia. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 181, 287–296 (1969)
Gruber, C.M.: Studies in fatigue. I. Fatigue as affected by changes of arterial pressure. Am. J. Physiol. 32, 221–229 (1913)
Gruber, C.M.: Studies in fatigue. III. The fatigue threshold as affected by adrenalin and by increased arterial pressure. Am. J. Physiol. 33, 335–355 (1914 a)
Gruber, C.M.: Studies in fatigue. IV. The relation of adrenalin to curare and fatigue in normal and denervated muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 34, 89–96 (1914 b)
Gruber, C.M.: Further studies on the effect of adrenalin upon muscular fatigue and limb circulation. Am. J. Physiol. 42, 610 (1917a)
Gruber, C.M.: Further studies on the effect of adrenalin upon muscular fatigue. Am. J. Physiol. 43, 530–544 (1917 b)
Gruber, C.M.: The significance of epinephrin in muscular activity. Endocrinology 3, 145 – 153 (1919)
Gruber, C.M.: Studies in fatigue. XI. The effects of intravenous injections of massive doses of adrenalin upon skeletal muscle at rest and undergoing fatigue. Am. J. Physiol. 61,475–492 (1922 a)
Gruber, C.M.: Studies in fatigue. XII. The effect of adrenal secretion on non-fatigued and fatigued skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 62, 438–441 (1922b)
Gruber, C.M.: Studies in fatigue. XIV. The effect of adrenalin on the duration of the latent, the contraction and the relaxation periods of skeletal muscle at rest and undergoing fatigue. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 23, 335–351 (1924)
Gruber, C.M., Fellows, A.P.: Studies on fatigue. VII. The effect of adrenalin on the irratability and contractility of mammalian nerve-muscle preparations after death. Am. J. Physiol. 46, 472–417 (1918)
Guglielmetti, J.: The effect of adrenalin on muscular fatigue in Leptodactylus ocellatus (L. gir) and in Bufo marinus. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. Cog. Med. Sci. 12, 139–151 (1918)
Guglielmetti, J.: Action de l’adrénaline sur le systèm musculaire strié. C.R. Séances, Soc. Biol. 87, 692–694 (1922)
Guth, L.: ‘Trophic’ influences of nerve on muscle. Physiol. Rev. 48, 645–687 (1968)
Guth, L.: ‘Trophic’ functions. In: The Peripheral Nervous System. Hubbard, J.L. (Ed.). New York: Plenum Press, 1974, pp. 329–343
Guth, L., Samaha, F.J.: Qualitative differences between actomyosin ATPase of slow and fast mammalian muscle. Exp. Neurol. 25, 138–152 (1969)
Gutmann, E. (Ed.): The Denervated Muscle. Prague: Publishing House of the Czechoslovak Academy of Science, 1962
Gutmann, E.: Open questions in the study of the ‘tropic’ function of the nerve cell. In: Current Research in Neurosciences, Topical Problems in Psychiatry and Neurology. Wycis, H.T. (Ed.). Basel: Karger, 1970, Vol 10, pp. 54–64
Gwee, M.C.E., Nott, M.W., Raper, C., Rodger, I.W.: Pharmacological actions of a new β-adrenoceptor agonist, MJ-9184-1, in anaesthetised cats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 46, 375–385 (1972)
György, L., Doda, M., Bite, A.: Guanethidine and carbachol on frog rectus: a non-competitive interaction. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 20, 575–576 (1968)
Hale, E.G., Kidd, G.L.: Evidence for a direct sympathetic reflex modification of muscle spindle excitability in the rat. In: Muscle Spindle Symposium, Paper 18. Anat. Soc. Great Britain Ireland (1974)
Halliday, A.M., Redfearn, J.W.T.: An analysis of the frequencies of finger tremor in healthy subjects. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 134, 600–611 (1956)
Hamberger, A., Hamberger, B.: Uptake of catecholamines and penetration of trypan blue by the blood brain barrier. Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat. 70, 386–392 (1966)
Hammond, P.H., Merton, P.A., Sutton, G.G.: Nervous gradation of muscular contraction. Br. Med. Bull. 12, 214–218 (1956)
Harigaya, S., Ogawa, Y., Sugita, H.: Calcium binding activity of microsomal fraction of rabbit red muscle. J. Biochem. 63, 324–331 (1968)
Harrah, M.D., Way, W.L., Katzung, B.G.: The interaction of d-tubocurarine with antiarrhythmic drugs. Anesthesiology 33, 406–410 (1970)
Harris, E.J., Manchester, K.L.: The effects of potassium ions and denervation on protein synthesis and the transport of amino acids in muscle. Biochem. J. 101, 135–145 (1966)
Hartman, F.A., Kilborn, L.G., Lang, R.S.: Vascular changes produced by adrenalin in vertebrates. Endocrinology 2, 122–142 (1918)
Havard, C.W.H.: The management of thyrotoxicosis. Br. J. Hosp. Med. 11, 893–908 (1974)
Hays, E.T., Dwyer, T.M., Horowicz, P., Swift, J.G.: Epinephrine action on sodium fluxes in frog striated muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 227, 1340–1347 (1974)
Helmreich, E., Cori, C.F.: The activation of glycolysis in frog sartorius muscle by epinephrine. Pharmacol. Rev. 18, 189–196 (1966)
Henneman, E., Olson, C.B.: Relations between structure and function in the design of skeletal muscle. J. Neurophysiol. 28, 581–598 (1965)
Héraut, L.A., Pertjiset, B.F.: Neurologie: Les beta-bloquers en neurologie et en psychiatrie. Med. Arm. 4, 47–49 (1975)
Herring, A.B.: Action of pronethalol in parkinsonian tremor. Lancet II, 383 – 385 (1964)
Hertting, G., Axelrod, J., Kopin, I.J., Whitby, L.G.: Lack of uptake of catecholamines after chronic denervation of sympathetic nerves. Nature (London) 189, 66 (1961)
Hess, A., Pilar, G.: Slow fibres in the extra-ocular muscles of the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 169, 780–798 (1963)
Hidaka, T., Kuriyama, H.: Effects of catecholamines on the cholinergic neuromuscular transmission in fish red muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 201, 61–72 (1969)
Hill, A.V.: The abrupt transition from rest to activity in muscle. Proc. R. Soc. Ser. B. Biol. Sci. 136, 399–420 (1949)
Hilton, S.M., Jeffries, M.G., Vrbova, G.: Functional specialisations of the vascular bed of soleus. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 206, 543–562 (1970)
Hines, M.: Nerve and muscle. Q. Rev. Biol. 2, 149–180 (1927)
Hines, H.M.: Effects of immobilization and activity on neuromuscular regeneration. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 120, 515–517 (1942)
Hinsey, J.C.: The innervation of skeletal muscle. Physiol. Rev. 14, 514–585 (1934)
Hnik, P., Skorpil, V.: The significance of blood circulation for fibrillation activity in denervated muscles of the rat. Physiol. Bohemoslov. 8, 81–86 (1959)
Hodgson, H.J.F., Marsden, C.D., Meadows, J.C.: The effect of adrenaline on the response to muscle vibration in man. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 202, 98 P (1969)
Hofmann, W.W.: Caffeine effects on transmitter depletion and mobilization at motor nerve terminals. Am. J. Physiol. 216, 621–629 (1969)
Hofmann, W.W., Spivack, A.P.: The effects of guanethidine on skeletal neuromuscular transmission. Am. J. Med. Sci. 244, 64–69 (1963)
Hökfelt, B., McLean, J.: The adrenaline and noradrenaline content of the suprarenal glands of the rabbit under normal conditions and after various forms of stimulation. Acta Physiol. Scand. 21, 258–270 (1950)
Hokkanen, E., Vapaatalo, H., Anttilo, P.: On the possible role of cyclic AMP in the neuromuscular transmission and in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. Acta Neurol. Scand. (Suppl.) 51, 375–376 (1972)
Holmberg, E., Waldeck, B.: Analysis of the β-receptor mediated effect on fast-contracting skeletal muscle in vitro. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. Pharmacol. 301, 109–113 (1977)
Holmberg, E., Svedinger, I., Waldeck, B.: A comparison between the sympathomimetic induced effects on fast- and slow-contracting skeletal muscles in vitro. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 41, (Suppl. IV)
Horn, J.P., McAfee, D.A.: Modulation of cyclic nucleotide levels in peripheral nerve without effect on resting or compound action potentials. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 269, 753–766 (1977)
Houston, J., Rodger, I.W.: Actions of the sympathomimetic bronchodilator, trimetoquinol (AQL 208) on the cardiac, respiratory and skeletal muscle systems in the anaesthetised cat, and on cat isolated atrial and tracheal preparations. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 1, 401–413 (1974)
Hubbard, J.I., Jones, S., Landau, E.M.: On the mechanism by which calcium and magnesium affect the release of transmitter by nerve impulses. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 196, 75–87 (1968)
Hubbard, J.I., Jones, S.F., Landau, E.M.: The effect of temperature change upon transmitter release, facilitation and post tetanic potentiation. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 216, 591–609 (1971)
Hughes, R.C., Polgar, J.G., Weightman, D., Walton, J.N.: L-Dopa in parkinsonism and the influence of previous thalamotomy. Br. Med. J. I, 7–13 (1971)
Huidobro, F., Cubillos, L., Eyzaguirre, C.: Effect of aromatic amines on neuromuscular function. Acta Physiol. Lat. 2, 107–118 (1952)
Hunt, C.C.: The effect of sympathetic stimulation on mammalian muscle spindles. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 151, 332–341 (1960)
Hutter, O.F., Loewenstein, W.R.: Nature of neuromuscular facilitation by sympathetic stimulation in the frog. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 130, 559–571 (1955)
Jackson, R., Crawford, C.O., Peel, J.S.: Oxprenolol in Parkinson’s disease. N.Z. Med. J. 74, 246–247 (1971)
Jarcho, L.W., Berman, B., Dowben, R.M., Lilienthal, J.L.: Site of origin and velocity of conduction of fibrillary potentials in denervated skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 178, 129 – 134 (1954)
Jenkinson, D.H., Stamenovie, B.A., Whittaker, B.D.L.: The effect of noradrenaline on the end-plate potential in twitch fibres of the frog. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 195, 743–754 (1968)
Jindal, M.N., Shah, U.H., Patel, V.K., Kelkar, V.V.: A study of some beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents on skeletal muscle. Arzneimittelforschung 25, 52–55 (1975)
Johnson, G.A., Boukma, S.J., Lahti, R.A., Mathews, J.: Cyclic AMP and phosphodiesterase in synaptic vesicles from the mouse brain. J. Neurochem. 20, 1387–1392 (1973)
Julien, J., Vallat, J.-M.: Propranolol la traitment de la maladie de Parkinson. Bordeaux Med. 6, 1957–1959 (1973)
Jurna, I., Rummel, W.: Die Wirkung von Adrenalin und Noradrenalin auf die Spannungswick- lung vom Soleus und Tibialis anterior der Katze. Pflügers Arch. Ges. Physiol. 275, 137–151 (1962)
Jurna, I., Rummel, W., Schäfer, H.: Die abfallende Phase des aktiven Zustandes des Tibialis anterior, Gastrocnemius und Soleus der Katze und ihre Beeinflussung durch Dehnung und Sympathicomimetica. Pflügers Arch. Ges. Physiol. 277, 513–522 (1963)
Kaiser, C., Schwartz, M.S., Colella, D.F., Wardell, J.R.: Adrenergic agents. 3. Synthesis and adrenergic activity of some catechol amine analogs bearing a substituted sulfonyl or sul- fonylalkyl group in the meta position. J. Med. Chem. 18, 674–683 (1975)
Karpati, G., Engel, W.K.: Neuronal trophic function. Arch. Neurol. 17, 542–545 (1967)
Kendig, J.J., Bunker, J.P.: Alterations in muscle resting potentials and electrolytes during halothane and cyclopropane anesthesia. Anesthesiology, 36, 128–131 (1972)
Kennedy, M.C.S., Simpson, W.T.: Human pharmacological and clinical studies on salbutamol: a specific β-adrenergic bronchodilator. Br. J. Dis. Chest 63, 165–174 (1969)
Khetarpal, V.K., Sharma, P.L.: Comparative effects of (+)- and (-)-isomers of propranolol and inpea on (+)-tubocurarine- and succinylcholine-induced neuromuscular blockade. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 33, 325–335 (1975)
Kirk, L., Baastrup, P.C., Mogens, S.: Propranolol in lithium tremor. Lancet I, 839 (1972)
Kirk, L., Baastrup, P.C., Schou, M.: Propranolol treatment of lithium-induced tremor. Lancet II, 1086–1087 (1973)
Kissel, P.: Traitment du treblement parkinsonien par l’association L-Dopa-DL-propranolol. Bull. Acad. Nat. Med. (Paris) 158, 292–296 (1974)
Kissel, P., Tridon, P., Masingue, M., André, J.M.: Association L-Dopa-propranolol et tremblement parkinsonien. Nouv. Presse Med. I, 1943 (1972)
Kissel, P., Tridon, P., André, J.M.: Levodopa-propranolol therapy in parkinsonian tremor. Lancet I, 403–404 (1974)
Klaus, W., Lüllmann, H., Muscholl, E.: Der Kalium-Flux des normalen und denervierten Rattenzwerchfells. Pflügers Arch. Ges. Physiol. 271, 761–775 (1960)
Klein, R., Egan, T., Usher, P.: Changes in sodium, potassium and water in hyperkalemic familial periodic paralysis. Metabolism 9, 1005–1024 (1960)
Koch-Weser, J.: Non-beta blocking actions of propranolol. New Eng. J. Med. 293, 988–990 (1975)
Koelle, G.B.: Cholinergic and non-cholinergic pharmacology of the bronchioles. Postgrad. Med. J. 51, (Suppl.7) 63–66 (1975)
Kosterlitz, H.W., Watt, A.J.: Adrenergic receptors in the guineapig ileum. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 117, 11–12P (1965)
Krnjevic, K., Miledi, R.: Some effects produced by adrenaline upon neuromuscular propagation in rats. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 141, 291–304 (1958)
Krnjevic, K., Miledi, R.: Presynaptic failure of neuromuscular propagation in rats. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 149, 1–22 (1959)
Kroneberg, G., Stoepe, K.: Über eine Wirkung von Guanethidin auf Skeletmuskulatur und Rückenmarkreflexe. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmacol. 243, 36–43 (1962)
Kuba, K.: The action of phenol on neuromuscular transmission in red muscle of the fish. Jpn. J. Physiol. 19, 762–774 (1969)
Kuba, K.: Effects of catecholamines on the neuromuscular junction in the rat diaphragm. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 211, 551–570 (1970)
Kuba, K., Tomita, T.: Noradrenaline action on nerve terminal in rat diaphragm. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 217, 19–31 (1971)
Kuba, K., Tomita, T.: Effects of noradrenaline on miniature endplate potentials and on end-plate potentials. J. Theor. Biol. 36, 81–88 (1972)
Kugelberg, E., Edström, L.: Differential histochemical effects of muscle contraction on Phosphorylase and glycogen in various types of fibres: relation to fatigue. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 31, 415–423 (1968)
Kuno, Y.: On the alleged influence of adrenaline and of the sympathetic nervous system on the tonus of skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 49, 139–146 (1915)
Kuschinsky, G., Viaud, P.: Über die Wirkung des Adrenalins auf die Funktion des Skeletmuskels am nebennierenlosen Tier. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmacol. 170, 492–499 (1933)
Labhart, F.: Fortgesetzte Untersuchungen über den Einfluß des Nervus Sympathikus auf die Ermüdung des quergestreiften Muskels. Z. Biol. 89, 217–236 (1929)
Landau, W.M., Struppler, A., Mehls, O.: A comparative electromyographic study of the reactions to passive movement in Parkinsonism and in normal subjects. Neurology 16, 34–38 (1966)
Lands, A.M., Luduena, F.P., Buzzo, HJ.: Differentiation of receptors responsive to isoproterenol, Lif. Sci. (part 1) 6, 2241–2249 (1967)
Langer, S.Z.: Presynaptic regulation of catecholamine release. Biochem. Pharmacol. 23, 1793–1800 (1974)
Langer, S.Z.: Presynaptic receptors and their role in the regulation of transmitter release. Br. J. Pharmacol. 60, 481–497 (1977)
Langley, J.N., Kato, T.: The physiological action of physostigmine and its action on denervated skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 49, 410–430 (1915)
Lapierre, Y. D.: Control of lithium tremor with propranolol. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 114, 619–620 (1976)
Larsen, J.-J., Hermansen, K.: Pharmacodynamics of a new selective Beta2-adrenergic bronchodilator 3-(4-methoxybenzylamino)-4-hydroxy-α-(tert. butylaminomethyl)-benzyl-alcohol, HCl (QH25). Acta Pharmacol. Toxiol. 40, 42–64 (1977)
Larsson, S.: Long-term treatment with β2-adrenostimulants in asthma. Acta Med. Scand. (Suppl) 608 (1977)
Larsson, S., Svedmyr, N.: Tremor caused by sympathomimetics is mediated by Beta2-adrenoceptors. Scand. J. Respir. Dis. 58, 5–10 (1977)
Lefkowitz, R.J., Durham, N.C.: Beta adrenergic “isoreceptors” and adenylate cyclase. J. Clin. Invest. 53, 44A Abstract 165 (1974)
Legge, J.S., Gaddie, J., Palmer, K.N.V.: Comparison of two oral selective β-adrenergic stimulant drugs in bronchial asthma. Br. Med. J. i, 637–639 (1971)
Lewis, D.M., Webb, S.N.: Adrenaline on isotonic contractions of mammalian skeletal muscle. Br. J. Pharmacol. 58, 467P (1976)
Lewis, D.M., Pardoe, M.J., Webb, S.N.: Effect of adrenaline on intracellular recorded action potentials of mammalian skeletal muscles. Br. J. Pharmacol. 60, 299P (1977)
Li, C.-L., Shy, G.M., Wells, J.: Some properties of mammalian skeletal muscle fibres with particular reference to fibrillation potentials. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 135, 522–535 (1957)
Lilleheil, G., Roed, A.: Antitetanic effect of propranolol on mammalian motor nerve and skeletal muscle, and combined action of propranolol and neostigmine on the neuromuscular transmission. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 194, 129–140 (1971)
Linden, S., Gottfried, C.G.: Beta-blocking agents in the treatment of catecholamine-induced symptoms in musicians. Lancet II, 529 (1974)
Lippold, O.: Physiological tremor. Sci. Am. 224, 65–73 (1971)
Lippold, O.C.J., Redfearn, J.W.T., Vučo, J.: The rhythmical activity of groups of motor units in the voluntary contraction of muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 137, 473–487 (1957)
Locke, S., Solomon, H.C.: Relation of resting potential of rat gastrocnemius and soleus muscles to innervation, activity and the Na-K pump. J. Exp. Zool. 166, 377–386 (1967)
Louis, W.J., Doyle, A.E., Sampson, R.G.: The metabolic fate of levodopa in man and animals. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 1, 341–346 (1974)
Luco, J.V.: The defatiguing effect of adrenaline. Am. J. Physiol. 125, 196–204 (1939)
Luco, C.F., Luco, J.V.: Sympathetic effects on fibrillary activity of denervated striated muscle. J. Neurophysiol. 34, 1066–1071 (1971)
Luco, J.V., Sanchez, P.: Spontaneous activity and contractile responses to adrenaline of denervated auricular muscles. Acta Physiol. Lat. 6, 171–172 (1956)
Luff, A.R., Atwood, H.L.: Developmental changes in the sarco plasmic reticulum and transverse tubular system in skeletal muscles of the mouse. J. Gen. Physiol. 57, 243–244 (1971)
Lullman, H.: Über die Konstanz des Membranpotentials bei spontanen Änderungen der Ionengradienten am normalen und denervierten Rattenzwerchfell. Pflügers Arch. Ges. Physiol. 267, 188–199 (1958)
Lüllmann, H.: Über die Ursache spontanen Fibrillationen denervierten Skeletmuskulatur. Klin. Wochenschr. 38, 1169–1171 (1960)
Lüllmann, H., Holland, W.: Influence of ouabain on an exchangeable calcium fraction, contractile force, and resting tension of guinea-pig atria. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 137, 186–192 (1962)
Lüllmann, H., Pracht, W.: Über den Einfluß von Acetylcholin auf das Membranpotential de-nervierten Rattenzwerchfelle. Experientia 13, 288–289 (1957)
Maddock, W.O., Rankin, V.M., Youmans, W.B.: Prevention of the anti-curare action of epinephrine by dibenamine. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 67, 151–153 (1948)
Magladery, J.W., Solandt, D.Y.: Relation of fibrillation to acetyl choline and potassium sensitivity in denervated skeletal muscle. J. Neurophysiol. 5, 357–362 (1942)
Maibach, C.: Untersuchungen zur Frage des Einflusses des Sympathikus auf die Ermudung der quergestreiften Muskulatur. Z. Biol. 88, 207–226 (1928)
Malta, E., Raper, C.: Comparison of the effects of (-)-isoprenaline, orciprenaline, terbutaline and Me 506 on heart rate, soleus muscle, contractility and pulmonary resistance of anaesthetized cats. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 3, 49–58 (1976)
Malta, E., McPherson, G.A., Raper, C.: Comparison of pre-junctional α-adrenoceptors at the neuromuscular junction with vascular postjunctional a-adrenoceptors in cat skeletal muscle. Br. J. Pharmacol. 65, 249–256 (1979)
Marks, J.: The Treatment of Parkinsonism with L-dopa. Lancaster, England: Medical and Technical Publishing Co. Ltd. 1974, p. 82
Marlin, G.E., Turner, P.: Comparison of the β-adrenoceptor selectivity of rimiterol, salbutamol, and isoprenaline by the intravenous route in man. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2, 41–48 (1975)
Marsden, C.D., Meadows, J.C.: The effect of adrenaline on the contraction of human muscle - one mechanism whereby adrenaline increases the amplitude of physiological tremor. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 194, 70P (1968)
Marsden, C.D., Meadows, J.C.: The effect of adrenaline on the contraction of human muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 207, 429–448 (1970)
Marsden, C.D., Owen, D.A.L.: Mechanisms underlying emotional variation in Parkinsonian tremor. Neurology 17, 711–715 (1967)
Marsden, C.D., Foley, T.H., Owen, D.A.L., McAllister, R.C.: Peripheral β-adrenergic receptors associated with tremor. Clin. Sci. 33, 53–65 (1967a)
Marsden, C.D., Meadows, J.C., Lange, J.W., Watson, R.S.: Effect of deafferentation on human physiological tremor. Lancet II, 700–706 (1967b)
Marsden, C.D., Merton, P.A., Morton, H.B.: Servo action in human voluntary movement. Nature (London) 238, 140–143 (1972)
Marsden, C.D., Parkes, J.D., Rees, J.R.: A year’s comparison of treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease with levodopa combined with carbidopa versus treatment with levodopa alone. Lancet 29, 1459–1462 (1973)
Marsden, C.S., Parkes, J.D., Rees, J.E.: Propranolol in Parkinson’s disease. Lancet II, 410 (1974)
Marshall, J., Schnieden, H.: Effect of adrenaline, noradrenaline, atropine, and nicotine on some types of human tremor. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 29, 214–218 (1966)
Maschima, H., Matsumura, M., Nakayama, Y.: On the coupling relation between action potential and mechanical response during repetitive stimulation in frog sartorius muscle. Jpn. J. Physiol. 12, 324–336 (1962)
Matthews, B.H.C.: Nerve endings in mammalian muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 78, 1–53 (1933)
Matthews, P.B.C.: Mammalian Muscle Receptors and their Central Actions. London: E. Arnold, 1972
Mawdsley, C.: Treatment of Parkinsonism with laevadopa. Br. Med. J. I, 331–337 (1970)
McAllister, R.G., Ware, R.W., Markesbery, W.R., Howell, S.M.: Correlation of propranolol plasma level with effect in patients with essential tremor. Clin. Res. 24, 257A (1976)
McArdle, B.: Adynamia episodica hereditoria and its treatment. Brain 85, 121–148 (1962)
Mclnnes, A.: The muscle spindle, its blood supply and the sympathetic nervous system. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Glasgow (1980)
McLennan, H.: The effect of some catecholamines upon a monosynaptic reflex pathway in the spinal cord. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 158, 411–425 (1961)
McPhedran, A.M., Wuerker, R.B., Henneman, E.: Properties of motor units in a homogeneous red muscle (soleus) of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 28, 71–84 (1965)
Mead, S.: Some properties of denervated muscle. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 28, 93–99 (1947)
Mendez, J., Aranda, L.C., Luco, J.V.: Antifibrillary effect of adrenergic fibres in denervated striated muscles. J. Neurophysiol. 33, 882–890 (1970)
Merton, P.A.: Voluntary strength and fatigue. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 123, 553–564 (1954)
Merton, P.A.: Problems of muscular fatigue. Br. Med. Bull. 12, 219–221 (1956)
Miyamoto, M.D., Breckenridge, B.M.: A cyclic adenosine monophos phate link in the catecholamine enhancement of transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction. J. Gen. Physiol. 63, 609–624 (1974)
Mogey, G.A., Young, P.A.: The antagonism of curarising activity by phenolic substances. Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother. 4, 359–365 (1949)
Montagu, K.A.: On the mechanism of action of adrenaline in skeletal nerve-muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 128, 619–628 (1955)
Morales-Aguilerá, A., Valle, J.R.: Neuromuscular transmission blockade produced by propranolol and by 2,3-cis-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5-(2-hydroxy-3-(tert-butylaminopropoxy)-2,3- naphthalenediol (SQ 11725). Fed. Proc. 33, 579 (Abs 2074) (1974)
Morales-Aguilerá, A., Vaughan Williams, E.M.: The effects on cardiac muscle of β-receptor antagonists in relation to their activity as local anaesthetics. Br. J. Pharmacol. 24, 332–338 (1965)
Morgan, M.H., Hewer, R.L., Cooper, R.: Effect of the beta adrenergic blocking agent propranolol on essential tremor. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 36, 618–624 (1973)
Muenter, M.D.: Levodopa. Ann. Int. Med. 75, 795–797 (1971)
Murchison, L.E., Bewsher, P.D., Chesters, M.I., Ferrier, W.R.: Comparison of propranolol and practolol in the management of hyperthyroidism. Br. J. clin. Pharmac. 3, 273–277 (1976)
Murray, T.J.: Treatment of essential tremor with propranolol. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 107, 984–986 (1972)
Murray, T.J.: Long term therapy of essential tremor with propranolol. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 115, 892–894 (1976)
Myhre, L., Röed, A., Aars, H.: Inhibitory effect of propranolol on tetanic contractions in rabbit. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 42, 355–361 (1977)
Naess, K., Sirnes, T.B.: A synergistic effect of adrenaline and α-tubocurarine on the neuromuscular transmission. Acta Physiol. Scand. 29, 293–306 (1953)
Naylor, W.G., Chang, A.: Cellular pharmacology of beta-blocking drugs. In: New perspectives in beta blockade. Burley, D.M., Frier, J.H., Rondel, R.K., Taylor, S.H. (Eds.) Horsham, England: Ciba Laboratories Publication, 1973, pp. 41–71
Nazar, K., Breziñska, Z.M., Kowalski, W.: Mechanism of impaired capacity for prolonged muscular work following beta-adrenergic blockade in dogs. Pflügers Arch. 336, 72–78 (1972)
Nicholls, J.G.: The electrical properties of denervated skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 131, 1–12 (1956)
Noack, E., Inesi, G.: Action of propranolol on active calcium transport in sarcoplasmic membranes of skeletal and cardiac muscle. Int. Res. Commun. Syst. Med. Sci.: Cardiovascular System, 4, 149 (1976)
Nott, M.W.: Interaction between phosphodiesterase inhibitors and catecholamines on contractions of the cat soleus. Br. J. Pharmacol. 42, 666–668P (1971)
Nott, M.W.: Actions of sympathomimetic amines and phosphodiesterase inhibitors on skeletal muscle. Ph. D. Thesis. University of Strathclyde (1973)
Nott, M.W.: Actions of levodopa on the cat soleus muscle. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2, 413 (1975)
Nott, M.W., Head, G.A.: Actions of tetrahydropapaveroline on the cardiovascular system and skeletal muscles of the anaesthetized cat and on the guinea-pig soleus muscle in vitro. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 5, 313–323 (1978)
Nott, M.W., Raper, C.: Use of cumulative dose-response curves in potency comparisons of sympathomimetic amines on the cat soleus muscle. Br. J. Pharmacol. 44, 589–591 (1972)
Okushima, K.: Über die Wirkung des Adrenalins, der aromatischen Amines und der Aminosäuren auf den Skelettmuskel. Acta Sch. Med. Univ. Kioto 3, 261–276 (1919)
Oliver, G., Schäfer, E.A.: The physiological effects of extracts of the suprarenal capsules. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 18, 230–276 (1895)
Olson, C.B., Swett, C.P.: A functional and histochemical characterization of motor units in a heterogeneous muscle (flexor digitorum longus of the cat). J. Comp. Neurol. 128, 475–497 (1966)
Orbeli, L.A.: Die Sympathische Innervation der Skelettmuskeln. Izv. Petrog. Inst. P.F. Lesgafta 6, 187 - 197 (1923)
Otsuko, M., Nonomura, Y.: The action of phenolic substances on motor nerve endings. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 140, 41–45 (1963)
Owen, D.A.L., Marsden, C.D.: Effects of adrenergic β-blockade on parkinsonian tremor. Lancet II, 1259–1262 (1965)
Paintal, A.S.: Facilitation and depression of muscle stretch receptors by repetitive antidromic stimulation, adrenaline and asphyxia. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 148, 252–266 (1959)
Page, I.H.: The prolonged use of guanethidine. Med. Clin. North Amer. 45, 417–420 (1961)
Pakkenberg, H.: Propranolol in essential tremor. Lancet I, 633 (1972)
Panella, A.: Action du principe actif surrénal sur la fatigue musculaire. Arch. Ital. Biol. 48, 430–463 (1907)
Patel, V.K., Kelkar, V.V., Jindal, M.N.: Mechanism of MJ 1999-induced blockade of neuromuscular transmission. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 23, 209–213 (1971)
Paterson, G.: The dual action of adrenaline on denervated skeletal muscle. Biochem. Pharmacol. 12, 85 (1963)
Paterson, J.W., Courtenay Evans, R.J., Prime, F.J.: Selectivity of bronchodilator action of salbutamol in asthmatic patients. Br. J. Dis. Chest 65, 21–38 (1971)
Paton, W.D.M., Vizi, E.S., Zar, M.A.: The mechanism of acetylcholine release from parasympathetic nerves. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 215, 819–848 (1971)
Paton, W.D.M., Zaimis, E.J.: Actions and clinical assessment of drugs which produce neuromuscular block. Lancet II, 568–570 (1950)
Pepine, C.J., Wiener, L., Stout, B.: Management of hyperthyroidism with combined alpha and beta sympathetic blockade. Med. Times. 100, 114–132 (1972)
Perrie, W.T., Perry, S.V.: An electrophoretic study of the low-molecular weight components of myosin. Biochem. J. 119, 31–38 (1970)
Peruzzi, P., Corda, M.: Variazioni mella sacria fusale del muscolo ext. 1. IV dig. isolato di Rana Esculenta endotte da fattori stagionali e fattori neuroumorali. Arch. Fisiol. 61, 80–96 (1961)
Peruzzi, P., Staderini, G., Procacci, P.: Comportamento della scarica afferente muscolare sotto l’azione dell ‘adrenalina e della noradrenalina e suo signiflcato nella variazione del reflessor miotatico. Arch. Fisiol. 61, 115–144 (1961)
Pickering, G.W.: High Blood Pressure. London: Churchill, 1955, pp. 400–401
Pinto, O.Q., Cremer, G., Torres, A.P., Aranda, E.C., Caso, L.F.: Efectos del chlorhidrato de propranolol en la tirotoxicosis. Rev. Med. H.C.E. (Lima) 12, 62–67 (1972)
Poirier, L.-J., Bédard, P., Langelier, P., Larochelle, L., Parent, A., Roberge, A.G.: Les circuits neuronaux impliques dans la physiopathologie des syndromes parkinsoniens. Rev. Neurol. 127, 37–50 (1972)
Posner, J.B., Stern, R., Krebs, E.G.: Effects of electrical stimulation and epinephrine on muscle phosphorylase, phosphorylase b kinase and adenosine 3′,5′-phosphate. J. Biol. Chem. 240, 982–985 (1965)
Price, H.L., Linde, H.W., Jones, R.E.: Sympathoadrenal responses to general anesthesia in man and their relation to hemodynamics. Anesthesiology 20, 563–575 (1959)
Purves, D., Sakmann, B.: Membrane properties underlying spontaneous activity of denervated muscle fibres. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 239, 125–153 (1974)
Quastel, D.M.J., Hackett, J.T.: Quantal release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction is not mediated by cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate. Fed. Proc. 30, 557 (1971)
Rabinowitz, M., Desalles, L., Meisler, J., Lorand, L.: Distribution of adenyl cyclase in rabbit skeletal muscle fractions. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 97, 29–36 (1965)
Rajput, A.H., Jamieson, H., Hirsh, S.: Specificity of tremorilytic effects of alcohol and propranolol. Clin. Res. 21, 1018 (Abstract) (1973)
Rand, M.J., Wilson, J.: The actions of some adrenergic neurone blocking drugs at cholinergic junctions. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1, 210–221 (1967)
Raper, C.: Studies on the mechanism of action of adrenaline on fast- and slow-contracting skeletal muscles. Ph. D. Thesis, University of London (1965)
Raper, C., Bowman, W.C.: Effects of catecholamines on the gastrocnemius muscle of the domestic fowl. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 4, 309–316 (1968)
Raper, C., Jowett, A.: Antiflbrillary and antiadrenaline activity of β-receptor blocking drugs. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1, 353–362 (1967)
Rasmussen, H.: Cell communication, calcium ion and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Science 170, 404–412 (1970)
Rautakorpi, I., Marttila, R., Rinne, U.K.: Essentiaali vapina. Duodecim 92, 1225–1233 (1976)
Reddy, N.B., Oliver, K.L., Engel, W.K.: Differences in catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase and β-adrenergic receptor binding between fast-twitch and slow-twitch skeletal muscle membranes. Life Sci. 24, 1765–1772 (1979)
Redfearn, J.W.T.: Frequency analysis of physiological and neurotic tremor. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 20, 302–313 (1957)
Redfern, P., Thesleff, S.: Action potential generation in denervated rat skeletal muscle. I. Quantitative aspects. Acta Physiol. Scand. 81, 557–564 (1971)
Rees, L.H.: Clinical management of thyrotixicosis and hypothyroidism. Update 12, 459–470 (1976)
Ribeiro, J.A., Walker, J.: The effects of ATP and ADP on transmission at the rat and frog neuromuscular junctions. Br. J. Pharmacol. 54, 213–218 (1975)
Robison, G.A., Butcher, R.W., Sutherland, E.W.: Cyclic AMP. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 37, 149–174 (1968)
Robison, G.A., Butcher, R.W., Sutherland, E.W.: Cyclic AMP. London: Academic Press, (1971a)
Robison, G.A., Nahas, G.G., Triner, L. (Eds.): Cyclic AMP and Cell function. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 185, (1971b)
Rodger, I.W.: Effects of isoetharine on airways resistance, heart rate, and contractions of the soleus muscle of the anaesthetised cat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 24, 211–217 (1973)
Rodger, I.W.: Studies on sympathomimetic bronchodilators. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow (1974)
Roed, A.: High frequency inhibition of the sarcolemma by propranolol. Acta Physiol. Scand. Ill, (Suppl.) 396 (Abstr. 180) (1973)
Romanul, F.C.A.: Enzymes in muscle: 1. Histochemical studies of enzymes in individual muscle fibres. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr. II, 355–368 (1964)
Romanul, F.C.A.: Capillary supply and metabolism of muscle fibres. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr. 12, 497–509 (1965)
Rosenblueth, A., Luco, J.V.: A study of denervated memmalian skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 120, 781–797 (1937)
Rosenblueth, A., Lindsley, D.B., Morison, R.S.: A study of some decurarising substances. Am. J. Physiol. 115, 53–68 (1936)
Rozen, M.S., Whan, F. McK.: Prolonged curarization associated with propranolol. Med. J. Aust. i, 467–469 (1972)
Rushworth, G.: Some effects of catecholamines on the electrical activity of human denervated muscle. Communication to International EMG Meeting, Copenhagen, 1963, Electronmyography 3, 154 (title only) (1963) and personal communication
Sagild, U., Helweg-Larsen, H.F.: Clinical picture of hereditary transitory muscular paralysis; periodic adynamia and periodic paralysis. Nord. Med. 53, 981–985 (1955)
Saini, R.K., Sharma, P.L.: Effect of some adrenergic beta receptor antagonists on the action of D-tubocurarine and pancuronium bromide. Indian J. Med. Res. 59, 1104–1108 (1971)
Sandler, M., Bonham Carter, S., Hunter, K.R., Stern, G.M.: Tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids: in vivo metabolites of L-dopa in man. Nature (London) 241, 439–443 (1973)
Sandler, M., Fellows, L.E., Calne, D.B., Findley, L.J.: Oxprenolol and levodopa in parkinsonian patients. Lancet I, 168 (1975)
Sanghvi, I.: Effects of cholinergic and adrenergic agents and their antagonists at the neuromuscular junction of the cat extraocular muscles. Invest. Ophthalmol. 6, 269–276 (1967)
Santini, M., Ibata, Y.: The fine structure of thin unmyelinated axons within muscle spindles. Brain. Res. 33, 289–302 (1971)
Sattin, A., Rail, T.W.: The effect of adenosine and adenine nucleotides on the cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-phosphate content of guinea-pig cerebral cortex slices. Mol. Pharmacol. 6, 13–23 (1970)
Scales, B., Mcintosh, D.A.D.: Effects of propranolol and its optical isomers on the radiocalcium uptake and the adenosine triphosphatases of skeletal and cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum fractions (SRF). J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 160, 261–267 (1968)
Schorderet, M., McAfee, D.A., Greengard, P.: Muscarinic and a-adrenergic blockade of cAMP increase in stimulated ganglia. Experientia 28, 743 (1972)
Schwartz, A., Entman, M.L., Kaniike, K., Lane, L.K., van Winkle, W.B., Borner, E.P.: The rate calcium uptake into sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle. Effects of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and phosphorylase b kinase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 426, 57–72 (1976)
Scriabine, A., Moore, P.F., Iorio, L.C., Goldman, I.M., McShane, W.K., Booker, K.F.: Quinterenol, a new beta adrenergic stimulant. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 162, 60–69 (1968)
Sellers, E.M., Zilm, D.H., Macleod, S.M., Degani, N., Giles, H.G.: Chlordiazepoxide and propranolol treatment of alcoholic withdrawal. Clin. Res. 23, 610A (1975)
Sellers, E.M., Zilm, D.H., Degani, N., Macleoud, S.M.: Propranolol in alcohol withdrawal. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 79, 115 (1976)
Sevitt, I.: A comparison of propranolol and benzhexol in essential tremor. Practitioner 213, 91–96 (1974)
Sharma, V.K., Dasgupta, S.R., Banerjee, S.P.: [3H]-Ouabain binding to denervated and innervated skeletal muscle. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 43, 273–276 (1977)
Singer, J.J., Goldberg, A.L.: Cyclic AMP and transmission at the neuromuscular junction. In Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology. (Eds.) Greengard, P., Costa, E. New York: Costa, E. 1970, Vol 3, pp. 335–348
Sloboda, R.D., Rudolph, S.A., Rosenbaum, J.L., Greengard, P.: Cyclic AMP-dependent endogenous phosphorylation of a microtubule-associated protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 177–181 (1975)
Smith, C.M.: Neuromuscular pharmacology: drugs and muscle spindles. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. 3, 223–242 (1963)
Smith, C.M.: Relaxants of skeletal muscle. In: Physiological Pharmacology, Vol II, The nervous system, part B. Root, W.S., Hofmann, F.G. (Eds.) New York: Academic Press 1965, pp. 1–96
Smith, J.M.: A comparison of the mechanical responses of cat fast and slow twitch skeletal muscle following repetitive stimulation. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bristol (1970)
Smith, J.W.: On the mode of action of catecholamines on skeletal muscle. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bristol (1974)
Smith, J.W., Thesleff, S.: Spontaneous activity in denervated mouse diaphragm muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 257, 171–186 (1976)
Somlyo, A.P., Somlyo, A.V.: Pharmacology of excitation-contraction coupling in vascular smooth muscle and in avian slow muscle. Fed. Proc. 28, 1634–1642 (1969)
Spriggs, T.L.B., Stockham, M.A.: Urethane anaesthesia and pituitary-adrenal function in the rat. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 16, 603–610 (1964)
Sréter, F.A.: Temperature, pH and seasonal dependence of Ca-uptake and ATPase activity of white and red muscle microsomes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 134, 25–33 (1969)
Sreter, F.A.: Effect of denervation on fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum of white and red muscle. Exp. Neurol. 29, 52–64 (1970)
Strang, R.R.: Clinical trial with a beta-receptor antagonist (propranolol in parkinsonism). J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 28, 404–406 (1965)
Struppler, A., Velho-Groneberg, P., Claussen, M.: Clinic and pathophysiology of tremor. In: Advances in Parkinsonism. Birkmayer, W., Hornykiewicz, O. (Eds.) Basel: Hoffmann- LaRoche and Co. Ltd. 1976, pp. 287–302
Stuart, D., Ott, K., Ishikawa, K., Eldred, E.: The rhythm of shivering. I. General sensory contributions. Am. J. Phys. Med. 45, 61–74 (1966)
Sullivan, A., Zaimis, E.: The effect of isoprenaline on cyclic AMP concentrations in skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 231, 102–103P (1973)
Svedmyr, N., Larsson, S., Thiringer, G.: Studies on resistance to long-acting adrenergic beta-stimulants in asthmatic patients. Br. Med. J. 2, 668–669 (1974)
Sweet, R.D., Blumberg, J., Lee, J.E., McDowell, F.H.: Propranolol treatment of essential tremor. Neurology 24, 64–67 (1974)
Takamine, J.: The isolation of the active principle of the suprarenal gland. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 27, xxix-xxx (1901)
Tashiro, N.: Effects of isoprenaline on contractions of directly stimulated fast and slow muscles of the guinea pig. Br. J. Pharmacol. 48, 121–131 (1973)
Temple, D.M., Hasselbach, W., Makinose, M.: The inhibition by beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents of calcium uptake into and efflux from isolated sarcoplasmic vesicles. Naunyn- Schmiedeberg’s Arch. Pharmacol. 282, 187–194 (1974)
Teravainan, H., Fogelholm, R., Larson, A.: Effect of propranolol on essential tremor. Neurology 26, 27 - 30 (1976)
Teychenne, P.F., Calne, D.B., Leigh, P.N., Greenacre, J.K., Reid, J.L., Petrie, A., Bamji, A.N.: Idiopathic parkinsonism treated with bromocriptine. Lancet II, 473–476 (1975)
Thesleff, S.: Effects of motor innervation on the chemical sensitivity of skeletal muscle. Physiol. Rev. 40, 734–752 (1960 a)
Thesleff, S.: Supersensitivity of skeletal muscle produced by botulinum toxin. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 151, 598–607 (1960 b)
Thesleff, S.: Spontaneous electrical activity in denervated rat skeletal muscle. In: The Effect of Use and Disuse on Neuromuscular Functions. Gutmann, E., Hnik, P. (Eds.) Prague: Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 1963, pp. 41–51
Thesleff, S.: Physiological effects of denervation of muscle. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 228, 89–104 (1974)
Thesleff, S., Ward, M.R.: Studies on the mechanism of fibrillation potentials in denervates muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 244, 313–323 (1975)
Thiringer, G., Svedmyr, N.: Evaluation of skeletal muscle tremor due to bronchodilator agents. Scand. J. Respir. Dis. 56, 93–102 (1975)
Thiringer, G., Svedmyr, N.: Comparison of infused and inhaled terbutaline in patients with asthma. Scand. J. Respir. Dis. 57, 17–24 (1976a)
Thiringer, G., Svedmyr, N.: Interaction of orally administered metoprolol, practolol and propranolol with isoprenaline in asthmatics. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 10, 163–170 (1976 b)
Thompson, M.K.: Effect of oxprenolol on parkinsonian tremor. Lancet II, 388 (1972) Thompson, M.K.: Oxprenolol in senile tremor. Scott. Med. J. 20, 291–292 (1975)
Tiegs, O.W.: The function of sympathetic nerves in relation to skeletal muscle-evidence for humoral action. Proc. Roy. Soc. Ser. B. Biol. Sci. 116, 351–375 (1934)
Tiegs, O.W.: Innervation of voluntary muscle. Physiol. Rev. 33, 90–144 (1953)
Tolosa, E.S., Loewenson, R.B.: Essential tremor: treatment with propranolol. Neurology 25, 1041–1044 (1975)
Tomlinson, C.W., Bernatsky, A.M., Dhalla, N.S.: Modification of skeletal muscle sarcotubular calcium-stimulated adenosine triphosphate activity by various agents. Biochem. Pharmacol. 25, 2271–2274 (1976)
Tower, S.S.: Persistence of fibrillation in denervated skeletal muscle and its nonoccurrence in muscle after tenotomy. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr. 42, 219–223 (1939)
Tridon, P., André, J.M., Arnould, A.G.: Résultats thérapeutiques chez 42 parkinsoniens traités par l’association levodopa-inhibiteur de décarboxylase. Ann. Med. Nancy 14, 657–660 (1975)
Turkanis, S.A.: Some properties of the denervated anterior gracilis muscle of the rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 37, 414–424 (1969)
Turker, K., Kiran, B.: Action of pronethalol on neuromuscular activity. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 755, 356–364 (1965)
Tyrer, P.J., Lader, M.H.: Effects of beta adrenergic blockade with sotalol in chronic anxiety. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 14, 418–426 (1973)
Tyrer, P.J., Lader, M.H.: Physiological response to propranolol and diazepam in chronic anxiety. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1, 387–390 (1974)
Usubiaga, J.E.: Neuromuscular effects of beta-adrenergic blockers and their interaction with skeletal muscle relaxants. Anesthesiology 29, 484–492 (1968)
Vapaatalo, H.: Role of cyclic nucleotides in the nervous system. Med. Biol. 52, 200–207 (1974)
Vapaatalo, H., Anttila, P.: Effects of some inhibitors of phosphodiesterase on neuromuscular transmission. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. Pharmacol. 275, 227–232 (1972)
Vas, C.J.: Propranolol in parkinsonian tremor. Lancet I, 182–183 (1966)
Vernikos-Danellis, J., Zaimis, E.: Some pharmacological actions of bretylium and guanethidine. Lancet II, 787–788 (1960)
Vick, R.L., Todd, E.P., Luedke, D.W.: Epinephrine-induced hypokalemia: relation to liver and skeletal muscle. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 181, 139–146 (1972)
Vizi, E.S.: Stimulation of acetylcholine release from cortical slices of rat brain by inhibition of Na+K+Mg+ +-ATPase. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 226, 95–117 (1972)
Waldeck, B.: An in vitro method for the study of β-receptor mediated effects on slow-contracting skeletal muscle. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 28, 434–436 (1976)
Waldeck, B.: Analysis of the β-receptor mediated effect on slow-contracting skeletal muscle in vitro. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 29, 550–554 (1977)
Waldeck, B.: β-Adrenoceptors in skeletal muscle. Acta Pharmacol. Tox. 44, Suppl. II, 28–30 (1979)
Wang, P., Clausen, T.: Treatment of attacks of hyperkalaemic familial periodic paralysis by inhalation of salbutamol. Lancet I, 221–223 (1976)
Wang, P., Clausen, T., Orskov, H.: Salbutamol inhalations suppress attacks of hyperkalemia in familial periodic paralysis. Monographs in Human Genetics Vol. 10. S. Karger AG, Basel (1978), pp 62–65
Ware, F., Bennett, A.L., Mclntyre, A.R.: Membrane resting potential of denervated mammalian skeletal muscle measured in vivo. Am. J. Physiol. 173, 115–118 (1951)
Ware, F., Bennett, A.L., Mclntyre, A.R.: Membrane resting potential of denervated skeletal muscle measured in vitro. Am. J. Physiol. 177, 115–118 (1954)
Watson, J.M., Richens, A.: The effects of salbutamol and terbutaline on physiological tremor, bronchial tone and heart rate. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1, 223–227 (1974)
Weber, A.: Energised calcium transport and relaxing factor. Curr. Top. Bioenerget. 1, 203–254 (1966)
Weber, A.: The mechanism of action of caffeine on sarcoplasmic reticulum. J. Gen. Physiol. 52, 760–772 (1968)
Weber, K.: Fortgesetzte Untersuchungen über die Wirkungsweise des Sympathikus auf die ermüdeten Muskeln. Z. Biol. 95, 454–466 (1934)
Werman, R., Wislicki, L.: Propranolol, a curariform and cholinomimetic agent at the frog neuromuscular junction. Comp. Gen. Pharmacol. 2, 69–81 (1971)
West, G.B., Zaimis, E.J.: A comparison of adrenaline and noradrenaline on mammalian muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 110, 18–19P (1949)
Wilson, D.F.: The effects of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate, theophylline and aminophylline on neuromuscular transmission in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 188, 447–452 (1974)
Winkler, G.F., Young, R.R.: Efficacy of chronic propranolol therapy in action tremors of the familial, senile or essential varieties. N. Engl. J. Med. 290, 984–988 (1974)
Wislicki, L.: Excitatory and depressant effects of β-adrenoceptor blocking agents on skeletal muscle. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 182, 310–317 (1969)
Wislicki, L.: Frog muscle responses to catecholamine beta-receptor blocking agents. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 6, 224–227 (1970)
Wislicki, L.: Interactions of beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents with curarizing drugs-mechanisms of action. Eleventh Cong, scand. Soc. Anaesthesiologists. Abstracts of Communications. Paper 18, 1973, p. 54
Wislicki, L., Rosenblum, I.: The effects of propranolol on normal and denervated muscle. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 170, 117–123 (1967 a)
Wislicki, L., Rosenblum, I.: Effects of propranolol on the action of neuromuscular blocking drugs. Br. J. Anaesth. 39, 932–942 (1967 b)
Wolff, H.G., Cattel, McK.: Effects of stimulation of sympathetic and dorsal roots on contractions of skeletal muscle. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr. 32, 81–117 (1934)
Yamada, K.: Species difference in denervated muscle response to epinephrine between rabbit and rat. Jpn. J. Vet. Sci. 36, 19–26 (1974)
Yamada, K., Harigaya, S.: Contractile response to sympathomimetic amines in isolated rat muscles after chronic denervation. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 24, 487–490 (1974)
Yamamoto, T., Takauji, M., Nagai, T.: Some properties of relaxing factor system and calcium sensitivity of myofibrils of rabbit red muscle. Jpn. J. Physiol. 20, 52–60 (1970)
Young, R.R., Growdon, J.H., Shahani, B.T.: Beta-Adrenergic mechanisms in action tremor. N. Engl. J. Med. 293, 950–953 (1975)
Young, R.W., Winkler, G.F.: Documentation of the control of action tremor by propranolol. Electroencephalogr. clin. Neurophysiol. 34, 820 (1973)
Yuill, G.M.: Effect of levodopa on Parkinsonian tremor. Br. Med. J. I, 283–284 (1976)
Zachar, J. Zacharova, D., Adrian, R.H.: Observations on “detubulated” muscle fibres. Nature (London) 239, 153–155 (1972)
Zaimis, E.: Spasticity alleviation by drugs acting directly on skeletal muscle. Lancet 1, 403–405 (1973)
Zaimis, E.: A technique for recording muscle contractions in spastic patients. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 246, 8P. (1974)
Zilm, D.H., Sellers, E.M., Frecker, R., Macleod, S.M.: Propranolol and ethanol decreased normal and alcoholic withdrawal tremors. Clin. Res. 23, 611A (1975)
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1981 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bowman, W.C. (1981). Effects of Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors on the Skeletal Muscles. In: Szekeres, L. (eds) Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 54 / 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-67584-3_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-67584-3_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-67586-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-67584-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive