Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Blood Pressure and Hypertension in Childhood and Adolescence

  • Conference paper
Advances in Internal Medicine and Pediatrics/Ergebnisse der Inneren Medizin und Kinderheilkunde

Abstract

During the last few years, interest in the study of blood pressure and hypertension in childhood has grown steadily. There are several reasons for this growth: (1) It has been recognized that in many cases, essential hypertension in adults originated in childhood or adolescence. (2) It is hoped that studies of hypertension at an early age will throw light on the pathophysiology of hypertension. (3) Early detection of hypertension seems important to prevent complications at a later stage. (4) Hypertension in the pediatric age group does not appear to be as rare as was formerly believed. In the meantime, it was realized that information on the prevalence of hypertension is scarce and that long-term follow-up studies of blood pressure are virtually lacking. Furthermore, the technique of blood pressure recording is far from standardized. Consequently, hardly two surveys have been done under identical conditions and therefore comparisons are difficult.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aarskog D, Sta KF, Thorsen T, Wefring KW (1967) Hypertension and hypokalemic alkalosis associated with underproduction of aldosterone. Pediatric 39: 884–890

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Åberg H, Michaelsson G, Walldius G (1976) Hypertension in a patient with acrodermatitis enteropathica. Acta Paediatr Scand 65: 757–759

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Adelman RD (1978) Neonatal hypertension. Pediatr Clin North Am 25: 99–110

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Adelman RD, Merten D, Vogel J, Goetzman BW, Wennberg RP (1978) Nonsurgical management of renovascular hypertension in the neonate. Pediatrics 62: 71–76

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Aderele WI, Seriki O (1974) Hypertension in Nigerian children. Arch Dis Child 49: 313–317

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Akinkugbe OO, Akinkugbe FM, Ayeni O, Solomon H, French K, Minear R (1977) Biracial study of arterial pressures in the first and second decades of life. Br Med J I: 1132–1134

    Google Scholar 

  7. Alpert BS, Bain HH, Balfe JW, Kidd L, Olley PM (1979) Role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive children with coarctation of the aorta. Am J Cardiol 43: 828–834

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Alvestrand A, Bergström J, Wehle B (1977) Pheochromocytoma and renovascular hypertension. A case report and a review of the literature. Acta Med Scand 202: 231–236

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Amsterdam EA, Albergs WH, Christlieb AR, Morgan CL, Nadas AS, Hickler RB (1969) Plasma renin activity in children with coarctation of the aorta. Am J Cardiol 23: 396–399

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Andersen HJ, Jacobsson B, Larsson H, Winberg J (1973) Hypertension, asymmetric renal parenchymal defect, sterile urine, and high E. coli antibody titre. Br Med J II: 14–18

    Google Scholar 

  11. André JL, Deschamps JP, Valantin G, Gueguen R (1978) Pression artérielle chez l’enfant et l’adolescent: valeurs normales et définition de l’hypertension. Nouv Presse Med 7: 2576

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Arneil GC, MacDonald AM, Murphy AV, Sweet EM (1973) Renal venous thrombosis. Clin Nephrol 1: 119–131

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Aschinberg LS, Zeis PM, Miller RA, John EG, Chan LL (1977) Essential hypertension in childhood. JAMA 238: 322–324

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Ask-Upmark E(1929)Über juvenile maligne Nephrosklerose und ihr Verhältnis zu Störungen der Nierenentwicklung. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 7:383–445

    Google Scholar 

  15. Aullen JP (1978) L’hypertension artérielle essentielle de l’enfant et de l’adolescent. Etude épidémiologique en milieu scolaire. Nouv Presse Med 7: 1171–1174

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Bailey RR, McRae CU, Maling TMJ, Tisch G, Little PJ (1978) Renal vein renin concentration in the hypertension of unilateral reflux nephropathy. J Urol 120: 21–23

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Balfe JW, Ranee CP (1978) Recognition and management of hypertensive crises in childhood. Pediatr Clin North Am 25: 159–174

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Barajas L, Marks LS, Trygstad CW (1977) Unilateral renal hypoplasia with associated venous anomaly and hypertension. A study of juxtaglomerular cells. Virchows Archiv (Pathol Anat.) 374: 169–182

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Bauer SB, Feldman SM, Gellis SS, Retik AB (1975) Neonatal hypertension. A complication from umbilical-artery catheterization. N Engl J Med 293: 1032–1033

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Beaglehole R, Salmond CE, Prior IAM (1975) Blood pressure studies in Polynesian children. In: Paul O (ed) Epidemiology and control of hypertension. Symposia Specialists, Miami, pp 407–417

    Google Scholar 

  21. Beaglehole R, Salmond CE, Eyles EF (1977) A longitudinal study of blood pressure in Polynesian children. Am J Epidemiol 105: 87–89

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Beckerhoff R (1978) Untersuchungen über die Wirkung eines Angiotensin-Antagonisten auf Blutdruck, Renin-und Aldosteronsekretion und deren pathogenetische Bedeutung. Schweiz Med Wochenschr (Suppl 7 ) 108: 1–24

    Google Scholar 

  23. Beckerhoff R, Siegenthaler W (1973) Ovulationshemmer und Hypertonic. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 103: 743–747

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bennett SP, Levine LS, Siegal EJ, Lewy JE, Susin M, Peterson RE, New MI (1974) Juvenile hypertension caused by overproduction of renin within a renal segment. J Pediatr 84: 689–695

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Berenson GS, Voors AW, Webber LS, Frerichs RR (1978) Blood pressure in children and its interpretation (letter to the editor). Pediatrics 61: 333–335

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Beresford SAA, Holland WW (1973) Levels of blood pressure in children: A family study. Proc R Soc Med 66: 1009–1011

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Beretta-Piccoli C, Weidmann P, De Châtel R, Reubi F (1976) Hypertension associated with early stage kidney disease. Complementary roles of circulating renin, the body sodium/volume state and duration of hypertension. Am J Med 61: 739–747

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Bergstein JM, Fangman J, Fish AJ, Herdman R, Good RA (1971) Severe hypertension in identical twin infants. Am J Dis Child 122: 348–352

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Berliner BC, Shenker IR, Weinstock MS (1977) Hypercalcemia associated with hypertension due to prolonged immobilization (an unusual complication of extensive burns). Pediatrics 49: 92–96

    Google Scholar 

  30. Biglieri EG, Herron MA, Brust N (1966) 17-hydroxylation deficiency in man. J Clin Invest 45: 1946–1954

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Birkenhäger WH, De Leeuw PW, Wester A, Kho TL, Vandongen R, Falke HE (1977) Therapeutic effects of β-adrenoceptor blocking agents in hypertension. Ergeb Inn Med Kinderheilkd 39: 117–134

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Biron P, Mongeau JG, Bertrand D (1975) Familial aggregation of blood pressure in adopted and natural children. In: Paul O (ed) Epidemiology and control of hypertension. Symposia Specialists, Miami, pp 397–404

    Google Scholar 

  33. Biron P, Mongeau JG, Bertrand D (1976) Blood pressure values in 1116 French-Canadian children. Can Med Assoc J 114: 432

    Google Scholar 

  34. Biron P, Mongeau JG (1978) Familial aggregation of blood pressure and its components. Pediatr Clin North Am 25: 29–33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Black IFS, Kotrapu N, Massie H (1972) Application of Doppler ultrasound to blood pressure measurement in small infants. J Pediatr 81: 932–935

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Black JA, Harris F, Miller RW, Robinson S, Carroll J (1977) Catecholamine excretion in burns in children. Burns 3: 218–224

    Google Scholar 

  37. Blankson JM, Larbi EB, Pobee JOM, Pole DJ, Ikeme AC (1977) Blood pressure levels in African children. J Chronic Dis 30: 735–743

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Blaufox MD (1971) Systemic arterial hypertension in pediatric practice. Pediatr Clin North Am 18: 577–593

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Blom van Assendelft PM, Kooiker CJ, Dorhout Mees EJ, Hameleers AJ (1973) Renovascular hypertension in three children from one family. J Clin Pathol 26: 359–363

    Google Scholar 

  40. Blum M, Kirsten M, Worth MH (1977) Reversible hypertension caused by the hypercalcemia of hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D toxicity, and calcium infusion. JAMA 237: 262–263

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Blumenthal S, Epps RP, Heavenrich R, Lauer RM, Lieberman E, Mirkin B, Mitchell SC, Naito VB, O’Hare D, McFate Smith W, Tarazi RC,Upson D (1977) Report of the Task Force on blood pressure control in children. Prepared by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Task Force on blood pressure control in children. Pediatrics (Suppl) 59: 797–820

    Google Scholar 

  42. Boerth RC, Long WR (1977) Dose-response relation of diazoxide in children with hypertension. Circulation 56: 1062–1066

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Boerth RC, Favre LP, Hollifield JW, Braren V (1977) Use of saralasin in the diagnostic evaluation of hypertension in children (abstract). Pediatr Res 11: 548

    Google Scholar 

  44. Bonnin JM, Cain MD, Jose JS, Mukherjee TM, Perrett LV, Scroop GC, Seymour AE (1977) Hypertension due to a renin-secreting tumour localized by segmental renal vein sampling. Aust NZ J Med 7: 630–635

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Borden TA, Banowsky LH, Rosen RT (1973) Renovascular hypertension in children. J Urol 110: 721–723

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Borromeo-McGrail V, Bordiuk JM, Keitel H (1973) Systemic hypertension following ocular administration of 10% phenylephrine in the neonate. Pediatrics 51: 1032–1036

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Bos SE, Keng KL, Velzeboer CMJ, Devries S (1953) Essential hypertension in a 12-year-old girl treated with hexamethonium compounds. Acta Paediatr 42:570– 575

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Brautbar N, Levi J, Rosier, A, Leitesdorf E, Djaldeti M, Epstein M, Kleeman CR (1978) Familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, and hyporeninemia with normal aldosterone levels. A tubular defect in potassium handling. Arch Intern Med 138: 607–609

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Briedigkeit W (1978) Die Prävention von Herz-Kreislauf-Krankheiten im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Theoretische Voraussetzungen, gegenwärtige Möglichkeiten und praxisbezogene Schlußfolgerungen am Beispiel einer Modellstudie. Dissertation, Universität Berlin, GDR

    Google Scholar 

  50. Brown JJ, Fraser R, Lever AF, Morton JJ, Robertson JIS, Tree M, Bell PRF, Davidson JK, Ruthven IS (1973) Hypertension and secondary hyperaldosteronism associated with a renin-secreting renal juxtaglomerular-cell tumour. Lancet II: 1228–1232

    Google Scholar 

  51. Broyer M (1973) Hypertension artérielle d’origine rénale. In: Royer P, Habib R, Mathieu H, Broyer M (eds) Néphrologie pédiatrique. Flammarion, Paris, pp 291–297

    Google Scholar 

  52. Brunner HR, Gavras H (1976) Pathophysiological concepts of renovascular hypertension. Contrib. Nephrol 3: 20–29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Brunner HR, Waebcr B, Wauters JP, Turini G, McKinstry D, Gavras H (1978) Inappropriate renin secretion unmasked by captopril (SQ 14 225) in hypertension of chronic renal failure. Lancet II: 704–707

    Google Scholar 

  54. Buehlmeyer K (1974) Differentialdiagnose des Hypertoniebefundes im Kindesalter. Münch Med Wochenschr 116: 711–716

    Google Scholar 

  55. Burlage SR (1923) The blood pressures and heart rate in girls, during adolescence. Am J Physiol 64: 252–284

    Google Scholar 

  56. Calabrese EJ, Tuthill RW (1977) Elevated blood pressure and high sodium levels in the public drinking water. Arch Environ Health 32: 200–202

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Cameron JS, Glasgow EF, Ogg CS, White RHR (1970) Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and persistent hypocomplementaemia. Br Med J IV:7 –14

    Google Scholar 

  58. Carella JA, Silber I (1976) Hyperreninemic hypertension in an infant secondary to pelviureteric obstruction treated successfully by surgery. J Pediatr 88: 987–989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Carey RM, Ayers CR (1976) Labile hypertension. Precursor of sustained essential hypertension? Am J Med 61: 811–814

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Case Reports of the Massachusetts General Hospital: Case 19-1973. N Engl J Med 288: 1010–1018

    Google Scholar 

  61. Case Reports of the Massachusetts General Hospital: Case 40–1973. N Engl J Med 289: 736–743

    Google Scholar 

  62. Cassimos C, Varlamis G, Karamperis S, Katsouyannopoulos V (1977) Blood pressure in children and adolescents. Acta Paediatr Scand 66: 439–443

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Chapman WS, Douglas BS (1975) Hypertension and unilateral hydronephrosis in children successfully treated by pyeloplasty: report of two pediatric cases. J Pediatr Surg 10: 281–282

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Cheitlin MD (1977) Coarctation of the aorta. Med Clin North Am 61: 655–673

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Christensson T, Hellström K, Wengle B (1977) Blood pressure in subjects with hypercalcaemia and primary hyperparathyroidism detected in a health screening programme. Eur J Clin Invest 7: 109–113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Clarke WR, Schrott HG, Leaverton PE, Connor WE, Lauer RM (1978) Tracking of blood lipids and blood pressures in school age children: the Muscatine study. Circulation 58: 626–634

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Clayman AS, Bookstein JJ (1973) The role of renal arteriography in pediatric hypertension. Radiology 108: 107–110

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Cobb ML, Vaughan RW (1976) Severe hypertension in a child with Wilms’ tumor: A case report. Anesth Analg (Cleve) 55: 519–521

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Conn JW (1974) Primary reninism, a surgically curable form of hypertension. Ergeb Inn Med Kinderheilkd 34: 24–44

    Google Scholar 

  70. Connor G, Bennett CM, Lindstrom RR, Brosman SA, Barajas L, Edelbaum D (1978) Juxtaglomerular cell tumor. Nephron 21: 325–333

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Cook GT, Marshall VF, Todd JE (1966) Malignant renovascular hypertension in a newborn. J Urol 96: 863–866

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Court JM, Hill GJ, Dunlop M, Boulton TJC (1974) Hypertension in childhood obesity. Aust Paediatr J 10: 296–300

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Curtius HC, Zachmann M, Maume BF, Bournot P, Gitzelmann RP, Redweik U, Werder EA, Prader A (1977) Partial identification of unusual steroids in the urine of a child with low renin hypertension (abstract). Acta Endocrinol (Kbh) (Suppl 212 ) 85: 180

    Google Scholar 

  74. Da Hae Lee, Sapire D, Markowitz R, Gruskin A (1976) Radiation injury to abdominal aorta and iliac artery sustained in infancy. S Afr Med J 50: 658–660

    Google Scholar 

  75. Dalakos TG, Anderson GH, Streeten DHP (1976) Mechanism of the hypertension in Cushing’s syndrome (abstract). Clin Res 24:271 A

    Google Scholar 

  76. Davignon A, Rey C, Payot M, Biron P, Mongeau JG (1977) Hemodynamic studies of labile essential hypertension in adolescents. In: New MI, Levine LS (eds) Juvenile hypertension. Raven Press, New York, pp 189–193

    Google Scholar 

  77. Davis RS, Manning JA, Branch GL, Jr, Cockett ATK (1973) Renovascular hypertension secondary to hydronephrosis in a solitary kidney. J Urol 110: 724–727

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Decastro FJ, Bisbroeck R, Erikson C, Farrell P, Leong W, Murphy D, Green R (1976) Hypertension in adolescents. A significantly high prevalence among students attending an inner city school. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 15: 24–26

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. De Lange WE, Lappoehn RE, Sluiter WJ, Doorenbos H (1977) Primäre Amenorrhoe und Hypokalämie infolge 17alpha-Hydroxylase-Mangels. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 102: 1024–1028

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. De Schaepdryver AF, Hooft C, Delbeke MJ, Van den Noortgaete M (1978) Urinary catecholamines and metabolites in children. J Pediatr 93: 266–268

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. De Swiet M, Fayers P, Shinebourne EA (1976) Blood pressure survey in a population of newborn infants. Br Med J II: 9–11

    Google Scholar 

  82. De Swiet M, Shinebourne EA (1977) Blood pressure in infancy ( Editorial ). Am Heart J 94: 399–401

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Diekmann L, Bonzel KE, Jenett WD, Michelis K, Wagner H (1977) Plasmareninspiegel und Therapie bei renaler Hypertonic. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 125: 373–375

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Dillon MJ (1974) Renin and hypertension in childhood. Arch Dis Child 49: 831–834

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Dillon MJ, Ryness JM (1975) Plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration in children. Br Med J II: 316–319

    Google Scholar 

  86. Dillon MJ, Shah V, Barratt TM (1978) Renal vein renin measurements in children with hypertension. Br Med J II: 168–170

    Google Scholar 

  87. Done AK (1960) Drug intoxication. Pediatr Clin North Am 7: 235–254

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Dube SK, Kapoor S, Ratner H, Tunick FL (1975) Blood pressure studies in black children. Am J Dis Child 129: 1 177–1180

    Google Scholar 

  89. Dunn MJ, Tannen RL (1974) Low-renin hypertension ( Editorial review ). Kidney Int 5: 317–325

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Durante D, Jones D, Spitzer R (1976) Neonatal renal arterial embolism syndrome. J Pediatr 89: 978–981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Dustan HP, Tarazi RC (1977) Hemodynamic abnormalities of adolescent hypertension. In: New MI, Levine LS (eds) Juvenile hypertension. Raven Press, New York, pp 181–188

    Google Scholar 

  92. Dweck HS, Reynolds DW, Cassady G (1974) Indirect blood pressure measurement in newborns. Am J Dis Child 127: 492–494

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Earll JM, Kurtzman NA, Moser RH (1966) Hypercalcemia and hypertension. Ann Intern Med 64: 378–381

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Eastman JW, Cohen SN (1975) Hypertensive crisis and death associated with phencyclidine poisoning. JAMA 231: 1270–1271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Eden OB, Sills J A, Brown JK (1977) Hypertension in acute neurological diseases of childhood. Dev Med Child Neurol 19: 437–445

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. (Editorial) (1976) Cadmium, lead, and hypertension. Lancet II: 1230–1231

    Google Scholar 

  97. Egli F, Zollinger HU, Geering JM, Stalder G (1972) Hypertensive Encephalopathie bei akuter Glomerulonephritis mit minimalem Urinbefund. Helv Paediatr Acta 27: 381–390

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Egli F, Stalder G (1973) Malformations of kidney and urinary tract in common chromosomal aberrations. Humangenetik 18:1–15

    Google Scholar 

  99. Eich R, Cuddy RP, Smulyan H, Lyons RH (1966) Hemodynamics in labile hypertension. A follow-up study. Circulation 34: 299–307

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Eipper DF, Gifford RW Jr, Stewart BH, Alfidi RJ, McCormack LJ, Vidt DG (1976) Abdominal bruits in renovascular hypertension. Am J Cardiol 37: 48–52

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Elias AN, Anderson GH, Dalakos TG, Streeten DHP (1978) Renin angiotensin involvement in transient hypertension after renal injury. J Urol 119: 561–562

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Elseed AM, Shinebourne EA, Joseph MC (1973) Assessment of techniques for measurement of blood pressure in infants and children. Arch Dis Child 48:932– 936

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Engel E, Forbes AP (1965) Cytogenetic and clinical findings in 48 patients with congenitally defective or absent ovaries. Medicine (Baltimore) 44: 135–164

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Epstein MT, Espiner EA, Donald RA, Hughes H (1977) Liquorice toxicity and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis in man. Br Med J 1: 209–210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Evans CH, Westfall V, Atuk NO (1972) Astrocytoma mimicking the features of pheochromocytoma. N Engl J Med 286: 1397–1399

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Falkner B, Roven S, Declement FA, Bendlin A (1978) Hypertension in children with burns. J Trauma 8: 213–217

    Google Scholar 

  107. Favre R (1967) Hypertension artérielle rénale et son traitement chirurgical chez l’enfant. Helv Paediatr Acta 22: 54–75

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Favre L, Boerth RC, Braren V, Dean RH, Hollifield JW (1979) Angiotensin II blockade by saralasin in the evaluation of hypertension in children. Kidney Int (Suppl 9 ) 15: 75–82

    Google Scholar 

  109. Feinleib M, Garrison R, Borhani N, Rosenman R, Christian J (1975) Studies of hypertension in twins. In: Paul O (ed) Epidemiology and control of hypertension. Symposia Specialists, Miami, pp 3–20

    Google Scholar 

  110. Feldman W, Hillman D, Baliah T, Drummond KN (1967) Hypertension and seizures following methyldopa infusion. Pediatrics 39: 780–782

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Fikri E, Hanrahan JB, Stept LA (1973) Renovascular hypertension in a child: Ask-Upmark kidney. J Urol 110: 728–731

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Finnerty FA Jr (1972) Hypertensive encephalopathy. Am J Med 52: 672–678

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Finnerty FA Jr (1978) Contraception and pregnancy in the young female hypertensive patient. Pediatr Clin North Am 25: 119–126

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Florey C Du V, Uppal S, Lowy C (1976) Relation between blood pressure, weight, and plasma sugar and serum insulin levels in schoolchildren aged 9–12 years in Westland, Holland. Br Med J 1: 1368–1371

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Ford KT, Teplick SK, Clark RE (1974) Renal artery embolism causing neonatal hypertension. A complication of umbilical artery catheterization. Radiology 113: 169–170

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Formby D, Emery JL (1969) Intimal hyperplasia of the aorta and renal vessels in an infant with hypertension. J Pathol 98: 205–208

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Foster JH, Pettinger WA, Oates JA, Rhamy RK, Klatte EC, Burko HC, Bolasny BL, Gordon R, Puyau FA, Younger RK (1966) Malignant hypertension secondary to renal artery stenosis in children. Ann Surg 164: 700–713

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Freis ED (1973) Age, race, sex and other indices of risk in hypertension. Am J Med 55: 275–280

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Frohlich ED (1977) The adrenergic nervous system and hypertension. State of the art. Mayo Clin Proc 52: 361–368

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Fry WJ, Ernst CB, Stanley JC, Brink B (1973) Renovascular hypertension in the pediatric patient. Arch Surg 107: 692–698

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Fuchshofen M, Metze H (1976) Der Blutdruck von Frühgeborenen in den ersten drei Lebenswochen. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 124: 596–598

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Fyhrquist F, Kuitunen P, Kojo N (1976) Renin-angiotensin system in an infant with malignant renovascular hypertension. Helv Paediatr Acta 31: 61–65

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Ganguly A, Gribble J, Tune B, Kempson RL, Luetscher JA (1973) Renin-secreting Wilms’ tumor with severe hypertension. Report of a case and brief review of renin-secreting tumors. Ann Intern Med 79: 835–837

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Garrett J, Poise SL, Morrow JW (1970) Ureteral obstruction and hypertension. Am J Med 49: 271–273

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Gauthier BG, Wind ES, Shende AC, Lanzkowsky P, Pillari GP (1977) Diffuse arteriovenous malformation of both kidneys (abstract). Pediatr Res 11: 551

    Google Scholar 

  126. Gavras H, Oliver J A, Cannon PJ (1976) Interrelations of renin, angiotensin II, and sodium in hypertension and renal failure. Annu Rev Med 27: 485–521

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Gavras H, Brunner HR, Turini GA, Kershaw GR, Tifft CP, Cuttelod S, Gavras I, Vukovich RA, McKinstry DN (1978) Antihypertensive effect of the oral angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitor SQ 14 225 in man. N Engl J Med 298:991–995

    Google Scholar 

  128. Geddes LA, Whistler SJ (1978) The error in indirect blood pressure measurement with the incorrect size of cuff. Am Heart J 96: 4–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Gerbeaux J, Vernant P, Couvreur J, De Montis G, Lechevalier J (1971) La coarctation de l’aorte abdominale chez l’enfant. Une observation avec revue de la littérature. Ann Pediatr (Paris) 18: 357–365

    Google Scholar 

  130. Gerdts KG, Shah V, Savage JM, Dillon MJ (1979) Renal vein renin measurements in normotensive children (abstract). Kidney Int 15: 446

    Google Scholar 

  131. Gianantonio CA, Vitacco M, Mendilaharzu F, Gallo GE, Sojo ET (1973) The hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Nephron 11: 174–192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Gill DG (1977) Blood pressure in Dublin school children. Ir Med J 146: 255–259

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Gill D, O’Brien NG (1977) Systolic blood pressure in the newborn. J Ir Med Assoc 70: 419–420

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Gill DG, Mendes da Costa B, Cameron JS, Joseph MC, Ogg CS, Chantler C (1976) Analysis of 100 children with severe and persistent hypertension. Arch Dis Child 51: 951–956

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Girndt J, Kramer P, Quellhorst E, Held K, Bohle A, Scheler F (1976) Ovulationshemmer, Hypertonic und Nephrosklerose. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 101: 1246–1251

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Godard C (1977) Predictive value of renal-vein renin measurements in children with various forms of renal hypertension. An international study. Helv Paediatr Acta 32: 49–57

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Godard C, Vallotton MB, Broyer M (1973) Plasma renin activity in segmental hypoplasia of the kidneys with hypertension. Nephron 11: 307–317

    Google Scholar 

  138. Goldblatt H, Lynch J, Hanzal RF, Summerville WW (1934) Studies on experimental hypertension. I. The production of persistent elevation of systolic blood pressure by means of renal ischemia. J Exp Med 59: 347–379

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Goldring D (1978) Treatment of the infant and child with coarctation of the aorta. Pediatr Clin North Am 25: 111–118

    Google Scholar 

  140. Gold ring D, Londe S, Sivakoff M, Hernandez A, Britton C, Choi S (1977) Blood pressure in a high school population. I. Standards for blood pressure and the relation of age, sex, weight, height, and race to blood pressure in children 14 to 18 years of age. J Pediatr 91: 884–889

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Gordillo-Paniagua G, Valásquez-Jones L, Martini R, Valdez-Bolaños E (1975) Sodium nitroprusside treatment of severe arterial hypertension in children. J Pediatr 87: 799–802

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Grad E, Ranee CP (1972) Bilateral renal artery stenosis in association with neuro-fibromatosis (Recklinghausen’s disease): Report of two cases. J Pediatr 80:804– 808

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. 141.Graham AW, Hines EA Jr, Gage RP (1945) Blood pressure in children between the ages of five and sixteen years. Am J Dis Child 69: 203–207

    Google Scholar 

  144. Greminger P, Vetter W, Zimmermann K, Beckerhoff R, Siegenthaler W (1977) Primäre und sekundäre Hypertonic in einem poliklinischen Patientengut. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 107: 605–609

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Grim CE, Mullins MF, Nilson JP, Ross G Jr (1975) Unilateral “Page kidney” hypertension in man. Studies of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system before and after nephrectomy. JAMA 231: 42–45

    Google Scholar 

  146. Griswold WR, McNeal R, Mendoza SA, Sellers BB, Higgins S (1978) Propranolol as an antihypertensive agent in children. Arch Dis Child 53: 594–596

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Grossman RE, Babbitt DP (1967) Renal artery aneurysms; their diagnosis and endocrine implications: A case report in a child. J Urol 97: 172–175

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Gruskin AB (1974) Clinical evaluation of hypertension in children. Primary Care 1: 233–242

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Gruskin AB, Linshaw M, Cote ML, Fleisher DS (1971) Low-renin essential hypertension — another form of childhood hypertension. J Pediatr 78: 765–771

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Gruskin AB, Auerbach VH, Black IFS, Sapire DW (1978) Intrarenal blood flow distribution and renal renin secretory rates in children with coarctation (abstract). Pediatr Res 12: 383

    Google Scholar 

  151. Guesry P (1978) Hypertension artérielle essentielle chez l’enfant. Séminaire de Néphrologie Pédiatrique. Hôpital des Enfants Malades, Paris, March 6 /7

    Google Scholar 

  152. Habib R, Courtecuisse V, Ehrensperger J, Royer P (1965) Hypoplasie segmentaire du rein avec hypertension artérielle chez l’enfant. Ann Pediatr (Paris) 41: 262–279

    Google Scholar 

  153. Haggerty RJ, Marnoey MW, Nadas AS (1956) Essential hypertension in infancy and childhood. Differential diagnosis and therapy. Am J Dis Child 92: 535–549

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Hammerer I, Laimer K, Mayr U, Skrabal F, Haselbach A (1976) Akuter Hirndruck — Erstmanifestation der renovaskulären Hypertonic im Säuglingsalter? Paediatr Paedol 11: 516–520

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Harrison EG Jr, McCormack LJ (1971) Pathologic classification of renal arterial disease in renovascular hypertension. Mayo Clin Proc 46:161 –167

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Hartmann AF Jr, Klint R, Hernandez A, Goldring D, Crawford C, Graham B (1973) Measurement of blood pressure in the brachial and posterior tibial arteries using the Doppler method. J Pediatr 82: 498–500

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Hayduk K, Reifferscheid P, Kieninger G, SchoninghP, Völter D, Meyer D (1976) Special patterns of renovascular hypertension. Contrib Nephrol 3: 160–166

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Heale WF (1977) Hypertension and reflux nephropathy (abstract) Aust Paediatr J 13: 56

    Google Scholar 

  159. Hennekens CH, Jesse MJ, Klein BE, Gourley JA, Blumenthal S (1976) Aggregation of blood pressure in infants and their siblings. Am J Epidemiol 103: 457–463

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Henrich WL, Cronin R, Miller PD, Anderson RJ (1977) Hypotensive sequelae of diazoxide and hydralazine therapy. JAMA 237: 264–265

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Hernandez A, Goldring D, Hartmann AF Jr, Crawford C, Reed GN (1971) Measurement of blood pressure in infants and children by the Doppler ultrasound technique. Pediatrics 48: 788–794

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Heyden S, Bartel AG, Hames CG, McDonough JR (1969) Elevated blood pressure levels in adolescents, Evans County, Georgia. Seven-year follow-up of 30 patients and 30 controls. JAMA 209: 1683–1689

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Hicks CC, Woodard JR, Walton KN, Filardi GP (1976) Hypertension as complication of vesicoureteral reflux in children. Urology 7: 587–593

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Hiner LB, Gruskin AB, Baluarte HJ, Cote ML (1976) Plasma renin activity in normal children. Its relationship to age and rates of excretion of sodium and potassium. J Pediatr 89: 258–261

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Hiner LB, Gruskin AB, Baluarte HJ, Cote ML, Sapire DW, Levitsky D (1976) Plasma renin activity and intrarenal blood flow distribution in a child with a pheochromocytoma. J Pediatr 89: 950–952

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Hoard TD, O’Brien DP (1976) Simple renal cyst and high renin hypertension cured by cyst decompression. J Urol 1 15: 326–327

    Google Scholar 

  167. Hochberg HM, Saltzman MB (1971) Accuracy of an ultrasound blood pressure instrument in neonates, infants, and children. Curr Ther Res 13: 482–488

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Hoffmann A, Bruppacher R, Gutzwiller F, De Roche C (1976) Blutdruck in der Adoleszenz. Meßergebnisse und ihre Beziehungen zur körperlichen Entwicklung bei 745 gesunden Basler Schülern. Helv Paediatr Acta 31: 121–129

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Holland NH, Kotchen T, Bhathena D (1975) Hypertension in children with chronic pyelonephritis. Kidney Int (Suppl 5 ) 8: 243–251

    Google Scholar 

  170. Holland WW, Beresford SAA (1975) Factors influencing blood pressure in children. In: Paul O (ed) Epidemiology and control of hypertension. Symposia Specialists, Miami, pp 375–383

    Google Scholar 

  171. Hollifield JW, Slaton PE, Wilson HM, Sennett J A, Yarbro L, Island DP, Liddle GW (1977) Are there unknown mineralocorticoids in low-renin essential hyper-tension? Mayo Clin Proc 52: 329–333

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Hoyer JR, Michael AF, Fish AJ, Good RA (1967) Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis presenting as hypertensive encephalopathy with minimal urinary abnormalities. Pediatrics 39: 412–417

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Hurley JK, Lewy PR (1977) Goldblatt hypertension in a solitary kidney. J Pediatr 91: 609–61 1

    Google Scholar 

  174. Ingelfinger JR, Grupe WE (1978) Clonidine for hypertension in children and adolescents (abstract). Pediatr Res 12: 542

    Google Scholar 

  175. Ingelfinger JR, Levey RH, Grupe WE (1978) Post transplant hypertension in the absence of rejection or recurrent disease (abstract). Pediatr Res 12: 543

    Google Scholar 

  176. Jahnke RW, Messing EM, Spellman MC (1976) Hypertension and post-traumatic renal arteriovenous fistula: Demonstration of unilaterally elevated renin secretion. J Urol 116: 646–647

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Javadpour N, Doppman JL, Scardino PT, Bartter FC (1976) Segmental renal vein renin assay and segmental nephrectomy for correction of renal hypertension. J Urol 1 15: 580–582

    Google Scholar 

  178. Jean R, Bonnet H,Dumas R, Ferrand JL (1969) Hypertension artérielle secondaire à une malformation vasculaire aortorénale chez l’enfant. Arch Fr Pediatr 26: 1055–1062

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Jennings AS, Liddle GW, Orth DN (1977) Results of treating childhood Cushing’s disease with pituitary irradiation. N Engl J Med 297: 957–962

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Johnson BC, Epstein FH, Kjelsberg MO (1965) Distributions and familial studies of blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels in a total community — Tecumseh, Michigan. J Chronic Dis 18: 147–160

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Johnson BC, Karunas TM, Epstein FH (1973) Longitudinal change in blood pressure in individuals, families and social groups. Clin Sci Mol Med 45: 35s–45s

    Google Scholar 

  182. Julius S (1978) Clinical and physiological significance of borderline hypertension at youth. Pediatr Clin North Am 25: 35–45

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Julius S (1978) Borderline hypertension. Clinical and pathophysiologic significance. Ergeb Inn Med Kinderheilkd 41: 51–84

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Juncos LI, Deture FA, Walker RD, Madorsky ML (1976) Renin-dependent renovascular hypertension in infant with abdominal aortic atresia. Urology 7:628– 631

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Kaeser H (1972) Biochemische Diagnostik des Phäochromocytoms, des Neuroblastomas und anderer neuro-ektodermaler Neoplasien. Helv Paediatr Acta (Suppl) 29: 1–114

    Google Scholar 

  186. Kaplan BS, Fox H, Seidman E, Drummond KN (1978) Normal blood pressure in offspring of persons with essential hypertension. Can Med Assoc J 118:1415–1417

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Kaufman JJ, Goodwin WE, Waisman J, Gyepes MT (1972) Renovascular hypertension in children. Report of seven cases treated surgically including two cases of renal auto transplantation. Am J Surg 124: 149–156

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Kelch RP,Connors MH, Kaplan SL, Biglieri EG, Grumbach MM (1973) A calcified aldosterone-producing tumor in a hypertensive, normokalemic, prepubertal girl. J Pediatr 83: 432–437

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Kilkoyne MH, Richter RW, Alsup PA (1974) Adolescent hypertension. I. Detection and prevalence. Circulation 50: 758–764

    Google Scholar 

  190. Kilkoyne MM, Richter RW, Alsup PA (1974) Adolescent hypertension. II. Characteristics and response to treatment. Circulation 50: 1014–1019

    Google Scholar 

  191. Kirkendall WM, Burton AC, Epstein FH, Freis ED (1967) Recommendations for human blood pressure determination by sphygmomanometers. Circulation 36: 980–988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Kirkland RT, Kirkland JL (1972) Systolic blood pressure measurement in the newborn infant with the transcutaneous Doppler method. J Pediatr 80: 52–56

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Kirkland JL, Kirkland RT, Librik L, Clayton GW (1973) Iatrogenic hypertension in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (letter to the editor). J Pediatr 83: 687–689

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Kirschsieper HM (1952) Über indirekte Blutdruckmessung am Menschen. Der Einfluß des Umfangs der Meßstelle. Z Kinderheilkd 71: 422–431

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Klein BE, HennekensCH, Jesse MJ, Gourley JE, Blumenthal S (1975) Longitudinal studies of blood pressure in offspring of hypertensive mothers. In: Paul O (ed) Epidemiology and control of hypertension. Symposia Specialists, Miami, pp 387–393

    Google Scholar 

  196. Kohout EC, Wilson CJ, Leighton Hill L (1975) Intravenous diazoxide in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. J Pediatr 87: 795–798

    Google Scholar 

  197. Korobkin M, Pick RA, Merten DF, Perloff DL, Palubinskas AJ (1974) Etiologic radiographic findings in children and adolescents with nonuremic hypertension. Radiology 110: 615–625

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Korobkin M, Perloff DL, Palubinskas AJ (1976) Renal arteriography in the evaluation of unexplained hypertension in children and adolescents. J Pediatr 88:388–393

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Kotchen JM, Kotchen TA (1978) Geographic effect on racial blood pressure differences in adolescents. J Chronic Dis 31: 581–586

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Kotchen JM, Kotchen TA, Schwertman NC, Kuller LH (1974) Blood pressure distribution of urban adolescents. Am J Epidemiol 99: 315–324

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Krakoff L, Nicolis G, Amsel B (1975) Pathogenesis of hypertension in Cushing’s syndrome. Am J Med 58: 216–220

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Kuehl I, Fricke G (1973) Kardiovaskuläre Manifestationsformen des Marfan Syndroms. Pathomorphologische, pathophysiologische und klinische Aspekte. Klin Wochenschr 51: 1129–1142

    Google Scholar 

  203. Laaser U (1978) The Cologne Study. WHO/ISFC Meeting on Precursors of Atherosclerosis in Children. Geneva, 12–14 October 1977, pp 13–15

    Google Scholar 

  204. Laaser U, Meurer KA, Kaufmann W (1975) Untersuchungen zur Epidemiologic der juvenilen Hypertonic in Köln. Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 81:1715–1717

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Laaser U, Schuett A, Kuschinsky G, Perbix W, Meurer KA, Kaufmann W (1976) Kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren bei Jugendlichen. Erste Ergebnisse der Kölner Studie 1975/76. Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 82: 1 148–1151

    Google Scholar 

  206. Lauer RM, Connor WE, Leaverton PE, Reiter MA, Clarke WR (1975) Coronary heart disease risk factors in school children: The Muscatine study. J Pediatr 86: 697–706

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Lauer RM, Filer LJ Jr, Reiter MA, Clarke WR (1976) Blood pressure, salt preference, salt threshold, and relative weight. Am J Dis Child 130: 493–497

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Lawson JD, Boerth R, Foster JH, Dean RH (1977) Diagnosis and management of renovascular hypertension in children. Arch Surg 112: 1307–1314

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Ledingham JM (1975) Experimental renal hypertension. Clin Nephrol 4: 127–137

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Leditschke JF, Cooke RA (1972) Hypertension due to radiation nephritis in a child. Aust Paediatr J 8: 201–204

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Lee KS, Sohn KY, Hong CY, Kang SR, Berg K (1967) Primary arteritis (pulseless disease) in Korean children. Acta Paediatr Scand 56: 526–536

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Lee YH, Rosner B, Gould JB, Lowe EW, Kass EH (1976) Familial aggregation of blood pressures of newborn infants and their mothers. Pediatrics 58: 722–729

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Lee YH, Rosner B, Zinner SH, Gould JB, Lowe EW, Kass EH (1978) Familial aggregation of blood pressure in newborn infants (abstract). Pediatr Res 12: 424

    Google Scholar 

  214. Lerf B, Largiadèr F, Uhlschmid G, Binswanger U, Pouliadis G (1976) Arterienstenosen nach Nierentransplantation. Langenbecks Arch Chir 343: 11–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Leumann EP, Bauer RP, Slaton PE, Biglieri EG, Holliday MA (1970) Renovascular hypertension in children. Pediatrics 46: 362–370

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Leumann EP, Nussberger J, Vetter W (1975) Low renin essential hypertension in a child. Helv Paediatr Acta 30: 357–363

    Google Scholar 

  217. Leumann EP, Bodmer HG, Vetter W, Epstein FH (To be published) Studies of blood pressures in school children of Zurich, Switzerland (abstract). Int Symposium on Juvenile Hypertension, Parma, June 4–6, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  218. Levine AM, Pickett LK, Touloukian RJ (1974) Steroids, hypertension, and fluid retention in the genesis of postoperative seizures with inflammatory bowel disease in childhood. J Pediatr Surg 9: 715–724

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Levine LS, Lewy JE, New MI (1976) Hypertension in high school students. Evaluation in New York City. NY State J Med 76: 40–44

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Levine RS, Hennekens CH, Klein B, Gourley J, Briese FW, Hokanson J, Gelband H, Jesse MJ (1978) Tracking correlations of blood pressure levels in infancy. Pediatrics 61: 121–125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Lewy PR, Sorrenti R (1976) Severe hypertension in children with renal scarring and/or atrophy (abstract). Kidney Int 10: 502

    Google Scholar 

  222. Lichtenfeld P (1971) Autonomic dysfunction in the Guillain-Barré syndrome. Am J Med 50: 772–780

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Lieberman E (1974) Essential hypertension in children and youth: A pediatric perspective. J Pediatr 85:1 –11

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Lips CJM, Minder WH, Leo JR, Alleman A, Hackeng WHL (1978) Evidence of multicentric origin of the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2A (Sipple’s syndrome) in a large family in the Netherlands. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Am J Med 64: 569–578

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Littler WA, West MJ, Honour AJ, Sleight P (1978) The variability of arterial pressure. Am Heart J 95: 180–186

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Ljungqvist A, Wallgren G (1962) Unilateral renal artery stenosis and fatal arterial hypertension in a newborn infant. Acta Paediatr 5 1: 575–584

    Google Scholar 

  227. Lloyd AVC, Jewett DE, Still JL (1966) Facial paralysis in children with hyper-tension. Arch Dis Child 41: 292–294

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Loggie JMH (1969) Hypertension in children and adolescents. I. Causes and diagnostic studies. J Pediatr 74: 331–355

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Loggie JMH (1971) Systemic hypertension in children and adolescents. Causes and treatment. Pediatr Clin North Am 18: 1273–1310

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Loggie JMH (1975) Hypertension in children and adolescents. Hosp Pract 10: 81–92

    Google Scholar 

  231. Loggie JMH (1977) Prevalence of hypertension and distribution of causes. In: New MI, Levine LS (eds) Juvenile hypertension. Raven Press, New York, pp 1–12

    Google Scholar 

  232. Londe S (1966) Blood pressure in children as determined under office conditions. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 5: 71–78

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Londe S (1968) Blood pressure standards for normal children as determined under office conditions. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 7: 400–403

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Londe S, Bourgoignie JJ, Robson AM, Goldring D (1971) Hypertension in apparently normal children. J Pediatr 78: 569–577

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Londe S, Johanson A, Kronemer NS, Goldring D (1975) Blood pressure and puberty. J Pediatr 87: 896–900

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Londe S, Goldring D (1976) High blood pressure in children: Problems and guidelines for evaluation and treatment. Am J Cardiol 37: 650–657

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Londe S, Goldring D, Gollub SW, Hernandez A (1977) Blood pressure and hyper-tension in children: Studies, problems, and perspectives. In: New MI, Levine LS (eds) Juvenile hypertension. Raven Press, New York, pp 13–34

    Google Scholar 

  238. Londe S, Gollub SW, Goldring D (1977) Blood pressure in black and in white children. J Pediatr 90: 93–95

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Long M, Dunlop JR, Holland WW (1971) Blood pressure recording in children. Arch Dis Child 46: 636–640

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Louis C, Diekmann L, Brisse B, Mueller KM (1975) Beitrag zum Phäochromocytom im Kindesalter. Z Kinderheilkd 119: 197–210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Lowrey GH (1967) Hypertension in children with burns. Trauma 7: 140–144

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Luderer JR, Hayes AH, Dubynsky O, Berlin CM (1977) Long-term administration of sodium nitroprusside in childhood. J Pediatr 91: 490–491

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Lum LG, Jones MD Jr (1977) The effect of cuff width on systolic blood pressure measurements in neonates. J Pediatr 91: 963–966

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Lutz JD, Schillinger F, Tongio J, Sauvage P, Buck P, Geisert J (1976) Hypertension artérielle après traumatisme du rein chez l’enfant. Aspects cliniques et pathogéniques. Pediatrie 31: 565–569

    Google Scholar 

  245. Magilavy DB, Petty RE, Cassidy JT, Sullivan DB (1977) A syndrome of childhood polyarteritis. J Pediatr 91: 25–30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Makker SP, Lubahn JD (1975) Clinical features of renovascular hypertension in infancy: Report of a 9-month-old infant. Pediatrics 56: 108–1 10

    Google Scholar 

  247. Malekzadeh MH, Brennan LP, Payne VC Jr, Fine RN (1975) Hypertension after renal transplantation in children. J Pediatr 86: 370–375

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Maling TJ, Little PJ, Maling TM, Gunesekera A, Bailey RR (1976) Renal trauma and persistent hypertension. Nephron 16: 173–180

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Markiewicz A, Wojczuk D, Kokot F, Cicha A (1975) Plasma renin activity in coarctation of aorta before and after surgery. Br Heart J 37: 721–725

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Marks LS, Kaufman JJ, Maxwell MH (1977) Non-renin-mediated renovascular hypertension: A new syndrome? Lancet 1: 615–617

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Matsaniotis N, Bastis-Maounis B, Balas P (1966) Traumatic renal hypertension corrected by nephrectomy in a child. Helv Paediatr Acta 21: 483–485

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Mattews TG, Wilcek ZM, Shennan AT (1977) Eye-drop induced hypertension (letter). Lancet II: 827

    Google Scholar 

  253. Maxwell MH (1975) Cooperative study of renovascular hypertension: Current status. Kidney Int (Suppl 5 ) 8: 153–160

    Google Scholar 

  254. McAlhany JC Jr, Black HC Jr, Hanback LD Jr, Yarbrough DR (1971) Renal arteriovenous fistula as a cause of hypertension. Am J Surg 122: 117–120

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. McEnery PT, Davis CA (1978) Nonpharmalogic interventions in hypertension. Pediatr Clin North Am 25: 127–136

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. McFate Smith W (1977) Epidemiology of hypertension. Med Clin North Am 61: 467–486

    Google Scholar 

  257. McLain LG (1976) Hypertension and childhood: A review. Am Heart J 92: 634–647

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. McLain LG (1978) Therapy of acute severe hypertension in children. JAMA 239: 755–757

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. McLaine PN, Drummond KN (1971) Intravenous diazoxide for severe hypertension in childhood. J Pediatr 79: 829–832

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. McLaughlin GW, Kirby RR, Kemmerer WT, Delemos RA (1971) Indirect measurement of blood pressure in infants utilizing Doppler ultrasound. J Pediatr 79: 300–303

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. McMahon B, Ambre J, Ellis J (1978) Hypertension during recovery from phencyclidine intoxication. Clin Toxicol 12: 37–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. McMann BJ, Moore ES, Chung EE, Cevallos EE, Libit SA (1976) The relationship between obesity, anxiety, and other risk factors to onset of essential hypertension in children (abstract). Pediatr Res 10: 441

    Google Scholar 

  263. McNicholl R, Kilroy MK (1969) Transient hypertensive encephalopathy: Possible relationship to licorice. J Pediatr 74: 963–964

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Mehls O, Schaerer K, Rauh W, Moehring K, Willich E (1977) Ist die segmentale Nierenhypoplasie eine Refluxnephropathie? Monatsschr Kinderheilk 125:352– 353

    Google Scholar 

  265. Melby JC, Dale SL (1976) New mineralocorticoids and adrenocorticosteroids in hypertension. Am J Cardiol 38: 805–813

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Melby JC, Dale SL (1977) Role of 18-hydroxy-1 1-deoxycorticosterone and 16α, 18-dihydroxy-1 1-deoxycorticosterone in hypertension. Mayo Clin Proc 52:317– 322

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  267. Messerli FH, Funk HU, Schuerch W (1973) Renovaskuläre Hypertonic bei Neurofibromatose. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 103: 372–377

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Meyer E (1929) Blutdruckuntersuchungen an gesunden und kranken Kindern. Z Kinderheilkd 47: 560–580

    Google Scholar 

  269. Miles JH, Groshong T, Hakami N, Bauer J, Hensel J, Weinberger M (1977) Congenital mesoblastic nephroma with hypertension, hypokalemia, and hyperreninemia (abstract). J Pediatr 91: 837–838

    Google Scholar 

  270. Mimran A, Leckie BJ, Fourcade JC, Baldet P, Navratil H, Barjon P (1978) Blood pressure, renin-angiotensin system and urinary kallikrein in a case of juxtaglomerular cell tumor. Am J Med 65: 527–536

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Mimura G (1973) Study of twins with hypertension. Singapore Med J 14:278– 281

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. Mirkin BL, Sinaiko A (1977) Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic utilization of antihypertensive agents in children. In: New MI, Levine LS (eds) Juvenile hypertension. Raven Press, New York, pp 195–217

    Google Scholar 

  273. Mitas JA, Levy SB, Holle R, Frigon RP, Stone RA (1978) Urinary kallikrein activity in the hypertension of renal parenchymal disease. N Engl J Med 299: 162–165

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Mitchell JD, Baxter TJ, Blair-West JR, McCredie DA (1970) Renin levels in nephroblastoma (Wilms’ tumour). Report of a renin secreting tumour. Arch Dis Child 45: 376–384

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Mitchell SC, Blount SG, Blumenthal S, Hoffman JIE, Jesse MJ, Lauer RM, Weidmann WH (1975) The pediatrician and hypertension. Pediatrics 56: 3–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Mongeau JG, Biron P, Bertrand D (1977) Familial aggregation of blood pressure and body weight. In: New MI, Levine LS (eds) Juvenile hypertension. Raven Press, New York, pp 39–44

    Google Scholar 

  277. Monnens L, Van Collenburg J, De Jong M, Zoethout H, Van Wieringen P (1978) Treatment of the hemolytic uremic syndrome. Comparison of the results of heparin treatment with the results of streptokinase treatment. Helv Paediatr Acta 33: 321–328

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Morgan T, Adam W, Gillies A, Wilson M, Morgan G, Carney S (1978) Hypertension treated by salt restriction. Lancet 1: 227–230

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Morimoto S, Kuroda M, Uchida K, Funatsu T, Yamamoto I, Hashiba T, Kametani T, Takeda R, Matsubara F (1976) Occurrence of renovascular hypertension in two sisters. Nephron 17: 314–320

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Morrison JA, De Groot I, Edwards BK, Kelly KA, Rauh JL, Mellies M, Glueck CJ (1977) Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels in 6775 school children, ages 6–17. Metabolism 26: 1199–1211

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Moser M, Guyther JR, Finnerty F, Richardson DW, Langford H, Perry HM, Wood DE, Krishan I, Branche GC, McFate Smith W (1977) Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. A cooperative study. JAMA 237: 255–261

    Google Scholar 

  282. Mosier HD Jr (1975) Hyperthyroidism. In: Gardner LI (ed) Endocrine and genetic diseases of childhood and adolescence, 2nd ed. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 285–317

    Google Scholar 

  283. Moss AJ, Adams FH (1963) Index of indirect estimation of diastolic blood pressure. Am J Dis Child 106: 364–367

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Moss A J (1978) Indirect methods of blood pressure measurement. Pediatr Clin North Am 25: 3–14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Mueller-Wiefel DE (1978) Renovaskuläre Hypertension bei Neurofibromatose von Recklinghausen. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 126: 113–118

    Google Scholar 

  286. Muirhead EE (1974) The role of the renal medulla in hypertension. Adv Intern Med 19: 81–107

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Munoz AI, Pascual y Baralt JF, Melendez MT (1977) Arterial hypertension in infants with hydronephrosis. Report of six cases. Am J Dis Child 131: 38–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. Nanton MA, Olley PM (1976) Residual hypertension after coarctectomy in children. Am J Cardiol 37: 769–772

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Nash DA Jr (1977) Hypertension in polycystic kidney disease without renal failure. Arch Intern Med 137: 1571–1575

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  290. National Health Survey (1973) Blood pressure levels of children 6–11 years. Publication (HRA) 74–1617. US Dept of Health, Education and Welfare, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  291. New MI, Levine LS (1977) An unidentified ACTH-stimulable adrenal steroid in childhood hypertension. In: New MI, Levine LS (eds) Juvenile hypertension. Raven Press, New York, pp 142–163

    Google Scholar 

  292. New MI, Levine LS (1978) Adrenocortical hypertension. Pediatr Clin North Am 25: 67–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. New MI, Suvannakul L (1970) Male pseudohermaphroditism due to 17 α-hydroxylase deficiency. J Clin Invest 49: 1930–1941

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. New MI, Baum CJ, Levine LS (1976) Nomograms relating aldosterone excretion to urinary sodium and potassium in the pediatric population: Their application to the study of childhood hypertension. Am J Cardiol 37: 658–666

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. New MI, Levine LA, Biglieri EG, Pareira J, Ulick S (1977) Evidence for an unidentified steroid in a child with apparent mineralocorticoid hypertension.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 44: 924–933

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. New MI, Bradlow L, Fishman J, Gunczler P, Zanconato G, Rauh W, Levine LS, Ulick S (1978) Deficiency of Cortisol 1 1-β-ketoreductase. A new metabolic defect (abstract) Pediatr Res 12: 416

    Google Scholar 

  297. Niall JF, Murphy L (1965) Segmental renal artery stenosis with hypertension in childhood. Med J Aust 11: 372–374

    Google Scholar 

  298. Novick AC, Straffon RA, Stewart BH, Benjamin S (1978) Surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension in the pediatric patient. J Urol 119: 794–799

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Oetliker O (1977) Renale Hypertension. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 125: 364–369

    Google Scholar 

  300. Olson D (1976) Renal vein thrombosis in infants. In: Lieberman E (ed) Clinical pediatric nephrology. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 372–380

    Google Scholar 

  301. Olson DL, Lieberman E (1976) Renal hypertension in children. Pediatr Clin North Am 23: 795–805

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. Page IH (1939) The production of persistent arterial hypertension by cellophane perinephritis. JAMA 113: 2046–2048

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. Park MK, Kawabori I, Guntheroth WG (1976) Need for an improved standard for blood pressure cuff size. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 15: 784–787

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  304. Parker JC, Friedmann-Kien AE, Levin S, Bartter FC (1964) Pseudoxanthoma elasticum and hypertension. N Engl J Med 271:1204–1206

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. Peart WS (1977) The kidney as an endocrine organ. Lancet II: 543–548

    Google Scholar 

  306. Pennisi AJ, Takahashi M, Bernstein BH, Singsen BH, Uittenbogaart C, Ettenger RB, Malekzadeh MH, Hanson V, Fine RM (1977) Minoxidil therapy in children with severe hypertension. J Pediatr 90: 813–819

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. Perlstein MA, Andelman MB, Rosner DC, Wehrle P (1953) Incidence of hypertension in poliomyelitis. Pediatrics 1 1: 628–633

    Google Scholar 

  308. Perry HM Jr, Perry EF (1975) Metals and human hypertension. In: Paul O (ed) Epidemiology and control of hypertension. Symposia Specialists, Miami, pp 147–162

    Google Scholar 

  309. Pfau A, Rosenmann E (1978) Unilateral chronic pyelonephritis and hypertension: Coincidental or causal relationship? Am J Med 65: 499–506 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  310. Philipp T, Distler A, Cordes U (1978) Sympathetic nervous system and blood- pressure control in essential hypertension. Lancet II: 959–963

    Google Scholar 

  311. Pipkin FB, Smales ORC (1977) A study of factors affecting blood pressure and angiotensin II in newborn infants. J Pediatr 91: 113–119

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. Pistulková H, Bláha J, Škodová I (1976) Prevalence of hypertension in children and adolescents. Cor Vasa 18: 237–240

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  313. Plumer LB, Kaplan GW, Mendoza SA (1976) Hypertension in infants — a complication of umbilical catheterization. J Pediatr 89: 802–805

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  314. Poutasse EF, Stecker JF, Ladaga LE, Sperber EE (1978) Malignant hypertension in children secondary to chronic pyelonephritis: Laboratory and radiologic indications for partial or total nephrectomy. J Urol 119: 264–267

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  315. Powell HR, Rotenberg E, Williams AL, McCredie DA (1974) Plasma renin activity in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Arch Dis Child 49: 802–807

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  316. Rahill WJ, Rubin MI (1972) Hypertension in infantile polycystic renal disease. The importance of early recognition and treatment of severe hypertension in polycystic renal disease. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 11: 232–235

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  317. Rahill WJ, Molteni A, Hawking KM, Koo JH, Menon VA (1974) Hypertension and narrowing of the renal arteries in infancy. J Pediatr 84: 39–44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  318. Rames LK, Clarke WR, Connor WE, Reiter MA, Lauer RM (1978) Normal blood pressures and the evaluation of sustained blood pressure elevation in childhood: The Muscatine Study. Pediatrics 61: 245–251

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. Ramsay NKC, Dehner LP, Coccia PF, D’Angio GJ, Nesbitt ME (1977) Acute hemorrhage into Wilms tumor. A cause of rapidly developing abdominal mass with hypertension, anemia, and fever, J Pediatr 91: 763–765

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  320. Ranee CP, Arbus GS, Balfe JW, Kooh SW (1974) Persistent systemic hypertension in infants and children. Pediatr Clin North Am 21: 801–824

    Google Scholar 

  321. Rau G (1970) Verschlußsyndrom der Aortenbogenäste oder Aortenbogen-Syndrom. Ergeb Inn Med Kinderheilkd 29: 75–154

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  322. Rauh W, Schaerer K (1976) Renovascular hypertension in children. Contrib Nephrol 3: 142–149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  323. Rauh W, Mueller-Wiefel DE, Heide B, Schaerer K (1977) Hypertension bei chronischer Niereninsuffizienz im Kindesalter. Die Bedeutung von Renin, Aldosteron und Blutvolumen. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 125: 375–376

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  324. Reder RF, Dimich I, Cohen ML, Steinfeld L (1978) Evaluating indirect blood pressure measurement techniques: A comparison of three systems in infants and children. Pediatrics 62: 326–330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  325. Reichman LB, Cooper BM, Blumenthal S, Block G, O’Hare D, Chaves AD, Alderman MH, Deming QB, Farber SJ, Thomson GE (1975) Hypertension testing among high school students — I. Surveillance procedures and results. J Chronic Dis 28: 161–171

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  326. Reimold EW (1976) Acute sudden hypertension in the newborn period (abstract). Kidney Int 10: 535

    Google Scholar 

  327. Reisin E, Abel R, Modan M, Silverberg DS, Eliahou HE, Modan B (1978) Effect of weight loss without salt restriction on the reduction of blood pressure in overweight hypertensive patients. N Engl J Med 298: 1–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  328. Ribeiro AB, Krakoff LR (1976) Angiotensin blockade in coarctation of the aorta. N Engl J Med 295: 148–150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  329. Richard GA, Garin EH, Fennell RS, Walker RD (1977) A pathophysiologic basis for the diagnosis and treatment of the renal hypertensions. Adv Pediatr 24: 339–398

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  330. Richey HG (1931) The blood pressure in boys and girls before and after puberty. Its relation to growth and to maturity. Am J Dis Child 42: 1281–1330

    Google Scholar 

  331. Robertson PW, Klidjian A, Harding LK, Walters G, Lee MR, Robb-Smith AHT (1967) Hypertension due to a renin-secreting renal tumour. Am J Med 43:963–976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  332. Robinson RG, DeQuattro V, Grushkin CM, Lieberman E (1977) Childhood pheochromocytoma. Treatment with alpha methyl tyrosine for resistent hypertension. J Pediatr 91: 143–147

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  333. Robson AM (1978) Special diagnostic studies for the detection of renal and renovascular forms of hypertension. Pediatr Clin North Am 25: 83–98

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  334. Roland JMA, Whelton P, Russell RP, Walker WG, Harrington D, Kidd L (1978) Hypertension in coarctation of the aorta: The role of the renin-angiotensin system (abstract). Pediatr Res 12: 389

    Google Scholar 

  335. Rose G (1977) Epidemiology of familial factors and salt intake in man. In: Barltrop D (ed) Paediatric implications for some adult disorders. Fellowship of Postgraduate Medicine, London, pp 139–142

    Google Scholar 

  336. Rossi E, Koenig R (1977) Hypertension bei Kindern. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 125: 354–358

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  337. Royer P (1970) L’hypertension artérielle rénovasculaire chez l’enfant. Paediatr Fortbild Praxis 28: 63–80

    Google Scholar 

  338. Royer P, Habib R, Broyer M, Nouaille Y (1971) L’hypoplasie segmentaire du rein chez l’enfant. Actualités Nephrol de l’Hopital Necker, Paris, pp 151–165

    Google Scholar 

  339. Ruley EJ (1978) Compliance in young hypertensive patients. Pediatr Clin North Am 25: 175–182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  340. Sandhage K (1977) Sekundäre Hypertonic bei ausgedehnter kongenitaler Stenose der Bauchaorta mit Nierenarterienstenose. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 125: 378–379

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  341. Sann L, Revol A, Zachmann M, Legrand JC, Bethenod M (1976) Unusual low plasma renin hypertension in a child. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 43: 265–271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  342. Savage JM, Dillon MJ, Shah V, Barratt TM, Williams DI (1978) Renin and blood- pressure in children with renal scarring and vesicoureteric reflux. Lancet II:441–444

    Google Scholar 

  343. Schaerer K, Alatas H, Bein G (1977) Die Behandlung der renalen Hypertension mit Verapamil im Kindesalter. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 125: 706–712

    Google Scholar 

  344. Schalekamp MA, Beevers DG, Briggs JD, Brown JJ, Davies DL, Fraser R, Lebel M, Lever AF, Medina A, Morton JJ, Robertson JIS, Tree M (1973) Hypertension in chronic renal failure. An abnormal relation between sodium and the renin-angiotensin system. Am J Med 55: 379–390

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  345. Schambelan M, Howes EL Jr, Stockigt JR, Noakes CA, Biglieri EG (1973) Role of renin and aldosterone in hypertension due to a renin-secreting tumor. Am J Med 55: 86–92

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  346. Schambelan M, Glickman M, Stockigt JR, Biglieri EG (1974) Selective renal-vein renin sampling in hypertensive patients with segmental renal lesions. N Engl J Med 290: 1 153–1157

    Google Scholar 

  347. Schmidt DM, Rambo ON Jr (1965) Segmental intimal hyperplasia of the abdominal aorta and renal arteries producing hypertension in an infant. Am J Clin Pathol 44: 546–555

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  348. Scholten DJ, Alberts C, Snijders CJ, Balk AG (1977) Renovascular hypertension as a cause of cerebrovascular accident in childhood: A case report. Neuropaediatrie 8: 311–318

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  349. Scholz DA (1977) Hypertension and hyperparathyroidism (Editorial). Arch Intern Med 137: 1 123–1124

    Google Scholar 

  350. Schuerch W, Messerli FH, Genest J, Lefebvre R, Roy P, Cartier P, Rojo-Ortega JM (1975) Arterial hypertension and neurofibromatosis: renal artery stenosis and coarctation of abdominal aorta. Can Med Assoc J 1 13: 879–885

    Google Scholar 

  351. Schwenk A, Eggers-Hohmann G, Gensch F (1955) Arterieller Blutdruck, Vasomotorismus und Menarchetermin bei Mädchen im 2. Lebensjahrzehnt. Zugleich ein Beitrag zum Problem der jugendlichen Hypertension. Arch Kinderheilkd 150: 235–249

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  352. Sellers BB Jr (1978) Intermittent hypertension during sickle cell crisis. J Pediatr 92: 941–943

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  353. Shaper AG, Clayton DG, Stanley F (1975) Water hardness and hypertension. In: Paul O (ed) Epidemiology and control of hypertension. Symposia Specialists, Miami, pp 163–176

    Google Scholar 

  354. Shapiro AP, Cavallo T, Cooper W, Lapenas D, Bron K, Berg G (1977) Hypertension in radiation nephritis. Report of a patient with unilateral disease, elevated renin activity levels, and reversal after unilateral nephrectomy. Arch Intern Med 137: 848–851

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  355. Sheth KJ, Tang TT, Blaedel ME, Good TA (1978) Polydipsia, polyuria, and hypertension associated with renin-secreting Wilms tumor. J Pediatr 92: 921–924

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  356. Shiraki IW (1977) Correction of renal hypertension by ligation of stenotic segmental renal artery. Urology 9: 296–298

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  357. Shock NW (1944) Basal blood pressure and pulse rate in adolescents. Am J Dis Child 68: 16–22

    Google Scholar 

  358. Short D (1976) The diastolic dilemma. Br Med J II: 685–686

    Google Scholar 

  359. Siegler RL (1976) Renin-dependent hypertension in children with reflux nephropathy. Urology 7: 474–478

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  360. Silverberg DS, Van Nostrand C, Juchli B, Smith ESO, Van Dorsser E (1975) Screening for hypertension in a high school population. Can Med Assoc J 113: 103–108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  361. Silverberg DS, Shemesh E, Iaina A (1977) The unsupported arm: a cause of falsely raised blood pressure readings. Br Med J II: 1331

    Google Scholar 

  362. Sinaiko A, Najarian J, Michael AF, Mirkin BL (1973) Renal autotransplantation in the treatment of bilateral renal artery stenosis: Relief of hypertension in an 8-year-old boy. J Pediatr 83: 409–413

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  363. Sinaiko AR, Mirkin BL (1977) Management of severe childhood hypertension with minoxidil: A controlled clinical study. J Pediatr 91: 138–142

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  364. Sinaiko AR, Mirkin BL (1978) Clinical pharmacology of antihypertensive drugs in children. Pediatr Clin North Am 2 5: 137–15 7

    Google Scholar 

  365. Skinhoj E, Strandgaard S (1973) Pathogenesis of hypertensive encephalopathy. Lancet I: 461–462

    Google Scholar 

  366. Smirk FH (1976) Casual, basal and supplemental blood pressures in 519 first-degree relatives of substantial hypertensive patients and in 350 population controls. Clin Sci Mol Med 51: 13s–17s (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  367. Snyder CH, Bost RB, Platou RV (1955) Hypertension in infancy, with anomalous renal artery. Diagnosis by renal arteriography, apparent cure after nephrectomy. Pediatrics 15: 88–92

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  368. Spark RF, Berg S (1976) Renal trauma and hypertension. The role of renin. Arch Intern Med 136: 1097–1100

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  369. Speiser P (1976) Die Augenfundusveränderungen bei der Hypertonic. Ther Umsch 33: 314–319

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  370. Squitieri AP, Ceccarelli FE, Wurster JC (1974) Hypertension with elevated renal vein renins secondary to ureteropelvic junction obstruction. J Urol 111: 284–287

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  371. Stackpole RH, Melicow MM, Uson AC (1963) Pheochromocytoma in children. Report of 9 cases and review of the first 100 published cases with follow-up studies. J Pediatr 63: 315–330

    Google Scholar 

  372. Stalker HP, Holland NH, Kotchen JM, Kotchen TA (1976) Plasma renin activity in healthy children. J Pediatr 89: 256–258

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  373. Stanley P, Gyepes MT, Olson DL, Gates GF (1978) Renovascular hypertension in children and adolescents. Radiology 129:123–131

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  374. Stapleton FB, Skoglund RR, Daggett RB (1978) Hypertension associated with the Guillain-Barre syndrome. Pediatrics 62: 588–590

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  375. Stark P, Beckerhoff R, Leumann EP, Vetter W, Siegenthaler W (1975) Control of plasma aldosterone in infancy and childhood. A study of plasma renin activity, plasma Cortisol and plasma aldosterone. Helv Paediatr Acta 30: 349–356

    Google Scholar 

  376. Steigman AJ, Brodsky WA, Coe WS, Best MM (1952) Hemodynamic studies in a syndrome resembling malignant hypertension complicating acute poliomyelitis. Am J Dis Child 83: 264–267

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  377. Stein JA, Tschudy DP (1970) Acute intermittent porphyria. A clinical and biochemical study of 46 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 49:1–16

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  378. Steinfeld L, Dimich I, Reder R, Cohen M, Alexander H (1978) Sphygmomanometry in the pediatric patient. J Pediatr 92: 934–938

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  379. Stickler GB, Kelalis PP, Burke EC, Segar WE (1971) Primary interstitial nephritis with reflux. A cause of hypertension. Am J Dis Child 122: 144–148

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  380. Still JL, Cottom D (1967) Severe hypertension in childhood. Arch Dis Child 42: 34–39

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  381. Stine OC, Hepner R, Greenstreet R (1975) Correlation of blood pressure with skinfold thickness and protein levels. Am J Dis Child 129: 905–911

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  382. Stockigt JR, Collins RD Noakes CA, Schambelan M, Biglieri EG (1972) Renalvein renin in various forms of renal hypertension. Lancet I: 1194–1198

    Google Scholar 

  383. Stockigt JR, Sacharias N, Wood AS, Dugdale LM (1976) Segmental renin sampling and partial nephrectomy in renal hypertension. Arch Intern Med 136: 1297–1298

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  384. Stone RA, De Leo J (1976) Psychotherapeutic control of hypertension. N Engl J Med 294: 80–84

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  385. Strong WB, Botti RE, Silbert DR, Liebman J (1970) Peripheral and renal vein plasma renin activity in coarctation of the aorta. Pediatrics 45: 254–259

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  386. Strunge P, Trostmann AF (1978) Serum lipids, blood pressure, skinfolds, height, and weight in 580 Danish school children aged 8 to 17 years. Dan Med Bull 25: 166–171

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  387. Sundal A (1929) Der normale Blutdruck im Alter von 3-20 Jahren. Eine Untersuchung an 1932 Kindern und Jugendlichen in Oslo ( Norwegen ). Z Kinderheilkd 47: 742–761

    Google Scholar 

  388. Teller WM (1977) Hypertonie (Hypertension) im Kindesalter. Pathophysiologic und endokrinologische Ursachen. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 125: 359–363

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  389. Terragno NA, Terragno A (1977) Role of naturally occurring vasoactive principles in hypertension. State of the art. Mayo Clin Proc 52: 449–458

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  390. Tobian L (1975) Current status of salt in hypertension. In: Paul O (ed) Epidemiology and control of hypertension. Symposia Specialists, Miami, pp 131–146

    Google Scholar 

  391. Uhari M, Koskimies O (1979) A survey of 164 Finnish children and adolescents with hypertension. Acta Paediatr Scand 68: 193–198

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  392. Uppal SC (1974) Coronary heart disease. Risk pattern in Dutch youth. A pilot study in Westland school children. New Rhine Publishers, Leiden

    Google Scholar 

  393. Van Vught AJ, Troost J, Willemse J (1976) Hypertensive encephalopathy in childhood. Diagnostic problems. Neuropaediatrie 7: 92–100

    Google Scholar 

  394. Van Way CW, Michelakis AM, Alper BJ, Hutcheson JK, Rhamy RK, Scott HW Jr (1970) Renal vein renin studies in a patient with renal hilar pheochromocytoma and renal artery stenosis. Ann Surg 172: 212–217

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  395. Vazquez AM (1973) Nephro calcinosis and hypertension in juvenile primary hyperparathyroidism. Am J Dis Child 125: 104–106

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  396. Vazquez AM, Kenny FM (1972) Hypertension secondary to excessive desoxycorticosterone implants or 9-alpha fluorocortisol in salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Pediatr 81: 549–552

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  397. Vetter H, Fischer N, Bayer JM, Schmitz TE, Werning C, Vetter W (1974) Aldosteron, Cortisol und Plasma-Renin-Aktivität beim Phäochromocytom. Klin Wochenschr 52: 719–721

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  398. Vetter H, Vetter W, Warnholz C, Bayer JM, Kaeser H, Vielhaber K, Krueck F (1976) Renin and aldosterone secretion in pheochromocytoma. Effect of chronic alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade. Am J Med 60: 866–871

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  399. Vetter W, Vetter H, Beckerhoff R, Redlich B, Cottier P, Siegenthaler W (1976) The effect of saralasin (l-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II) on blood pressure in patients with Cushing’s syndrome. Klin Wochenschr 54: 661–663

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  400. Veyrat R, Grandchamp A, Bierans de Haan B, Zanchetti A, Muller AR (1968) Un cas d’hypertension artérielle juvenile avec hypokaliémie et sécrétion basse d’aldostérone (syndrome de Liddle). Schweiz Med Wochenschr 98: 725–726

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  401. Vidt DG (1977) Hypertension induced by irradiation to the kidney (Editorial) Arch Intern Med 137: 840–841

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  402. Virdis R, Drayer JIM, Montoliu J, Levine-Laragh JH (1977) Hypertension and medullary sponge kidneys in an adolescent with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. J Pediatr 91: 761–763

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  403. Von Knorring J, Fyhrquist F, Ahonen J, Lindfors O, von Bonsdorff M (1976) Renin/angiotensin system in hypertension after traumatic renal-artery thrombosis. Lancet I: 934–938

    Google Scholar 

  404. Voors AW, Foster TA, Frerichs RR, Webber LS, Berenson GS (1976) Studies of blood pressures in children, ages 5–14 years, in a total biracial community. The Bogalusa Heart Study. Circulation 54: 319–327

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  405. Voors AW, Webber LS, Frerichs RR, Berenson GS (1977) Body height and body mass as determinants of basal blood pressure in children — the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol 106: 101–108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  406. Vorburger C (1978) Nebenwirkungen von Antihypertensiva. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 108: 124–129

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  407. Warkany J, Hubbard DM (1953) Acrodynia and mercury. J Pediatr 42: 365–386

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  408. Warshaw BL, Anand SK, Olson DL, Grushkin CM, Heuser ET, Lieberman E (1979) Hypertension secondary to a renin-producing juxtaglomerular cell tumor. J Pediatr 94: 247–250

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  409. Webber LS, Voors AW, Foster TA, Berenson GS (1977) Study of instruments in preparation for a blood pressure survey in children. Circulation 56: 651–656

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  410. Weidmann P, Fuss O (1978) Medikamentöse Hypertoniebehandlung 1977. Empirische und rationale Gesichtspunkte. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 108:1–18

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  411. Weidmann P, Maxwell MH (1975) The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in terminal renal failure. Kidney Int (Suppl 5 ) 8: 219–234

    Google Scholar 

  412. Weidmann P, Siegenthaler W, Ziegler WH, Sulser H, Endres P, Werning C (1969) Hypertension associated with tumors adjacent to renal arteries. Am J Med 47: 528–533

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  413. Weidmann P, Massry SG, Coburn JW, Maxwell MH, Atleson J, Kleeman CR (1972) Blood pressure effects of acute hypercalcemia. Studies in patients with chronic renal failure. Ann Intern Med 76: 741–745

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  414. Weidmann P, Beretta-Piccoli C, Steffen F, Blumberg A, Reubi FC (1976) Hypertension in terminal renal failure. Kidney Int 9: 294–301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  415. Weidmann P, Beretta-Piccoli C, Hirsch D, Reubi FC, Massry SG (1977) Curable hypertension with unilateral hydronephrosis. Studies on the role of circulating renin. Ann Intern Med 87: 437–440

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  416. Weidmann P, Beretta-Piccoli C, Ziegler WH, Keusch G, Glueck Z, Reubi FC (1978) Age versus urinary sodium forjudging renin, aldosterone, and catecholamine levels: Studies in normal subjects and patients with essential hypertension. Kidney Int 14: 619–628

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  417. Weinberger MH, Grim CE, Donohue JP (1977) A rare but curable form of hypertension: the “Page kidney.” In: New MI, Levine LS (eds) Juvenile hypertension. Raven Press, New York, pp 133–140

    Google Scholar 

  418. Weiss YA, Safar ME, London GM, Simon AC, Levenson JA, Milliez PM (1978) Repeat hemodynamic determinations in borderline hypertension. Am J Med 64: 382–387

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  419. Wendelken JR, Tynes WV, Ladaga LE, Goldberg M, Wilcox CW Jr, Windle CB (1978) Malignant hypertension and renal artery stenosis in a child. J Urol 120: 745–750

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  420. Werder E, Zachmann M, Voellmin JA, Veyrat R, Prader A (1975) Unusual steroid excretion in a child with low renin hypertension. Res Steroids 6: 385–389

    Google Scholar 

  421. Werning C, Schoenbeck M, Weidmann P, Baumann K, Gysling E, Wirz P, Siegenthaler W (1969) Plasma renin activity in patients with coarctation of the aorta. A comment on the pathogenesis of prestenotic hypertension. Circulation 40: 731–737

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  422. Whyte RK, Elseed AM, Fraser CB, Shinebourne EA, De Swiet M (1975) Assessment of Doppler ultrasound to measure systolic and diastolic blood pressures in infants and young children. Arch Dis Child 50: 542–544

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  423. Wiggelinkhuizen J, Cremin BJ (1978) Takayasu arteritis and renovascular hypertension in childhood. Pediatrics 62: 209–217

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  424. Wilhelmsen L, Berglund G (1977) Prevalence of primary and secondary hypertension. Am Heart J 94: 543–546

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  425. Winter JSD, McKenzie JK (1977) A syndrome of low-renin hypertension in children. In: New MI, Levine LS (eds) Juvenile hypertension. Raven Press, New York, pp 123–131

    Google Scholar 

  426. Wolfe RR, Murphy JR (1978) Chronic high-altitude residence and systemic blood pressure in school-aged children (abstract). Pediatr Res 12: 391

    Google Scholar 

  427. Wolff HP, Philippi A (1972) Mineralocorticoidsyndrome. Ergeb Inn Med Kinderheilkd 33: 139–230

    Google Scholar 

  428. Wright BM, Dore CF (1970) A random-zero sphygmomanometer. Lancet II: 337–338

    Google Scholar 

  429. Ziegler MG, Lake CR, Kopin IJ (1976) Deficient sympathetic nervous responses in familial dysautonomia. N Engl J Med 294: 630–633

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  430. Ziegler WH (1976) Endokrinologische Untersuchungen bei arterieller Hypertonie. Suche nach Phäochromozytom. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 106: 1148–1150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  431. Zinner SH, Levy PS, Kass EH (1971) Familial aggregation of blood pressure in childhood. N Engl J Med 284: 401–404

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  432. Zinner SH, Martin LF, Sacks F, Rosner B, Kass EH (1975) A longitudinal study of blood pressure in childhood. Am J Epidemiol 100: 437–442

    Google Scholar 

  433. Zinner SH, Margolius HS, Rosner BR, Kass EH (1977) Does hypertension begin in children? Studies of the familial aggregation of blood pressure in childhood. In: New MI, Levine LS (eds) Juvenile hypertension. Raven Press, New York, pp 45–53

    Google Scholar 

  434. Zinner SH, Margolius HS, Rosner B, Kass EH (1978) Stability of blood pressure rank and urinary kallikrein concentration in childhood: An eight-year follow-up. Circulation 58: 908–915

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  435. Zoethout HE (1974) Influence of aortic coarctation on the kidney in infants and children (Dutch). Masters Thesis, Rotterdam

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universitäts-Kinderklinik, Steinwiesstraße 75, CH—8032, Zurich, Germany

    Ernst P. Leumann

Authors
  1. Ernst P. Leumann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

P. Frick G.-A. von Harnack G. A. Martini A. Prader R. Schoen H. P. Wolff

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1979 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Leumann, E.P. (1979). Blood Pressure and Hypertension in Childhood and Adolescence. In: Frick, P., von Harnack, GA., Martini, G.A., Prader, A., Schoen, R., Wolff, H.P. (eds) Advances in Internal Medicine and Pediatrics/Ergebnisse der Inneren Medizin und Kinderheilkunde. Advances in Internal Medicine and Pediatrics/Ergebnisse der Inneren Medizin und Kinderheilkunde, vol 43. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-67379-5_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-67379-5_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-67381-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-67379-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation