Abstract
The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) offers a unique opportunity to put to test landmark concepts and technology advanced in experimental tumor virus systems in recent years. The principal concept resulting from exploration of the viral etiology of cancer is the demonstration that, at least in vitro, viral genes remain in the malignant cell after the initial infection of the normal progenitor cell. This concept has been elaborated so that we know that specific viral DNA sequences containing defined genes are integrated into the cellular genetic composition and that these viral genes are expressed in the malignant cell. This concept must occupy a central position in the elusive quest for proof of causation between virus and human cancer.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adams, A.: Preparation of Epstein-Barr virus from P3HR-1 cells and isolation of virus DNA. In: Epstein-Barr virus, production, concentration and purification. Internal Technical Rep. No. 75003. IARC (1975)
Adams, A., Lindahl, T.: Epstein-Barr virus genomes with properties of circular DNA molecules in carrier cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 1477–1481 (1975)
Adams, A., Lindahl, T., Klein, G.: Linear association between cellular DNA and Epstein-Barr virus DNA in a human lymphoplastoid cell line. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 70, 288–289 (1973)
Adams, A., Bjursell, G., Kaschka-Dierich, C., Lindahl, T.: Circular Epstein-Barr virus genomes of reduced size in a human lymphoid cell line of infectious mononucleosis origin. J. Virol. 22, 373–380 (1977)
Alwine, J. C., Kemp, D. J., Stark, G. R.: Method for detection of specific RNA’s in agarose gels by transfer to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper and hybridization with DNA probes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 5350–5354 (1977)
Andersson, M., Klein, G., Ziegler, J. L., Henle, W.: Association of Epstein-Barr viral genomes with American Burkitt lymphoma. Nature 260, 357–358 (1976)
Ando, T.: A nuclease specific for heat denatured DNA isolated from a product of Aspergillus oryzae. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 144, 158–168 (1966)
Britten, R. J., Graham, D. E., Neufeld, B. R.: Analysis of repeating DNA sequences by reassociation. In: Methods in enzymology. Grossman, L., Moldane, K. (eds.), pp. 363–418. New York: Academic Press 1974
Burgess, R. R.: A new method for the large scale purification of Escherichia coli deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase. J. Biol. Chem. 244, 6160 (1969)
Chen, S.-T., Estes, J.E., Huang, E.-S., Pagano, J. S.: EBV-associated thymidine kinase. J. Virol. 26, 203–208 (1978)
Commerford, S. L.: Iodination of nucleic acids in vitro. Biochemistry 10, 1993–2000 (1971)
Delius, H., Bornkamm, G. W.: Heterogeneity of Epstein-Barr virus. III. Comparison of a transforming and a nontransforming virus by partial denaturation mapping of their DNA’s. J. Virol. 27, 81–89 (1978)
de-Thé, G.: Is Burkitt’s lymphoma related to perinatal infection by Epstein-Barr virus? Lancet 1977 I, 335–337
Elion, G., Furman, P., Fyfe, J. A., de Miranda, P., Beauchamp, L., Schaeffer, J. J.: Selectivity of action of an antiherpetic agent, 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 5616–5720 (1977)
Ernberg, I., Masucci, A., Klein, G.: Persistance of Epstein-Barr viral nuclear antigen (EBNA) in cells entering the EB viral cycle. Int. J. Cancer 17, 197–203 (1976)
Falk, L., Deinhardt, F., Nonoyama, M., Wolfe, L. G., Bergholtz, C., Lapin, B., Yakovleva, L., Agrba, V., Henle, G., Henle, W.: Properties of a baboon lymphotropic herpesvirus related to Epstein-Barr virus. Int. J. Cancer 18, 798–807 (1976)
Fialkow, P. J., Klein, G., Gartler, S. M., Clifford, P.: Clonal origin for individual Burkitt tumors. Lancet 1970 I, 384–386
Gall, J. G., Pardue, M. L.: Nucleic acid hybridization in cytological preparations. In: Methods in enzymology. Grossman, L., Moldane, K. (eds.), Vol. 21, Part D, pp. 470–480. New York: Academic Press 1971
Gerber, P., Pritchett, R. F., Kieff, E. D.: Antigens and DNA of a chimpanzee agent related to Epstein-Barr virus. J. Virol. 19, 1090–1099 (1976 a)
Gerber, P., Nkrumah, F., Pritchett, R., Kieff, E.: Comparative studies of Epstein-Barr virus strains from Ghana and the United States. Int. J. Cancer 17, 71–81 (1976b)
Gillespie, D., Spiegelman, S. J.: A quanitative assay for DNA-RNA hybrids with DNA immobilized on a membrane. J. Mol. Biol. 12, 829–842 (1965)
Given, D., Kieff, E.: DNA of Epstein-Barr virus: IV. Linkage map of restrictive enzyme fragments of the B95–8 and W-91 strains of EBV. J. Virol. 28, 524–542 (1978)
Glaser, R., Nonoyama, M., Hampar, B., Croce, C.: Studies on the association of the Epstein-Barr virus genome in human chromosomes. J. Cell Physiol. 96, 319–325 (1978).
Gravell, M., Levine, P. H., Mclntyre, R. F., Land, V. J., Pagano, J. S.: Epstein-Barr virus in an American patient with Burkitt’s lymphoma: detection of viral genome in tumor tissue and establishment of a tumor-derived cell line (NAB). J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 56, 701–704 (1976)
Hayward, G. S., Frenkel, N., Roizman, B.: Anatomy of herpes simplex virus DNA; strain differences and heterogeneity in the locations of restriction endonuclease cleavage sites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 1768–1772 (1975)
Hayward, S. D., Kieff, E.: Epstein-Barr virus-specific RNA. I. Analysis of viral RNA in cellular extracts and in the polyribosomal fraction of permissive and nonpermissive lymphoblastoid cell lines. J. Virol. 18, 518–525 (1976)
Hayward, S. D., Kieff, E.: DNA of Epstein-Barr virus. II. Comparison of the molecular weights of the DNA of Epstein-Barr virus strains and identification of end fragments of the B95–8 strain. J. Virol. 23, 421–429 (1977)
Hayward, S. D., Pritchett, R., Orellana, T., King, W., Kieff, E.: The DNA of Epstein-Barr virus: fragments produced by restriction enzymes: homologous DNA and RNA in lymphoblastoid cells. In: Animal virology-Baltimore, D., Huang, E.-S., Fox, C. F. (eds.), pp. 619–639. New York: Academic Press 1976
Hu, P. C., Collier, A. M., Baseman, J. B.: Alterations in the metabolism of hamster tracheas in organ culture after infection by virulent Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Infect. Immunol. 11, 704–710 (1975)
Huang, E.-S., Pagano, J. S.: Human CMV. II. Lack of relatedness to DNA of herpes simplex I and II, Epstein-Barr virus and nonhuman strains of CMV. J. Virol. 13, 642–645 (1974)
Huang, E.-S., Pagano, J. S.: Nucleic acid hybridization technology and detection of pro viral genomes. In: Methods in virology. Maramorosch, K., Koprowski, H. (eds.), Vol. 6, Chap. 13, pp. 457–497. New York: Academic Press 1977
Hutt, L., Huang, Y.-T., Dascomb, H., Pagano, J. S.: Enhanced destruction of lymphoid cell lines by peripheral blood leukocytes taken from patients with acute infectious mononucleosis. J. Immunol. 115, 243–248 (1975)
Ito, Y., Brocklehurst, J. R., Dulbeco, R.: Virus-specific proteins in the plasma membrane of cells lytically infected or transformed by polyoma virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 4666–4670 (1977)
Jones, K. W., Corneo, G.: Location of satellite and homogeneous DNA sequences on human chromosomes. Nature New Biol. 233, 268–271 (1971)
Kaschka-Dierich, C., Adams, A., Lindahl, T., Bornkamm, G., Bjursell, G., Klein, G., Giovanella, B., Singh, S.: Intracellular forms of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in human tumor cell in vivo. Nature 260, 302–306 (1976)
Kawai, Y., Nonoyama, M., Pagano, J. S.: Reassociation kinetics for Epstein-Barr virus DNA: nonhomology to mammalian DNA and homology of viral DNA in various diseases. J. Virol. 12, 1006–1012 (1973)
Kieff, E., Levine, J.: Homology between Burkitt herpes viral DNA and DNA in continuous lymphoblastoid cells from patients with infectious mononucleosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 355–358 (1974)
Kieff, E., Raab-Traub, N., Given, D., Pritchett, R., Powell, A., King, W., Dambaugh, T.: Identification of putative “transformation” DNA sequences of EBV. In: Oncogenesis and herpesviruses III. de-Thé, G., Henle, W., Rapp, F. (eds.). Lyon: IARC (in press) (1978)
Kieff, E., Given, D., Powell, A. L. T., King, W., Dambaugh, T., Raab-Traub, N.: Nucleic acid of Epstein-Barr virus. Biochem. Biophys. Acta (in press) (1978)
Kilpatrick, B. A., Huang, E.-S., Pagano, J. S.: Analysis of cytomegalovirus genomes with restriction endonucleases HinD III and EcoR-1. J. Virol. 18, 1095–1105 (1976)
Klein, G.: Studies on the Epstein-Barr Virus genome and EBV-determined nuclear antigen in human malignant disease. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 39, 783–790 (1975)
Klein, G., Giovanella, B. C., Lindahl, T., Fialkow, P. J., Singh, S., Stehlin, J. S.: Direct evidence for the presence of Epstein-Barr virus DNA and nuclear antigen in malignant epithelial cells from patients with poorly differentiated carcinoma of the nasopharynx. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 4737–4741 (1974a)
Klein, G., Lindahl, T., Jondal, M., Leibold, W., Menézes, J., Nilsson, K., and Sundström, C.: Continuous lymphoid cell lines with characteristics of B cells (bone-marrow-derived), lacking the Epstein-Barr virus genome and derived from three human lymphomas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 3283–3286 (1974b).
Kohne, D. E., Britten, R. J.: Hydroxyapatite techniques for nucleic acid reassociation. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. 2, 500–512 (1971)
Lee, Y. S., Yajima, Y., Nonoyama, M.: Mechanism of infection by Epstein-Barr virus. II. Comparison of viral DNA from HR-1 superinfected Raji cells by restriction enzymes. Virology 81, 17–24 (1977)
Lemon, S., Hutt, L., Shaw, J., Li, J.-L. H., Pagano, J. S.: Replication of EBV in epithelial cells during infectious mononucleosis. Nature 268, 268–270 (1977)
Lemon, S., Hutt, L., Pagano, J. S.: Cytofluorometry of lymphocytes infected with Epstein-Barr virus: effect of phosphonoacetic acid on nucleic acid. J. Virol. 25, 138–145 (1978)
Lindahl, T., Adams, A., Bjursell, G., Bornkamm, W., Kaschka-Dierich, C., John, U.: Covalently closed circular duplex DNA of Epstein-Barr virus in a human lymphoid cell line. J. Mol. Biol. 102, 511–530 (1976)
Mäntyjärvi, R. A., Selgrade, M. J. K., Collier, A. M., Hu, S.-C., Pagano, J. S.: Murine cytomegalovirus infection of epithelial cells in mouse tracheal ring organ culture. J. Infect. Dis. 136, 444–448 (1977)
Maxam, A. M., Gilbert, W.: A new method for sequencing DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 560–564 (1977)
Miller, G. Robinson, J., Heston, L.: Immortalizing and nonimmortalizing laboratory strains of Epstein-Barr virus. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 39, 773–781 (1975)
Miller, G., Coope, D., Niederman, J., Pagano, J.: Direct comparison of biologic properties and surface antigens of transforming strains of Epstein-Barr virus from Burkitt’s lymphoma and infectious mononucleosis. J. Virol. 18, 1071–1080 (1976)
Niederman, J. C., Miller, G., Pearson, H. A., Pagano, J. S., Dowaliby, J. M.: Infectious mononucleosis; Epstein-Barr virus shedding in saliva and the oropharynx. N. Eng. J. Med. 294, 1355–1359 (1976)
Nilsson, K. and Sunström, C. Establishment and characteristics of two unique cell lines from patients with lymphosarcoma. Int. J. Cancer 13, 808–823 (1974).
Nonoyama, M., Pagano, J.: Complementary RNA specific to the DNA of the Epstein-Barr virus: detection of EB viral genomes in nonproductive cells. Nature New Biol. 233, 103–106 (1971)
Nonoyama, M., Pagano, J.: Replication of viral DNA and breakdown of cellular DNA in Epstein-Barr virus infection. J. Virol. 9, 714–716 (1972 a)
Nonoyama, M., Pagano, J.: Separation of Epstein-Barr virus DNA from large chromosomal DNA in nonvirus-producing cells. Nature New Biol. 238, 169–171 (1972b)
Nonoyama, M., Pagano, J.: Homology between Epstein-Barr virus DNA and viral DNA from Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma determined by DNA-DNA reassociation kinetics. Nature 242, 44–47 (1973)
Olweny, C. L. M., Atine, I., Kaddu-Mukasa, A., Owor, R., Andersson-Anvret, M., Klein, G., Henle, W., de-Thé, G.: Epstein-Barr virus genome studies in Burkitt’s and non-Burkitt’s lymphomas in Uganda. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58, 1191–1196 (1977)
Orellana, T., Kieff, E.: Epstein-Barr virus-specific RNA. IL Analysis of polyadenylated viral RNA in restringent, abortive and productive infections. J. Virol. 22, 321–330 (1977)
Osborn, J. E., Walker, D. L.: Virulence and attenuation of murine cytomegalovirus. Infect. Immunol. 3, 228–238 (1971)
Pagano, J. S.: The Epstein-Barr viral genome and its interactions with human lymphoblastoid cells and chromosomes. In: Viruses, evolution and cancer. Kurstak, E., Maramorosch, K. (eds.), Chap. 4, pp. 79–116. New York: Academic Press 1974
Pagano, J. S.: The Epstein-Barr virus and malignancy: molecular evidence. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 39, 797–805 (1975)
Pagano, J. S.: Molecular biological studies implicating the Epstein-Barr virus in the etiology of Burkitt’s lymphoma and certain other cancers. In: Cancer research: cell biology, molecular biology and tumor virology. Gallo, R. (ed.), pp. 199–207. Cleveland (Ohio): CRC 1977
Pagano, J. S.: Epstein-Barr virus infection of epithelial cells and lymphocytes. ICN-UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, (in preparation) (1978)
Pagano, J., Huang, E.-S.: The application of RNA-DNA cytohybridization to viral diagnostics. In: Viral Immunodiagnosis. Kurstak, E., Morrisset, R. (eds.). pp. 279–299. New York: Academic Press 1974
Pagano, J. S., Okasinski, G. F.: Pathogenesis of infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, a unified scheme. In: Oncogenesis and herpesviruses III. de-Thé, G., Henle, W., Rapp, F. (eds.), pp. 687–698. Lyon: IARC (1978)
Pagano, J. S., Huang, C.-H., and Levine, P. Absence of Epstein-Barr viral DNA in American Burkitt’s lymphoma. New Eng. J. Med. 289, 1395–1399 (1973)
Pagano, J., Huang, C.-H., Klein, G., de-Thé, G., Shanmugaratnum, K., Yang, C.-S.: Homology of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in nasopharyngeal carcinomas from Kenya, Taiwan, Singapore and Tunisia. In: Oncogenesis and herpesviruses II. de-Thé, G., Epstein, M. A., zur Hausen, H. (eds.), Part 2, pp. 179–190. Lyon: IARC 1975
Pagano, J., Huang, C.-H., Huang, Y.-T.: Epstein-Barr virus genome in infectious mononucleosis. Nature 263, 787–789 (1976)
Powell, A., King, W., Kieff, E.: Epstein-Barr virus specific RNA III mapping of DNA-encoding viral RNA in restringent infection. J. Virol, (in press), (1978)
Pritchett, R. F., Hayward, S. D., Kieff, E. D.: I. Comparative studies of the DNA of Epstein-Barr virus from HR-1 and B95–8 cells: size, structure, and relatedness. J. Virol. 15, 556–569 (1975)
Rabin, H., Neubauer, R. H., Hopkins, R. F., III, Nonoyama, M.: Further characterization of a herpesvirus-positive orangutan cell line and comparative aspects of in vitro transformation with lymphotropic old world primate herpesviruses. Int. J. Cancer 21, 762–767 (1978)
Rasheed, S., Rongey, R. W., Nelson-Rees, W. A., Rabin, H., Neubauer, R. H., Bruszweskij, E. G., Gardner, M. B.: Establishment of a cell line with associated Epstein-Barr-like virus from a leukemic orangutan. Science 198, 407–409 (1977)
Rigby, P. W. J., Dieckmann, M., Rhodes, C., Berg, P.: Labeling deoxyribonucleic acid to high specific activity in vitro by nick translation with DNA polymerase I. J. Mol. Biol. 113, 237–251 (1977)
Sanger, F., Air, G. M., Barrell, B. G., Brown, N. L., Coulson, A. R., Fiddes, J. C., Hutchinson, C. A., III, Slocombe, P. M., Smith, M.: Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage Φ × 174 DNA. Nature 265, 687–695 (1977)
Schaeffer, J. J., Beauchamp, L., de Miranda, P., Elion, G. B., Bauer, D. J., Collins, P.: 9-(2-Hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine activity against viruses of the herpes group. Nature 272, 583–585 (1978)
Seebeck, T., Shaw, J. E., Pagano, J. S.: Synthesis of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in vitro: effects of phosphonoacetic acid, N-ethylmaleimide, and ATP. J. Virol. 21, 435–438 (1977)
Sharp, P. A., Pettersson, V., Sambrook, (Jr.): Viral DNA in transformed cells. I. A study of the sequences of adenovirus DNA in a line of transformed rat cells using specific fragments of the viral genomes. J. Mol. Biol. 86, 709–726 (1974)
Shaw, J. E., Huang, E.-S., Pagano, J. S.: Iodination of herpesvirus nucleic acids. J. Virol. 16, 132–140 (1975)
Shaw, J. E., Seebeck, T., Li, J.-L. H., Pagano, J. S.: The Epstein-Barr virus DNA synthesized in superinfected Raji cells. Virology 77, 762–771 (1977)
Shaw, J. E., Levinger, L. F., Carter, C. W. (Jr.): Nucleosomal structure of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in transformed cell lines. J. Virol, (in press) 1979
Southern, E. M.: Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments seperated by gel electrophoresis. J. Mol. Biol. 98, 503–518 (1975)
Stanbridge, E.: Mycoplasmas and cell culture. Bacteriol. Rev. 35, 206–227 (1971)
Stevens, J.: Herpes simplex-neuronal interaction during acute and latent infection. ICN-UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, (in preparation) (1978)
Sugden, B.: Comparison of Epstein-Barr viral DNA’s in Burkitt lymphoma biopsy cells and in cells clonally transformed in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 4651–4655 (1977)
Sugden, B., Summers, W. C., Klein, G.: Nucleic acid renaturation and restriction endonuclease cleavage analysis show that the DNA’s of a transforming and a nontransforming strain of Epstein-Barr virus share approximately 90% of their nucleotide sequences. J. Virol. 18, 765–775 (1976)
Svedmyr, E., Jondal, M.: Cytotoxic effector cells specific for B cell lines transformed by Epstein-Barr virus are present in patients with infectious mononucleosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 1622–1627 (1975)
Tanaka, A., Miyagi, M., Yajima, Nonoyama, M.: Improved production of Epstein-Barr virus DNA for nucleic acid hybridization studies. Virology 74, 81–85 (1976)
Thorley-Lawson, D. A., Strominger, J. L.: Transformation of human lymphocytes by Epstein-Barr virus is inhibited by phosphonoacetic acid. Nature 263, 332–334 (1976)
Thorley-Lawson, D. A., Strominger, J. L.: Reversible inhibition by phosphonoacetic acid of human B-lymphocyte transformation by Epstein-Barr virus. Virology 86, 423–431 (1978)
Tijan, R.: The binding site on SV40 DNA for a T antigen-related protein. Cell 13, 165–179 (1978)
Vogt, V.: Purification and further properties of single-strand-specific nuclease from Aspergillus oryzac. Eur. J. Biochem. 33, 192–200 (1973)
Weisbach, A.: Eukaryotic DNA polymerases. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 46, 25–47 (1977)
Wilkie, N. M., Clements, J. B., Macnab, J. C. M., Subak-Sharpe, J. H.: The structure and biological properties of herpes simplex virus DNA. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 29, 657–666 (1974)
Wolf, H., Werner, T., zur Hausen, H.: EBV DNA in nonlymphoid cells of nasopharyngeal carcinomas and in a malignant lymphoma obtained after inoculation of EBV into cottontop marmosets. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 39, 791–796 (1975)
Wolf, H., zur Hausen, H., Becker, Y.: Epstein-Barr viral genomes in epithelial nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Nature New Biol. 244, 245–247 (1973)
Yajima, Y. and Nonoyama, M.: Mechanisms of infection with Epstein-Barr virus I. Viral DNA replication and formation of non-infectious virus particles in superinfected Raji cells. J. Virol. 19, 187–194 (1976)
Yajima, Y., Tanaka, A., Nonoyama, M.: Inhibition of productive replication of Epstein-Barr virus by phosphonoacetic acid. Virology 71, 353–354 (1976)
zur Hausen, H., Shulte-Holthausen, H.: Presence of EB virus nucleic acid homology in a “virus-free” line of Burkitt tumour cells. Nature 227, 245–248 (1970)
zur Hausen, H., Shulte-Holthausen, H.: Persistence of herpesvirus nucleic acid in normal and transformed cells: A review. In: Oncogenesis and herpesviruses. Biggs, P. M., de-Thé, G., Payne, L. N. (eds.) pp. 321–325. Lyon: IARC 1972
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1979 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pagano, J.S., Shaw, J.E. (1979). Molecular Probes and Genome Homology. In: Epstein, M.A., Achong, B.G. (eds) The Epstein-Barr Virus. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-67236-1_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-67236-1_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-67238-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-67236-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive