Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Borderline Hypertension: Clinical and Pathophysiologic Significance

  • Conference paper
Ergebnisse der Inneren Medizin und Kinderheilkunde / Advances in Internal Medicine and Pediatrics

  • 16 Accesses

Abstract

Borderline hypertension can best be characterized as a condition where a subject’s blood pressure is above the normal range, but is not sufficiently elevated to warrant immediate treatment. This “gray zone” between normotension and hypertension has been defined in many ways by various authors and health organizations. For the purpose of this review we will define normal blood pressure and clearly hypertensive readings and then designate as borderline hypertension readings that fall between the normal and hypertensive limits (Table 1). Age of the individual is also taken into consideration.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alameda County Blood Pressure Study, State of California Department of Public Health; Berkeley 1968

    Google Scholar 

  • Bello, C.T., Sevy, R.W., Harakal, C., et al.: Relationship between clinical severity of disease and hemodynamic patterns in essential hypertension. Amer. J. Med. 253, 194–208 (1967)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birkenhäger, W.H., Schalekamp, M.A.D.H., Krauss, X.H., Kolsters, G., Zaal, G.A.: Consecutive haemodynamic patterns in essential hypertension. Lancet 1972 I, 560–564

    Google Scholar 

  • Bøe, J., Humerfelt, S., Wedervang, F.: The blood pressure in a population: Blood pressure readings and height and weight determinations in the adult population of the city of Bergen. Acta Med. Scand. Suppl. 321, 1–336 (1957)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boynton, R.E., Todd, R.L.: Blood pressure readings of 75,258 university students. Arch. Intern. Med. 80, 454–462 (1947)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brunner, H.R., Laragh, J.H., Baer, L., et al.: Essential hypertension: renin and aldosterone, heart attack and stroke. N. Engl. J. Med. 286, 441–449 (1972)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, D.H., Obrist, P.A.: Interactions between behavior and the cardiovascular system. Circ. Res. 37, 693–706 (1975)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cowley, A.W., Jr., Liard, J.F., Guyton, A.C.: Role of the baroreceptor reflex in daily control of arterial blood pressure and other variables in dogs. Circ. Res. 32, 564–576 (1973)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Quattro, V., Chan, S.: Raised plasma catecholamines in some patients with primary hypertension. Lancet 1972 I, 806–809

    Google Scholar 

  • Eich, R.H., Jacobsen, E.D.: Vascular reactivity in medical students followed for 10 years. J. Chronic Dis. 20, 583–592 (1967)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eich, R.H., Cuddy, R.P., Smulyan, H., et al.: Hemodynamics in labile hypertension: A follow-up study. Circulation 34, 299–307 (1966)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eich, R.H., Peters, R.J., Cuddy, R.P., et al.: The hemodynamics in labile hypertension. Amer. Heart J. 63, 188–195 (1962)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, C.N., Julius, S.: Role of central blood volume in hyperkinetic borderline hypertension. Br. Heart J. 35, 450–455 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esler, M.D., Nestel, P.J.: Renin and sympathetic nervous system responsiveness to adrenergic stimuli in essential hypertension. Amer. J. Cardiol. 32, 643–649 (1973a)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esler, M.D., Nestel, P.J.: Sympathetic responsiveness to head-up tilt in essential hypertension. Clin. Sci. 44, 213–226 (1973b)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esler, M.D., Julius, S., Randall, O.S., Ellis, C.N., Kashima, T.: Relation of renin status to neurogenic vascular resistance in borderline hypertension. Amer. J. Cardiol. 36, 708–715 (1975)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esler, M., Julius, S., Randall, O.: Relationship of volume factors, renin and neurogenic vascular resistance in borderline hypertension. In: The Arterial Hypertensive Disease — A Symposium. Rorive, G., Van Cauwenberge, H. (Eds.). Paris: Masson 1976a, pp. 231–249

    Google Scholar 

  • Esler, M.D., Julius, S., Randall, O., Kashima, T.: Renin and indices of neurogenic activity in borderline hypertension. In: The Nervous System in Arterial Hypertension. Julius, S., Esler, M. (Eds.). Springfield, Ill.: Thomas 1976b, pp. 331–354

    Google Scholar 

  • Esler, M., Zweifler, A., Randall, O., Julius, S., Bennett, J., Rydelek, P.: Suppression of sympathetic nervous function in low-renin essential hypertension. Lancet 1976c II, 115–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Esler, M., Julius, S., Zweifler, A., Randall, O., Harburg, E., Gardiner, H., De Quattro, V.: Mild high-renin essential hypertension. Neurogenic human hypertension? N. Engl. J. Med. 296, 405–411 (1977)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, W.: Hypertonia or uneventful high blood pressure. Lancet 1957 II, 53–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkielman, S., Worcel, M., Agrest, A.: Hemodynamic patterns in essential hypertension. Circulation 31, 356–368 (1965)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Folkow, B., Rubinstein, E.H.: Cardiovascular effects of acute and chronic stimulation of the hypothalamic defense area in the rat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 68, 48–57 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Freis, E.D.: Salt, volume and the prevention of hypertension. Circulation 53, 589–595 (1976)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frohlich, E.D., Kozul, V.J., Tarazi, R.C., et al.: Physiological comparison of labile and essential hypertension. Circ. Res. 46 (Suppl. I), 55–69 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Frohlich, E.D., Tarazi, R.C., Dustan, H.P.: Hyperdynamic beta-adrenergic circulatory state: increased beta-receptor responsiveness. Arch. Intern. Med. 123, 1–7 (1969)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fröhlich, E.D., Tarazi, R.C., Ulrych, M., et al.: Tilt test for investigating a neural component in hypertension. Circulation 36, 387–393 (1967)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geffen, L.B., Rush, R.A., Louis, W.J., et al.: Plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase and noradrenaline amounts in essential hypertension. Clin. Sci. 44, 617–620 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gribbin, B., Pickering, T.G., Sleight, P., et al.: Effect of age and high blood pressure on baroreflex sensitivity in man. Circ. Res. 29, 424–430 (1971)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guyton, A.C., Coleman, T.G.: Quantitative analysis of the pathophysiology of hypertension. Circ. Res. 24–25 (Suppl. I), 1–19 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamet, P., Kuchel, O., Genest, J.: Effect of upright posture and isoproterenol infusion on cyclic adenosine monophosphate excretion in control subjects and patients with labile hypertension. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 36, 218–226 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harburg, E., Julius, S., McGinn, N.F., McLeod, J., Hoobler, S.W.: Personality traits and behavioral patterns associated with systolic blood pressure levels in college males. J. Chronic Dis. 17, 405–414 (1964)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harlan, W.R., Jr., Osborne, R.K., Graybiel, A.: Prognostic value of the cold pressor test and the basal blood pressure: Based on an 18 year follow-up study. Amer. J. Cardiol. 13, 683–687 (1964)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, R.E., Sokolow, M., Carpenter, L.G., et al.: Response to psychologic stress in persons who are potentially hypertensive. Circulation 7, 874–879 (1953)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heyden, S., Bartel, A.G., Harnes, CG., et al.: Elevated blood pressure levels in adolescents, Evans County, Georgia: 7-year followup of 30 patients and 30 controls. JAMA 209, 1683–1689 (1969)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hines, E.A., Jr.: Vascular reactivity and hypertensive disease. Coll. Papers Mayo Clin. 42, 317–325 (1950)

    Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, D., Alexander, R.W., Lovenberg, W., et al.: Human serum dopamine-β-hydroxylase. Relationship to hypertension and sympathetic activity. Circ. Res. 32, 594–599 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Julius, S.: Abnormalities of autonomic nervous control in borderline hypertension. Schweiz. Med. Wschr. 106, 1698–1705 (1976)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Julius, S.: Borderline hypertension. An overview. Med. Clin. North Amer. 61, 495–511 (1977)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Julius, S., Conway, J.: Hemodynamic studies in patients with borderline blood pressure elevation. Circulation 38, 272–288 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Julius, S., Esler, M.: Autonomic nervous cardiovascular regulation in borderline hypertension. Amer. J. Cardiol. 36, 685–696 (1975)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Julius, S., Esler, M.: Increased central blood volume: A possible pathophysiological factor in mild low-renin essential hypertension. Clin. Sci. Mol. Med. 51 (Suppl. 3), 207s–210s (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Julius, S., Esler, M.: Patterns of neurogenic involvement in borderline and essential hypertension. In: Progress in Brain Research, Hypertension and Brain Mechanisms. DeJong, W., Provoost, A.P., Shapiro, A.P. (Eds.) Elsevier Series, Vol. 47, pp. 251–262. New York: Elsevier 1977

    Google Scholar 

  • Julius, S., Hansson, L.: Hemodynamics of prehypertension and hypertension. Verh. Dtsch. Ges. Inn. Med. 80, 49–58 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Julius, S., Schork, M.A.: Borderline hypertension. A critical review. J. Chronic Dis. 23, 723–754 (1971)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Julius, S., Schork, M.A.: Prediction of hypertension. Proc. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 304, 38 (1978)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Julius, S., Stewart, B.H.: Diagnostic significance of abdominal murmurs. N. Engl. J. Med. 276, 1175–1178 (1967)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Julius, S., Ellis, C.N., Pascual, A.V., Matice, M., Hansson, L., Hunyor, S.N., Sandler, L.N.: Home blood pressure determinations: value in borderline (“labile”) hypertension. JAMA 229, 663–666 (1974a)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Julius, S., Esler, M.D., Randall, O.S., Elks, C.N.: Neurogenic maintenance of peripheral resistance in borderline hypertension. Acta Physiol. Lat. Am. 24, 425–431 (1974b)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Julius, S., Esler, M.D., Randall, O.S.: Role of the autonomic nervous system in mild human hypertension. Clin. Sci. Mol. Med. 48, 243s–252s (1975a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Julius, S., Randall, O.S., Esler, M.D., Kashima, T., Ellis, C.N., Bennett, J.: Altered cardiac responsiveness and regulation in the normal cardiac output type of borderline hypertension. Circ. Res. 36–37 (Suppl. I), I-199–I-207 (1975b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Julius, S., Esler, M., Hansson, L., Zweifler, A.J.: Dissociation of the renin lowering and antihypertensive actions of propranolol. In: Advances in Clinical Pharmacology, Beta-Blocker in der Hypertonie-Behandlung. Hitzenberger, G. (Ed.), Vol. 11, pp. 33–41. München: Urban & Schwarzenberg 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Julius, S., Harburg, E., McGinn, N.F., Keyes, J., Hoobler, S.W.: Relation between causal blood pressure readings in youth and at age 40: A retrospective study. J. Chronic Dis. 17, 397–404 (1964)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Julius, S., Pascual, A.V., London, R.: Role of parasympathetic inhibition in the hyperkinetic type of borderline hypertension. Circulation 44, 413–418 (1971a)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Julius, S., Pascual, A.V., Reilly, K., London, R.: Abnormalities of plasma volume in borderline hypertension. Arch. Intern. Med. 127, 116–119 (1971b)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Julius, S., Pascual, A.V., Sannerstedt, R., Mitchell, C.: Relationship between cardiac output and peripheral resistance in borderline hypertension. Circulation 43, 382–390 (1971c)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Julius, S., Sannerstedt, R., Conway, J.: Hemodynamic effects of propranolol in borderline hypertension (abstract). Circulation 38 (Suppl. 6), 109 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kannel, W.B.: Importance of hypertension as a major risk factor in cardiovascular disease. In: Hypertension. Genest, J., Koiw, E., Kuchel, O. (Eds.) New York: McGraw-Hill 1977, pp. 888–910

    Google Scholar 

  • Kannel, W.B., Schwartz, M.J., McNamara, P.M.: Blood pressure and risk of coronary heart disease: The Framingham study. Dis. Chest. 56, 43–52 (1969)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kooperstein, S.I., Schifrin, A., Leahy, T.J.: Level of initial blood pressure and subsequent development of essential hypertension: A 10 and 15 year followup study. Am. J. Cardiol. 10, 416–423 (1962)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korner, P.I., West, M.J., Shaw, J., et al.: “Steady state” properties of the baroreceptorheart rate reflex in essential hypertension in man. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 1, 65–76 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuschke, H.J.: Investigations about the state of excitation of the sympathetic nervous system and of the adrenal medulla in cardiovascular diseases. Arch. Kreislaufforsch. 36, 104–148 (1961)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, R.L., Hillman, C.C., Stroud, W.D., et al.: Transient hypertension: Its significance in terms of later development of sustained hypertension and cardiovascular-renal diseases. JAMA 126, 829–833 (1944)

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, R.L., White, P.D., Stroud, W.D., et al.: Transient tachycardia: Prognostic significance alone and in association with transient hypertension. JAMA 129, 585–588 (1945)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lew, E.A.: Blood pressure and mortality—Life insurance experience. In: The Epidemiology of Hypertension: Proceedings of an International Symposium. Stamler, J., Stamler, R., Pullman, T.N. (Eds.). New York:Grune & Stratton 1967, pp. 392–397

    Google Scholar 

  • Louis, W.J., Doyle, A.E., Anavekar, S.: Plasma norepinephrine levels in essential hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med. 288, 599–601 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lund-Johansen, P.: Hemodynamics in early essential hypertension. Acta Med. Scand. 482 (Suppl.), 1–105 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mark, A.L., Lawton, W.J., Abboud, F.M., Fitz, A.E., Connor, W.E., Heistad, D.D.: Effects of high and low sodium intake on arterial pressure and forearm vascular resistance in borderline hypertension. Circ. Res. 36–37 (Suppl. I), I-194–I-198 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathewson, F.A., Brereton, C.C., Keltie, W.A., et al.: The University of Manitoba followup study: A prospective investigation of cardiovascular disease — II. Build, blood pressure and electrocardiographic factors possibly associated with the development of coronary heart disease. Canad. Med. Ass. J. 92, 1002–1006 (1965)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathewson, F.A.: Blood pressure in Canadian aviators: A fifteenth year report. Trans. Assoc. Life Ins. Med. Dir. 50, 218–226 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • McCubbin, J.W., Green, J.H., Page, I.H.: Baroreceptor function in chronic renal hypertension. Circ. Res. 4, 205–210 (1956)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGinn, N.F., Harburg, E., Julius, S.: Blood pressure reactivity and recall of treatment by parents. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1, 147–153 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Miettinen, M., Turpeinen, O., Karvonen, M.J., et al.: Effect of cholesterol-lowering diet on mortality from coronary heart-disease and other causes. A twelve-year clinical trial in men and women. Lancet 1972 II, 835–838

    Google Scholar 

  • Musgrave, F.S., Zechman, F.W., Mains, R.C.: Comparison of the effects of 70° tilt and several levels of lower body negative pressure on heart rate and blood pressure in man. Aerospace Med. 42, 1065–1069 (1971)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • National Health Survey: Vital and Health Statistics. Blood pressure of persons 18–74 years. United States, 1971–72. Series 11, Number 150

    Google Scholar 

  • Nestel, P.J.: Blood pressure and catecholamine excretion after mental stress in labile hypertension. Lancet 1969 I, 692–694

    Google Scholar 

  • Nestel, P.J., Doyle, A.E.: The excretion of free noradrenaline and adrenaline by healthy young subjects and by patients with essential hypertension. Aust. Ann. Med. 17, 295–299 (1968)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Öberg, B., Thorén, P.: Circulatory responses to stimulation of left ventricular receptors in the cat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 83, 8–22 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogihara, T., Nugent, C.A.: Serum DBH in three forms of acute stress. Life Sci. 15, 923–930 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ostfeld, A.M., Paul, O.: The inheritance of hypertension. Lancet 1963 I, 575–579

    Google Scholar 

  • Paffenbarger, R.S., Jr., Thorne, M.C., Wing, A.L.: Chronic disease in former college student — VIII. Characterisitcs in youth predisposing to hypertension in later years. Am. J. Epidemiol. 88, 25–32 (1968)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pelletier, C.L., Shepherd, J.T.: Circulatory reflexes from mechanoreceptors in the cardio-aortic area. Circ. Res. 33, 131–138 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reisin, E., Abel, R., Modan, M., Süverberg, D.S., Eliahou, H.E., Modan, B.: Effect of weight loss without salt restriction on the reduction of blood pressure in overweight hypertensive patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 298, 1–6 (1978)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothlin, E., Cerletti, A., Emmenegger, R.: Experimental psychoneurogenic hypertension and its treatment with hydrogenated ergot alkaloids (hydergine). Acta Med. Scand. 154 (Suppl. 312), 27–35 (1956)

    Google Scholar 

  • Safar, M.E., Weiss, Y.A., Levenson, J.A., et al.: Hemodynamic study of 85 patients with borderline hypertension. Am. J. Cardiol. 31, 315–319 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sannerstedt, R.: Hemodynamic response to exercise in patients with arterial hypertension. Acta Med. Scand. Suppl. 458, 1–83 (1966)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sannerstedt, R., Julius, S.: Systemic haemodynamics in borderline arterial hypertension: Response to static exercise before and under the influence of propranolol. Cardiovasc. Res. 6, 398–403 (1972)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, A.P., Schwartz, G.E., Ferguson, D.C.E., Redmond, D.P., Weiss, S.M.: Behavioral methods in the treatment of hypertension. A review of their clinical status. Ann. Intern. Med. 86, 626–636 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, G., Pamnani, M.B., Overbeck, H.W.: Decreased venous compliance in dogs with chronic renal hypertension. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 152, 122–125 (1976)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sivertsson, R.: The hemodynamic importance of structural vascular changes in essential hypertension. Acta Physiol. Scand. 79 (Suppl. 343), 3–56 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokolow, M., Wedegar, D., Kain, H.K., et al.: Relationship between level of blood pressure measured casually and by portable recorder, and severity of complications in essential hypertension. Circulation 34, 279–298 (1966)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stamler, J., Berkson, D.M., Dyer, A. et al.: Relationship of multiple variables to blood pressure. In: Epidemiology and Control of Hypertension. Paul, O. (Ed.). Miami: Symposia Specialists, 1975, p. 307

    Google Scholar 

  • Stamler, J., Lindberg, H.A., Berkson, D.M., et al.: Epidemiological analysis of hypertension and hypertensive disease in the labor force of a Chicago utility company. Proc. Coun. High Blood Press. Res. 7, 23–52 (1958)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, R.A., Gunnels, J.C., Robinson, R.R., et al.: Dopamine-β-hydroxylase in primary and secondary hypertension. Circ. Res. 22 (Suppl. I), 47–56 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Suck, A.F., Mendlowitz, M., Wolf, R.L., et al.: Identification of essential hypertension in patients with labile blood pressure. Chest 59, 402–406 (1971)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeshita, A., Tanaka, S., Kuroiwa, A., et al.: Reduced baroreceptor sensitivity in borderline hypertension. Circulation 51, 738–742 (1975)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tarazi, R.C., Dustan, H.P.: Beta-adrenergic blockade in hypertension. Practical and theoretical implications of long-term hemodynamic variations. Am. J. Cardiol. 29, 633–639 (1972)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tarazi, R.C., Frohlich, E.D., Dustan, H.P.: Plasma volume in men with essential hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med. 278, 762–765 (1968)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tarazi, R.C., Ibrahim, M.M., Dustan, H.P., et al.: Cardiac factors in hypertension. Circ. Res. 34–35 (Suppl. I), I-213–I-243 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, C.B.: Developmental patterns in hypertensive cardiovascular disease: Fact or fiction? Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med. 45, 831–850 (1969)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, CG., Ross, D.C., Higgenbottom, C.Q.: Precursors of hypertension and coronary disease among healthy medical students. Discriminant function analysis. II. Using parental history as the criterion. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 115, 245–264 (1964)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, C.B., Stanley, J.A., Kendrick, M.A.: Observations on some possible precursors of essential hypertension and coronary artery disease — VII. The subjective reaction to the cold pressor test as expressed in the verbal response. J. Chronic Dis. 14, 355–365 (1961)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson, K.J.: Some observations on the development and course of hypertensive vascular disease. Proc. Annu. Meet. Med. Sect. Am. Life Convention 38, 85–112 (1950)

    Google Scholar 

  • Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents: Effect of treatment on morbidity in hypertension. JAMA 202, 1028–1034 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents: Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension. II. Results in patients with diastolic blood pressure averaging 90–114 mm Hg. JAMA 213, 1143–1152 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, J.A., Hyman, C., Maronde, R.F.: Venous distensibility in essential hypertension. Cardiovasc. Res. 3, 338–349 (1969)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinshilboum, R.M., Raymond, F.A., Elveback, L.R.: Serum dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity: sibling-sibling correlation. Science 181, 943–945 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wetterberg, L., Aberg, H., Ross, S.B., et al.: Plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity in hypertension and various neuropsychiatrie disorders. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 30, 283–289 (1972)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wezler, K., Böger, A.: Die Dynamik des arteriellen Systems. Der arterielle Blutdruck und seine Komponenten. Ergeb. Physiol. 41, 292–606 (1939)

    Google Scholar 

  • Widimsky, J., Fejfarová, M.H., Feijfar, Z.: Changes of cardiac output in hypertensive disease. Cardiologia 31, 381–389 (1957)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Widimsky, J., Feijfarová, M.H., Feijfar, Z., et al.: Der jugendliche Hochdruck. Arch. Kreislaufforsch. 28, 100–124 (1958)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Stevo Julius

Authors
  1. Stevo Julius
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

P. Frick G.-A. von Harnack G. A. Martini A. Prader R. Schoen H. P. Wolff

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1978 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Julius, S. (1978). Borderline Hypertension: Clinical and Pathophysiologic Significance. In: Frick, P., von Harnack, GA., Martini, G.A., Prader, A., Schoen, R., Wolff, H.P. (eds) Ergebnisse der Inneren Medizin und Kinderheilkunde / Advances in Internal Medicine and Pediatrics. Ergebnisse der Inneren Medizin und Kinderheilkunde / Advances in Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, vol 41. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-67049-7_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-67049-7_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-67050-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-67049-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation