Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Handbook of Sensory Physiology ((1536,volume 7 / 6 / 6 A))

Abstract

The fact that some unicellular organisms respond to illumination by accumulating either at the light or dark side of the vessel in which they are contained, has been the subject of scientific study for more than 150 years. The reason for this interest is, of course, the realization that such organisms contain a sensory system that enables them not only to perceive light, but apparently also to determine its direction. As will be seen, recent work has shown that in most cases, the observed accumulation pattern is not in fact a consequence of truly directional responses. Nevertheless, the obvious ability of certain motile protists to exhibit a distinctive behavioral response to stimulation with light, has continued to fascinate researchers to this day.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Bamberger, E.S., Black, C.C., Fewson, C.A., Gibbs, M.: Inhibitor studies of carbon dioxide fixation, adenosine-triphosphate formation, and triphosphopyridine nucleotide reduction by spinach chloroplasts. Plant. Physiol. 38, 483–487 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, C.J., Walne, P.L., Schwarz, J., Brown, D.H.: Large scale isolation and purification of eye-spot granules from Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris. Plant Physiol. 48, 881–885 (1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Batra, P.P., Tollin, G.: Phototaxis in Euglena I. Isolation of the eye-spot granules and identification of the eye-spot pigments. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 79, 371–378 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bendix, S.: Phototaxis. Botan. Rev. 26, 145–208 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benedetti, P.A., Bianchini, G., Checcucci, A., Ferrara, R., Grassi, S.: Spectroscopic properties and related functions of the stigma measured in living cells of Euglena gracilis. Arch. Microbiol. 111, 73 – 76 (1976 a).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benedetti, P.A., Bianchini, G., Chitti, G.: Fast-scanning microspectroscopy; an electrodynamic moving-condenser method. Appl. Optics 15, 2554–2557 (1976 b).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benedetti, P. A., Checcucci, A.: Paraflagellar body (PFB) pigments studied by fluorescence microscopy in Euglena gracilis. Plant Sci. Letters 4, 47–51 (1975).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, H.C: How to track bacteria. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 868–873 (1971).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, H.C., Brown, D. A.: Chemotaxis in E. coli analyzed by three-dimensional tracking. Nature 229, 500–504 (1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, S.P., Krogmann, D.W.: Mechanism of KCN inhibition of Photosystem I. J. Biol. Chem. 250, 8957–8962 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Böhme, H., Reimer, S., Trebst, A.: The effect of dibromothymoquinone, an antagonist of plastoquinone, on noncyclic and cyclic electron flow systems in isolated chloroplasts. Z. Naturforsch. 26b, 341–352 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Boscov, J.S.: Response of Chlamydomonas reinhardii to single flashes of light. M. S. Thesis Tufts University (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bound, K. E., Tollin, G.: Phototactic response of Euglena gracilis to polarized light. Nature 216, 1042 – 1044 (1967).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brinkmann, K.: Keine Geotaxis bei Euglena. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 59, 12–16 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bünning, E., Schneiderhöhn, G.: Ãœber das Aktionsspektrum der phototaktischen Reaktionen von Euglena. Arch. Mikrobiol. 32, 310–321 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, R.K.: Primary processes in bacterial photosynthesis. Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 2, 131–156 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Checcucci, A.: Photomovement methodology. In: Primary molecular events in photobiology. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Checcucci, A.: Molecular sensory physiology of Euglena. Naturwissenschaften 63, 412–417 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Checcucci, A., Colombetti, G., Ferrara, R., Lend, F.: Action spectra for photoaccumulation of green and colorless Euglena; evidence for identification of receptor pigments. Photochem. Photobiol. 23, 51–54 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colombetti, G., Diehn, B.: Chemosensory responses toward oxygen in Euglena gracilis. J. Protozool. 25, 211–217 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cramer, W.A., Horton, P.: Recent studies on the chloroplast cytochrome b-559. Photochem. Photobiol. 22, 304–307 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Creutz, C., Diehn, B.: Motor responses to polarized light and gravity sensing in Euglena gracilis. J. Protozool. 23, 552–556 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Creutz, C., Colombetti, G., Diehn, B.: Photophobic behavioral responses of Euglena in a light intensity gradient, and the kinetics of photoreceptor pigment interconversions. Photochem. Photobiol. 27, 611–616(1978).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davenport, D., Culler, G.J., Greaves, J.O.B., Forward, R.B., Hand, W.G.: The investigation of the behavior of microorganisms by computerized television. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-17, 230–237(1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diehn, B.: Phototactic response of Euglena to single and repetitive pulses of actinic light: Orientation time and mechanism. Exp. Cell Res. 56, 375–381 (1969a).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diehn, B.: Action spectra of the phototactic responses in Euglena. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 177, 136 – 143 (1969 b).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diehn, B.: Mechanism and computer simulation of the phototactic accumulation of Euglena in a beam of light. Photochem. Photobiol. 11, 407–418 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diehn, B., Kint, B.: The flavin nature of the photoreceptor pigment for phototaxis in Euglena. Physiol. Chem. Phys. 2, 483–488 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diehn, B.: The receptor-effector system of phototaxis in Euglena. Acta Protozool. 11, 325–332 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Diehn, B.: Phototaxis and sensory transduction in Euglena. Science 181, 1009–1015 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diehn, B.: Cybernetics and the behavior of microorganisms. In: Aneural Organisms in Neurobiology. New York: Plenum 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diehn, B., Feinleib, M., Haupt, W., Hildebrand, E., Lenci, F., Nultsch, W.: Terminology of behavioral responses in motile microorganisms. Photochem. Photobiol. 26, 559–560 (1977).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diehn, B., Fonseca, J.R., Jahn, T.L.: High speed cinemicrography of the direct photophobic response of Euglena and the mechanism of negative phototaxis. J. Protozool. 24, 492–494 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Diehn, B., Tollin, G.: Phototaxis in Euglena. II. Physical factors determining the rate of phototactic response. Photochem. Photobiol. 5, 839–844 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diehn, B., Tollin, G.: Phototaxis in Euglena. IV. Effect of inhibitors of oxidative and photophosphorylation on the rate of phototaxis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 121, 169–177 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eckert, R., Naitoh, Y.: Bioelectric control of locomotion in the ciliates. J. Protozool. 19, 237–241 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenstein, E.M., Osborn, D., Blair, H.: Behaviour modification in protozoa. In: Behavior of microorganisms. London-New York: Plenum 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engelmann, T.W.: Ãœber die Licht- und Farbenperzeption niederster Organismen. Pflügers Arch. 29, 387–400(1882).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feinleib, M. E.: Phototacic response of Chlamydomonas to flashes of light. I. Response of cell populations. Photochem. Photobiol. 21, 351–354 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feinleib, M.E., Curry, G.M.: Methods for measuring phototaxis of cell populations and individual cells. Physiol. Plantarum 20, 1083–1095 (1967).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feinleib, M.E., Curry, G.M.: The nature of photoreceptor in phototaxis. In: Loewenstein, W. R. (Ed.): Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Vol. 1. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forward, R.B.: Phototaxis by the Dinoflagellate Gymnodinium splendens Lebour. J. Protozool. 21, 312–315(1974).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Froehlich, O., Diehn, B.: Photoeffects in a flavin-containing lipid bilayer membrane and implications for algal phototaxis. Nature 248, 802–804 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goessel, I.: Ãœber das Aktionsspektrum der Phototaxis chlorophyllfreier Euglenen und über die Absorption des Augenflecks. Arch. Mikrobiol. 27, 288–305 (1957).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haeder, D.-P.: Untersuchungen zur Photo-phototactic bei Phormidium uncinatum. Dissertation Marburg 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haeder, D.-P.: The effect of inhibitors on the electron flow triggering Photophobic reactions in Cyanophycea. Arch. Microbiol. 103, 169–174 (1974 a).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haeder, D.-P.: Participation of two photosystems in the photo-phototaxis of Phormidium uncinatum. Arch. Microbiol. 96, 255–266 (1974 b).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haeder, D.-P.: Further evidence for the electron pool hypothesis. The effect of KCN and DSP on the Photophobic reaction in the filamentous blue-green alga Phormidium uncinatum. Arch. Microbiol. 110, 301–303 (1976).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haeder, D.-P., Nultsch, W.: Negative photo-phototactic reactions in Phormidium uncinatum. Photochem. Photobiol. 18, 311–318 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hand, W.G., Schmidt, J.: Phototactic orientation by the marine dinoflagellate Gyrodinium dorsum Kofoid. II. Flagellar activity and overall response mechanism. J. Protozool. 22, 494–498 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harayama, S., Iino, T.: Phototactic response of aerobically cultivated Rhodospirillium rubrum. J. Gen. Microbiol. 94, 173–179 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haupt, W.: Phototaxis in plants. Intern. Rev. Cytol. 19, 267–299 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrand, E., Dencher, N.: Two photosystems controlling behavioural responses of Halobacterium halobium. Nature 257, 46–48 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horowicz, P., Caputo, C., Robeson, J.A.: Effects of azide on the electrical properties of frog striated muscle. Fed. Proc. 27, 702–704 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kung, C., Chang, S.-Y., Satow, Y., Van Houten, Y., Hansma, H.: Genetic Dissection of Behavior in Paramecium. Science 188, 898–904 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindes, D., Diehn, B., Tollin, G.: Phototaxigraph; recording instrument for determination of rate of response of phototactic microorganisms to light of controlled intensity and wavelength. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36, 1721–1724 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macnab, R.M., Koshland, D. E.: The gradient sensing mechanism in bacterial Chemotaxis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 69, 2509–2512 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mast, S.O.: Light and the behavior of organisms. New York: Wiley 1911.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikolajczyk, E., Diehn, B.: The effect of potassium iodide on photophobic responses in Euglena; evidence for two photoreceptor pigments. Photochem. Photobiol. 22, 269–271 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mikolajczyk, E., Diehn, B.: Light-induced body movement of Euglena gracilis coupled to flagellar Photophobie responses by mechanical stimulation. J. Protozool. 23, 144–147 (1976 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikolajczyk, E., Diehn, B.: Differential effect of the cationic detergent CT AB on the Photophobie responses of Euglena. Proc. 7th Intl. Congress Photobiol., Rome (1976 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Møller, K. M.: On the nature of stentorin. C. R. Trav. Lab. Carlsberg 32, 411–491 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Naitoh, Y., Eckert, R.: Ionic mechanisms controlling behavioral responses of Paramecium to mechanical stimulation. Science 164, 963–965 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuscheler, W.: Bewegung und Orientierung bei Micrasterias denticulata Breb. im Licht. Z. Pflanzen-physiol.57, 51–172(1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nultsch, W.: Photokinesis in Phormidium uncinatum. Planta 57, 613–617 (1962).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nultsch, W.: Phototaxis and photokinesis. In: Primitive Sensory and Communications Systems; the Taxes and Tropisms of Microorganisms and Cells. London-New York-San Francisco: Academic Press 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nultsch, W., Wenderoth, K.: Phototactic investigations in single cells of Navicula peregrina (Ehrenberg) Kuetzing. Arch. Mikrobiol. 90, 47–58 (1973).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pagni, P.G.S., Walne, P.L., Wehry, E.L.: Fluorometric evidence for flavins in isolated eyespots of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris. Photochem. Photobiol. 24, 373–375 (1976).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piccini, E., Omodeo, P.: Photoreceptors and phototactic programs in protista. Boll. Zool. 42, 57–79 (1975).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Racker, E., Stoeckenius, W.: Reconstitution of purple membrane vesicles catalyzing light-driven proton uptake and adenosine triphosphate formation. Nature New Biol. 233, 149–152 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Radmer, R., Kok, B.: Energy capture in photosynthesis; photosystem. II. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 44, 409–433 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riedl, G.: Änderung der phototaktischen Reaktionsrichtung bei Chlamydomonas reinhardi durch freie und thigmophobische Umkehr. Zulassungsarbeit, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Saji, M., Oosawa, F.: Mechanism of photoaccumulation in Paramecium bursaria. J. Protozool. 21, 556–567 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schuldiner, S., Spencer, R.D., Weber, C., Weil, R., Kaback, H.R.: Lifetime and rotational relaxation time of dansylgalactoside bound to the lac carrier protein. J. Biol. Chem. 250, 8893–8896 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smyth, R.D.: Genetic control of phototactic aggregation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Ph. D. diss. University of California, Los Angeles (1971). Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, No.72 11899 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Song, P.-S.: On the basicity of the excited state of flavins. Photochem. Photobiol. 7, 311–313 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sperling, P.G., Walne, P.L., Wehry, E.L.: Fluorometric evidence for flavins in isolated eyespots of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris. Photochem. Photobiol. 24, 373–376 (1976).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl, E.: Ãœber den Einfluß von Richtung und Stärke der Beleuchtung auf einige Bewegungserscheinungen im Pflanzenreiche. Bot. Z. 38, 297–413 (1880).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stavis, R.L.: The effect of azide on phototaxis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 71, 1824–1827 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strother, G.K., Wolken, J.J.: Microspectrophotometry of Euglena chloroplast and eyespot. Nature 188, 601–602(1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, B. L., Koshland, D. E.: Intrinsic and extrinsic light responses of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 123, 557–569 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Throm, G.: Untersuchungen zum Reaktionsmechanismus von Phototaxis und Kinesis in Rhodospirillium rubrum. Arch. Protistenk. 110, 313–371 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tollin, G., Robinson, M. I.: Phototaxis in Euglena. VI. Correlations between ATP production by light and phototactic rates. Bioenergetics 1, 139–145 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trebst, A., Burba, M.: Ãœber die Hemmung photosynthetischer Reaktionen in isolierten Chloroplasten und in Chlorella durch Disalicylidenpropandiamin. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 57, 419–433 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsang, N., Macnab, R., Koshland,D.E.: Common mechanism for repellents and attractants in bacterial Chemotaxis. Science 181, 60–63 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walne, P.L., Arnott, H.: The comparative ultrastructure and possible function of eyespots: Euglena granulata and Chlamydomonas eugametos. Planta 77, 325–353 (1967).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolken, J. J., Shin, E.: Photomotion in Euglena gracilis. I. Photokinesis. IL Phototaxis. J. Protozool. 5, 39–46 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, D.C: Action spectrum and electrophysiological responses correlated with the Photophobic responses of Stentor coeruleus. Photochem. Photobiol. 24, 261–266 (1976)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1979 Springer-Verlag, Berlin · Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Diehn, B. (1979). Photic Responses and Sensory Transduction in Motile Protists. In: Autrum, H. (eds) Comparative Physiology and Evolution of Vision in Invertebrates. Handbook of Sensory Physiology, vol 7 / 6 / 6 A. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66999-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66999-6_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-67001-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-66999-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics