Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Evaluation of Placental Steroids in Diabetic Pregnancy

  • Conference paper
Carbohydrate Metabolism in Pregnancy and the Newborn 1978

  • 59 Accesses

Abstract

For reasons still well understood not the fetus of a diabetic expectant woman may die suddenly in the last weeks of pregnancy. Although this hazard has fortunately diminished, due to a closer supervision of the mother throughout gestation and a closer equilibration of her disease, the search for reliable methods of assessing fetal wellbeing or fetal jeopardy are still under way. In the present report, we shall briefly review the information which can be deduced from the analysis of the placental steroid hormones, namely the oestrogens and progesterone.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abdul-Karim, R.W., Nesbitt, R.E.L., Drucker, M.H., Rizk, P.T.: The regulatory effect of estrogen on fetal growth. I. Placental and fetal body weight. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 109, 656–661 (1971)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bashore, R.A., Westlake, J.R.: Plasma unconjugated estriol value in high-risk pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 128, 371–380 (1977)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bech, K.: Morphology of the fetal adrenal cortex, and maternal urinary oestriol excretion in pregnancy. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 50, 215–221 (1971)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beydoun, S.N., Abdul Karim, R.W., Haviland, M.E.: The regulatory effect of estrogens on fetal growth. III. Placental desoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid and proteins. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 20, 918–921 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolte, E., Wiquist, N., Diczfalusy, E.: Metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate by the human foetus at midpregnancy. Acta Endocrinol. (Kbh) 52, 583–597 (1966)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Booth, M., Elgarf, T. Ar.: Plasma progesterone concentration during the third trimester of diabetic pregnancy. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 81, 768–776 (1974)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cacciari, E., Cicognani, A., Pirazolli, P., Dallacasa, P., Mazzaracchio, M.A., Tassoni, P., Bernardi, F., Salardi, S., Zappula, F.: Plasma ACTH values during the first seven days of life in infants of diabetic mothers. J. Pediatr. 87, 943–945 (1975)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cedard, L., Hubert, Ch., Legraverand, M., Laurent, A., Tanguy, G., Herion, R.: Interet des dosages hormonaux urinaires et plasmatiques pour la surveillance des femmes enceintes presentant un retard de developpement uterin. In: Exploration hormonale de la grossesse. Scholler, R. (ed.), pp. 487–509. Paris: Sepe 1974

    Google Scholar 

  • Charles, D., Ismail, A.A.A., Loraine, J.A.: Observations on the role of the fetal adrenal gland in steroidogenesis during diabetic pregnancy. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 78, 41–48 (1971)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chattoraj, S.C., Carroll, C.J., Turner, A.K., Gillespie, L., Pinkus, J.L., Charles, D.: Carbohydrate intolerance, The influence on maternal and fetal levels of Cortisol and cortisone, Obstet. Gynecol. 44, 646–656 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cleary, R.E., Pion, R.J.: Urinary excretion of 16 alpha- Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone and 16 - ketoandrostenediol during the early neonatal period. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 28, 372–378 (1968)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cleary, R.E., Young, P.C.M.: Serum unconjugated estriol in normal and abnormal pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 118, 18–24 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S.L.: The excretion of labile estrogens during human pregnancy. Acta Endocrinol. (Kbh) 67, 687–697 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Csapo, A., Dray, F., Erdos, T.: Oestradiol - 17 B, inhibitor of placental growth. Lancet 1974 II, 51–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidsen, O.: Immunoelectrophoretic determination of serum globulins in newborn infants of diabetic mothers. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 63, 833–838 (1974)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, S., Benjamin, F.: Effect of diabetic status on fractionated estrogen levels in postmenopausal women. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 130, 105–106 (1978)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duenhoelter, J.H., Whalley, P.J., MacDonald, P.C.: An analysis of the utility of plasma immunoreactive estrogen measurements in determining delivery time of gravidas with fetus condidered at high risk. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 125, 889–898 (1976)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Easterling, W.E., Talbert, L.M.: Estriol excretion in normal and complicated pregnancies. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 107, 417–422 (1970)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Editorial: Are Sex hormones Teratogenic? Lancet 1974 II, 1489–1490

    Google Scholar 

  • Garoff, L.: Prediction of fetal outcome by urinary estriol, maternal serum placental lactogen and alpha fetoprotein in diabetes and hepatosis of pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. 48, 659–666 (1976)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gewolb, I.H., Hobbins, J.C., Tans, Y.: Amniotic fluid Cortisol in high-risk human pregnancies. Obstet. Gynecol. 49, 466–470 (1977)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gillmer, M.D.G., Beard, R.W.: Fetal and placental function tests in diabetic pregnancy. In: Carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy and the newborn. Sutherland, H.W., Stowers, J.M. (eds.), pp. 168–194. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone 1975

    Google Scholar 

  • Goebelsmann, U., Freeman, R.K., Mestman, J.H., Nakamura, R.M., Woodling, B.A.: Estriol in pregnancy. II. Daily urinary estriol assays in the management of the pregnant diabetic woman. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 115, 795–802 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hare, J.W., White, P.: Pregnancy in diabetes complicated by vascular disease. Diabetes 26, 953–955 (1977)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hertogh, R. de: Radioimmunoassay of estrone and estradiol - 17 B in peripheral plasma of pregnant and non-pregnant women. J. Steroid Biochem. 4 75–84 (1973)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hertogh, R. de: Biosynthese des oestrogenes au cours de la grossesse. Role du foetus. In: Les oestrogens, pp. 27–36. Paris: Masson 1977

    Google Scholar 

  • Hertogh, R. de, Thomas, K., Hoet, J.J., Ekka, E.: Plasma levels of unconjugated estrogens in normal and diabetic pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 117, 1076–1079 (1973)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hertogh, R. de, Thomas, K., Bietlot, Y., Vanderheyden, I., Ferin, J.: Plasma levels of unconjugated estrone, estradiol nad estriol, and of HCS throughout pregnancy in normal women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 40, 93–101 (1975)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hertogh, R. de, Thomas, K., Hoet, J.J., Vanderheyden, I.: Plasma concentration of unconjugated estrone, estradiol-17 B and estriol and HCS thoughout pregnancy in diabetics and gestational diabetics. Diabetologia 12, 455–461 (1976a)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hertogh, R. de, Thomas, K., Vanderheyden, I.: Quantitative determination of sex hormone-binding globulin capacity in the plasma of normal and diabetic pregnancies. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 42, 773–777 (1976b)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jungmann, R.A., Schweppe, J.S.: Biosynthesis and metabolism of neutral steroids by human midterm placenta and fetal liver. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabl. 27, 1151–1160 (1967)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kao, M., Braustein, G., Rasor, J., Horton, R.: A simple radioimmunoassay for unconjugated estriol in pregnancy plasma. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 86, 513–520 (1975)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klebe, J.G., Goede, J.G.: Serum progesterone in diabetic pregnancy. Acta Endocrinol. (Kbh) 75, Suppl 182, 25–34 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klopper, A.: Assessment of fetoplacental function by hormone assay. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 107, 807–827 (1970)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klopper, A.I., Sutherland, H.W.: Hormones of the foeto-placental unit in diabetes. In: Carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy and the newborn. Sutherland, H.W., Stowers, J.M. (eds.), pp. 58–66. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone 1975

    Google Scholar 

  • Klopper, A.I., Wilson, C.R., Masson, G.: Observations on the variability of plasma estriol. Obstet. Gynecol. 49, 459–461 (1977)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lauritzen, C., Lehmann, W.D.: Metabolic behaviour of dehydroepiandrosterone and aromatizing capacity of the placenta in pregnancy cases of diabetes mellitus. Acta Endocrinol. (Kbh) 67, Suppl. 155, 186 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann, W.D., Misinger, J., Lauritzen, Ch.: Umwandlungsrate von 4- C- Dehydroepiandrosteron in Oestron und Oestradiol -17 B durch normale sowie gestose und Diabetes-Placenten. Arch. Gynaekol. 210, 49–60 (1971)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leusden, H.A. van: Hormonal changes in pathological pregnancy. Vitam. Horm. 30, 281–361 (1972)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levitz, M., Selinger, M.: Plasma estriol levels in class D diabetes of pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 108, 82–84 (1970)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, T.J., Lin, S.C., Erlenmeyer, F., Kline, I.T., Underwood, R., Billiar, R.B., Little, B.: Progesterone production rates during the third trimester of pregnancy in normal women, diabetic women and women with abnormal glucose tolerance. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 34, 287–297 (1972)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindberg, B.S., Carlstrom, K.: Plasma and urinary oestriol during late uncomplicated pregnancy. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 55, 163–165 (1976)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindberg, B.S., Johansson, E.D.B., Nilsson, B.A.: Plasma levels of nonconjugated oestradiol -17 B and oestriol in high risk pregnancies. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., Suppl. 32, 37–51 (1974)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lubchenco, L.O., Hansman, C., Backstom, L.: Factors influencing fetal growth. In: Aspects of prematurity and dysmaturity. Jonxis, J.H.P., Visser, H.K.A., Troelstra, J.A. (eds.), pp. 149–166. Leiden: H.E. Stenfert Kroese N.V. 1968

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyngbye, J.: Oestrogen metabolism in diabetic pregnancy. Dan. Med. Bull. 17, 173–189 (1970)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marwood, R.P., Ogg, C.S., Coltart, T.M., Klopper, A.I.: Plasma oestrogens in a pregnancy associated with chronic haemodialysis. Br. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 84, 613–617 (1977)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masson, G.M., Sutherland, H.W.: Plasma oestriol in pregnancy complicated by diabetes mellitus, Br. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 80, 536–541 (1973)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nachtigall, L., Bassett, M., Hogsander, U., Levitz, M. : Plasma estriol in normal and abnormal pregnancies: An index of fetal welfare. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 101, 638–648 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Naeye, R.L.: Infants of diabetic mothers: A quantitative morphologie study. Pediatrics 35, 980–989 (1965)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Notation, A.D., Tagatz, G.E.: Unconjugated estriol and 15 alpha -hydroxyestriol in complicated pregnancies. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 128, 747–756 (1977)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Persson, B., Feychting, H., Gentz, J.: Management of the infant of the diabetic mother. In: Carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy and the newborn. Sutherland, H.W., Stowers, J.M. (eds.), pp. 232–248. Edinburgh: Churchill Livinqstone 1975

    Google Scholar 

  • Persson, B., Lunell, N.O., Carlstrom, K., Furuhjelm, M.: Urinary oestriol excretion in strictly controlled diabetic pregnancies. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 49, 379–384 (1970)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Punnonen, R.: The relationship between serum oestradiol levels and serum triglyceride, cholesterol and phospholipid levels in normal human pregnancy. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 84, 838–845 (1977)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rivlin, M.E., Metsman, J.H., Hall, T.D., Weaver, C.P., Anderson, G.V.: Value of estriol estimations in the management of diabetic pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 106, 875–884 (1970)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosner, W.: A simplified method for the quantitative determination of testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin activity in human plasma. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. 34, 983–988 (1972)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roy, E.J., Kerr, M.G.: The concentration of oestrogens in the peripheral blood of the pregnant diabetic woman. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Brit. Cwlth. 7l 106–111 (1964)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seppala, M.: Fetal pathophysiology of human alpha-fetoprotein. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 22, 59–73 (1975)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siiteri, P.K., MacDonald, P.C.: Placental estrogen biosynthesis during human pregnancy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 26, 751–761 (1966)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, O., Smith, G.V.: Prolan and estrin in the serum of diabetic and non-diabetic woman during pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 33, 365–379 (1937)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spellacy, W.N.: Maternal and fetal metabolic interrelationship. In: Carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy and newborn. Sutherland, H.W., Stowers, J.M. (eds.), pp. 42–57. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone 1975

    Google Scholar 

  • Sybulski, S.: In vitro estrogen biosynthesis from testosterone by homogenates of placenta from normal pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by intrauterine fetal malnutrition and diabetes. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 105, 1055–1062 (1969)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sybulski, S.: Umbilical cord plasma Cortisol levels in association with pregnancy complications. Obstet. Gynecol. 50, 308–312 (1977)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sybulski, S., Maughan, G.B.: Effect of diabetes in pregnancy on rat maternal liver, delta 4,3 ketone-steroid reductase activity in vitro. Experientia 30, 1091–1092 (1974)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sybulski, S., Maughan, G.B.: Umbilical cord plasma estradiol levels in relation to complications of pregancy and newborn and to Cortisol levels. Biol. Neonate 27, 302–307 (1975)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, E.S., Hagerman, D.D., Betz, D., Williams, K.L., Grey, P.A.: Estriol concentration in blood during pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 108, 868–877 (1970)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Townsley, J.D., Rubin, E., Crystle, C.D.: Evaluation of placental steroid 3 sulfatase and aromatase activities as regulators of estrogen production in human pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 117, 345–350 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trolle, D., Bock, J.E., Gaede, P.: The prognosis and diagnostic value of total estriol in urine and serum and of human placental lactogen hormone in serum in the last part of pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 126, 834–844 (1976)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tulchinsky, D.: Placental secretion of unconjugated estrone, estradiol and estriol in the maternal and the fetal circulation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 36, 1079–1087 (1973)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tulchinsky, D., Hobel, C.J., Yeager, E., Marshall, J.R.: Plasma estradiol, estriol and progesterone in human pregnancy. II. Clinical application in RH-isoimmunization disease. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 113, 766–770 (1972)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warth, M., Knopp, R.: Lipid metabolism in pregnancy. V. Interactions of diabetes, body weight, age and high carbohydrate diet. Diabetes 26, 1056–1062 (1977)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White, P.: Pregnancy and diabetes. Medical aspects. Med. Clin. North Am. 49, 1015–1024 (1965)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yssing, M.: Oestriol excretion in pregnant diabetics related to long-term prognosis of surviving children. Acta Endocrinol. (Kbh) 75, Suppl 182, 95–104 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. R. de Hertogh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Aberdeen, Maternity Hospital, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB9 2ZD, Great Britain

    H. W. Sutherland

  2. Diabetic Out-Patient Department, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Woolmanhill, Aberdeen, AB9 1GS, Great Britain

    J. M. Stowers

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1979 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

de Hertogh, R. (1979). Evaluation of Placental Steroids in Diabetic Pregnancy. In: Sutherland, H.W., Stowers, J.M. (eds) Carbohydrate Metabolism in Pregnancy and the Newborn 1978. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66972-9_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66972-9_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-08798-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-66972-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation