Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cannabis

Its Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology

  • Chapter
Drug Addiction II

Abstract

For the past decade no subject, with the exception of the Vietnam War, has aroused such intense, continuous discussion and controversy in the Western World as has marihuana. This is particularly true in the United States. Some insight into the reasons for this may be obtained by perusal of the brilliant treatise by Bonnie and Whitebread (1974) which traces the development of legal measures to control the use of marihuana in the United States. Additional insights may also be gained by a consideration of how other cultures view the use of this “deceptive weed” (Rubin, 1975).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abel, E.L.: Development of tolerance to Δ 9-THC in the frog. Experientia (Basel) 29, 1527–1528 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abel, E.L., McMillan, D.E., Harris, L.S.: Tolerance to the hypothermic effects of Δ 9-tetrahydro-cannabinol as a function of age in the chicken. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 47, 452–463 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abelson, H., Cohen, R., Schrayer, D.: Public attitudes toward marihuana, Part I. Princeton: Response Analysis Corp. 1972

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, M.D., Chait, L.D., Earnhardt, J.T.: Tolerance to the cardiovascular effects of Δ 9-tetrahy-drocannabinol in the rat. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 56, 43–48 (1976a)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, M.D., Earnhardt, J.T., Dewey, W.L., Harris, L.S.: Vasoconstrictor actions of Δ 8 and Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 196, 649–656 (1976b)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agurell, S., Binder, M., Fonseka, K., Gustafsson, B., Lindgren, J.E., Leander, K., Martin, B., Nilsson, I.M., Nordquist, M., Ohlsson, A., Widman, M.: Cannabinoids: Metabolites hydroxylated in the pentyl side chain. In: Nahas, G.G. (Ed.): Marihuana: Chemistry, biochemistry and cellular effects. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Agurell, S., Dahmen, J., Gustafsson, B., Johansson, LB., Leander, K., Nilsson, L, Nilsson, J.L.G., Nordquist, M., Ramsey, C.H., Ryrfeldt, A., Sandberg, F., Widman, M.: Metabolic fate of tetra-hydrocannabinol. In: Paton, W.D.M., Crown, J. (Eds.): Cannabis and its derivatives. London: Oxford University Press 1972

    Google Scholar 

  • Agurell, S., Nilsson, I.M., Ohlsson, A., Sandberg, F.: On the metabolism of tritium-labelled Δ 1-tetrahydrocannabinol in the rabbit. Biochem. Pharmacol. 19, 1333–1339 (1970)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alves, C.N., Carlini, E.A.: Effects of acute and chronic administration of cannabis sativa extract on the mouse killing behavior of rats. Life Sci. 13, 75–85 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Aramaki, H., Tomiyasu, N., Yoshimura, H., Tsukamoto, H.: Forensic chemical studies on marihuana. I. A detection method of the principle constituents by thin layer and gas chromatography. Chem. pharm. Bull. 16, 822–826 (1968)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aronow, W.S., Cassidy, J.: Effect of marihuana and placebo-marihuana smoking on angina pectoris. New Engl. J. Med. 291, 65–67 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balster, R.L., Ford, R.D.: The discriminative stimulus properties of cannabinoids: A review. In: Ho, B.T., Chute, D.L., Richards III, D.W. (Eds.): Drug discrimination and state dependent learning. New York: Academic Press (in press) 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannerjee, B.N., Galbreath, C., Sofia, R.D.: Teratologic evaluation of synthetic Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats. Teratology 11, 99–102 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Barry, H., Krimmer, E.C.: Discriminative delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol stimulus tested with several doses, routes, intervals and related compounds. In: Braude, M.C, Szara, S. (Eds.): Pharmacology of marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Barry, H. III, Perhoch, J.L., Kubena, R.K.: Tetrahydrocannabinol activation of pituitary-adrenal function. Pharmacologist 12, 258 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Beaconsfield, F., Ginsburg, J., Rainsbury, R.: Marihuana smoking: Cardiovascular effects in man and possible mechanisms. New Engl. J. Med. 287, 210–212 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Beaubrun, M.H., Knight, F.: Psychiatric assessment of 30 chronic users of cannabis and 30 matched controls. Amer. J. Psychiat. 130, 309–311 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bercht, C.A.L., Lousberg, R.J.J.Ch., Kuppers, F.J.E.M., Salemink, C.A.: Cannabicitran: A new naturally occurring tetracyclic diether from Lebanese Cannabis Sativa. Phytochemistry 13, 619–621 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bercht, C.A.L., Lousberg, R.J.J. Ch., Kuppers, F.J.E.M., Salemink, C.A., Vree, T.B., Van Rossum, J.M.: Cannabis VII. Identification of cannabinol methyl ether from hashish. J. Chromatog. 81, 163–166 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bicher, H.I., Mechoulam, R.: Pharmacological effects of two active constituents of marihuana. Arch. int. Pharmacodyn. 172, 24–31 (1968)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birmingham, M.K.: Reduction by Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the blood pressure of hypertensive rats bearing regenerated adrenal glands. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 48, 169–171 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Black, M.D., Woods, J.H., Domino, E.F.: Some effects of (-)-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabis derivatives on schedule-controlled behavior. Pharmacologist 12, 258 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, A.S., Dewey, W.L., Harris, L.S., Brosius, K.: Brain catecholamines and the antinociceptive activity of (±)-9-nor-9β-OH-hexahydrocannabinol. Neuroscience Abstr. 5, 242 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, A.S., Johnson, K.M., Bowman, F.J., Dewey, W.L.: Correlation between the effects of several cannabinoids on catecholamine synthesis, body temperature and behavior. Fed. Proc. 35, 506 (1976a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, A.S., Johnson, K.M., Dewey, W.L., Harris, L.S.: Correlation between hypothermia and effects on catecholamine synthesis of several cannabinoids. Unpublished data (1976b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnie, R.J., Whitebread, C.H. II: The marihuana conviction. A history of marihuana prohibition in the United States. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia 1974

    Google Scholar 

  • Borgen, L.A., Davis, W.M., Pace, H.B.: Effects of synthetic Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on pregnancy and offspring in the rat. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol. 20, 480–486 (1971)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borgen, L.A., Davis, W.M., Pace, H.B.: Effect of prenatal Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the development of rat offspring. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1, 203–206 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouquet, J.: Cannabis. I. Bull. Narcot. 2, 14 (1950)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouquet, J.: Cannabis. III. Cannabis intoxication. IV. Problems of hashish intoxication. V. Supply. Bull. Narcot. 3, 22–45 (1951)

    Google Scholar 

  • Braude, M.C., Szara, S. (Eds.): The pharmacology of marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Brecher, E.M. (Ed.): Licit and illicit drugs. Boston-Toronto: Little, Brown and Co. 1972

    Google Scholar 

  • Brill, N.O., Crumpton, E., Frank, I.M., Hochman, J.S., Lomax, P., McGlothlin, W.H, West, L.J.: The marihuana problem. Ann. intern. Med. 73, 449–465 (1970)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D.J., Miller, F.N., Longnecker, D.E., Greenwald, E.K., Harris, P.D., Forney, R.B.: The influence of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on cardiovascular and subcutaneous microcirculatory systems in the bat. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 188, 624–629 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, H.: Some anticholinergic-like behavioral effects of trans-(-)-Δ 8-tetrahydrocannabinol. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 21, 294–301 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bueno, O.F.A., Carlini, E.A.: Dissociation of learning in marihuana tolerant rats. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 25, 49–56 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buxbaum, D.M.: Analgesic activity of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat and mouse. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 24, 275–280 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Campo, R.A.: Development of tolerance in pigeons to behavioral effects of a new benzopyran derivative. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 184, 521–527 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cappell, H., Pliner, P.: Regulation of the self-administration of marijuana by psychological and pharmacological variables. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 40, 65–76 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carakushansky, G., Neu, R.L., Gardner, L.I.: Lysergide and cannabis as possible teratogens in man. Lancet 1969I, 150–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Carchman, R.A., Harris, L.S., Munson, A.E.: Evaluation of cannabinoids as antineoplastics in vitro. Sixth Int. Congr. of Pharmacol. Helsinki, Finland, July 20–25, p. 554 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Carchman, R.A, Harris, L.S., Munson, A.E.: The inhibition of DNA synthesis by cannabinoids. Cancer Res. 36, 95–100 (1976)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carder, B., Olsen, J.: Marihuana and shock induced aggression in rats. Physiol. Behav. 8, 599–602 (1972)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlini, E.A.: Tolerance to chronic administration of Cannabis sativa (marihuana) in rats. Pharmacology 1, 135–142 (1968)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlini, E.A.: Acute and chronic behavioral effects of Cannabis sativa. Proc. 5th Int. Congr. Pharmacol. 1, 31–43 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlini, E.A., Hamaoui, A., Martz, R.M.: Factors influencing the aggressiveness elicited by marihuana in food-deprived rats. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 44, 794–804 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlini, E.A., Masur, J.: Development of aggressive behavior in rats by chronic administration of Cannabis sativa. Life Sci. 8, 607–620 (1969)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlini, E.A., Masur, J.: Development of fighting behavior in starved rats by chronic administration of (—)-delta-9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabis extract. Commun. behav. Biol. 5, 57–61 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavero, I., Buckley, J.P., Jandhyala, B.S.: Parasympatholytic activity of (—)-Δ 9-trans-tetrahydro-cannabinol in mongrel dogs. Europ. J. Pharmacol. 19, 301–304 (1972 b)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cavero, I., Buckley, J.P., Jandhyala, B.S.: Hemodynamic and myocardial effects of (—)-Δ 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol in anesthetized dogs. Europ. J. Pharmacol. 24, 243–251 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cavero, J., Ertel, R., Buckley, J.P., Jandhyala, B.S.: Effects of (—)-Δ 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol on regional blood flow in anesthetized dogs. Europ. J. Pharmacol. 20, 373–376 (1972a)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cavero, J., Jandhyala, B.S.: Hemodynamic effects of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9-THC). Fed. Proc. 31, 505 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavero, J., Lokhandwala, M.F., Buckley, J.P., Jandhyala, B.S.: The effect of (—)-Δ 9-trans-tetmhy-drocannabinol on myocardial contractibility and venous return in anesthetized dogs. Europ. J. Pharmacol. 29, 74–82 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chesher, G.B., Dahl, C.J., Everingham, M., Jackson, D.M., Marchant-Williams, H., Starmer, G.A.: The effects of cannabinoids on intestinal motality and their antinociceptive effect in mice. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 49, 588–594 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chopra, J.C., Chopra, R.N.: The use of cannabis drugs in India. Bull. Narcot. 9, 4–29 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, H.D., Freudenthal, R.J., Gidley, J.T., Rosenfeld, R., Boegli, G., Testino, L., Brine, D.R., Pitt, C.B., Wall, M.E.: Activity of delta-8 and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and related compounds in the mouse. Science 172, 165–167 (1971)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cicero, T.J., Bell, R.D., Wiest, W.G., Allison, J.H., Polakoski, K., Robins, E.: The effects of heroin and methadone use on male sexual function. Personal communication reported to Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, S.C.: Marihuana and the cardiovascular system. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 3, 299–306 (1975)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Claussen, U., Korte, F.: Über das Verhalten von hanfund von delta-9-6α, 10α-trans tetrahydrocannabinol beim Rauchen. Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 713, 162–165 (1968)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Claussen, U., Von Spulak, F., Korte, F.: Zur chemischen Klassifizierung von Pflanzen. XXI. Hashish-X, Cannabichromen, ein neuer Haschisch-Inhalts-Stoff. Tetrahedron 22, 1477–1479 (1966)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Claussen, U., Von Spulak, F., Korte, F.: Hachisch-XIV, zur Kenntnis der Inhaltsstoffe des Haschisch. Tetrahedron 24, 1021–1023 (1968)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S., Lessin, P.J., Hahn, P.M., Tyrrell, E.D.: A 94-day cannabis study. In: Braude, M., Szara, S. (Eds.): Pharmacology of Marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S., Stillman, R.C. (Eds.): The therapeutic aspects of marihuana. A conference at Asilomar, California, Nov. 1975 (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Colburn, R.W., Ng, L.K.Y., Lemberger, L., Kopin, J.J.: Subcellular distribution of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rat brain. Biochem. Pharmacol. 23, 873–877 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cousens, K., Di Mascio, A.: Delta-9-THC as an hypnotic: An experimental study of three dose levels. Psychopharmacologia (Bed.) 33, 355–364 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dagirmanjian, R., Boyd, E.S.: Some pharmacological effects of two tetrahydrocannabinols. J. Pharmacol. exp. ther. 135, 25–33 (1962)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darley, C.F., Tinklenberg, J.R.: Marihuana and memory. In: Miller, L.L. (Ed.): Marijuana effects of human behavior, pp.73–102. New York: Academic Press 1974

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, W.M., Moreton, J.E., King, W.T., Pace, H.B.: Marihuana on locomotor activity: biphasic effect and tolerance development. Res. Commun. chem. Path. Pharmacol. 3, 29–35 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deakin, S.: Death from taking Indian hemp. Ind. med. Gaz. 71 (1880)

    Google Scholar 

  • Delini-Stula, A.: Suppression of conditioned avoidance behavior and the development of tolerance to Δ 8-tetrahydrocannabinol and dimethylheptylpran in rats. Pharmacopsychiat. Neuropsychopharmakol 6, 189–197 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delong, F.L., Levy, B.I.: A model of attention describing the cognitive effects of marijuana. In: Miller, L.L. (Ed.): Marijuana: Effects on human behavior. New York: Academic Press 1974

    Google Scholar 

  • Deneau, G.A., Kaymakalan, S.: Physiological and psychological dependence to synthetic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in rhesus monkeys. Pharmacologist 13, 246 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, W.L., Harris, L.S., Howes, J.F., Kennedy, J.S.: Pharmacological effects of some constituents of marijuana. Pharmacologist 11, 278 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, W.L., Harris, L.S., Howes, J.F., Kennedy, S., Anderson, R.N.: A pharmacological investigation of some of the peripheral effects of the constituents of marihuana. Personal communication reported to Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, 1970a

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, W.L., Harris, L.S., Howes, J.F., Kennedy, J.S., Granchelli, F.E., Pars, H.G., Razdan, R.K.: Pharmacology of some marihuana constituents and two heterocylic analogues. Nature (Lond.) 226, 1265–1267 (1970b)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, W.L., Harris, L.S., Kennedy, J.S.: Some pharmacological and toxicological effects of 1-trans-Δ 9 tetrahydrocannabinol in laboratory rodents. Arch. int. Pharmacodyn. 196, 133–145 (1972a)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, W.L., Jenkins, J., O’Rourke, T., Harris, L. S.: Trans-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on behavior and the cardiovascular systems of dogs. Arch. int. Pharmacodyn. 198, 118–131 (1972b)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, W.L., Martin, B.R., Beckner, J.S., Harris, L.S.: A comparison of the subcellular distribution of cannabinoids in the brains of tolerant and nontolerant dogs, rats and mice following the injection of radiolabeled Δ 9-THC. In: Nahas, G.G. (Ed.): Marijuana: Chemistry, biochemistry and cellular effects, pp. 349–365. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, W.L., McMillan, D.E., Harris, L.S., Turk, R.F.: Distribution of radioactivity in brain of tolerant and nontolerant pigeons treated with 3H-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 22, 399–405 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, W.L., Peng, T.C., Harris, L.S.: The effect of 1-trans-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal axis of the rat. Europ. J. Pharmacol. 12, 383–384 (1970c)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, W.L., Yonce, L.R., Harris, L.S., Reavis, W.M., Griffin, E.D. Jr., Newley, V.E.: Some cardiovascular effects of trarcs-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9-THC). Pharmacologist 12, 259 (1970d)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dezeeuw, R.A., Vree, T.B., Breimer, D.D., Vanginneken, C.A.M.: Cannabivarichromene, a new cannabinoid with a propyl side chain in cannabis. Experientia (Basel) 29, 260–261 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Domino, E.F.: Neuropsychopharmacologic studies of marijuana: some synthetic and natural THC derivatives in animals and man. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 191, 166–191 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dornbush, R.L.: The long term effects of cannabis use. In: Miller, L.L. (Ed.): Marijuana, effects on human behavior. New York: Academic Press 1974

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorrance, D., Janiger, O., Teplitz, R.L.: In vivo effects of illicit hallucinogens on human lymphocyte chromosomes. J. Amer. med. Ass. 212, 1488–1491 (1970)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dren, A.T., Bopp, B.A., Ebert, D.M.: Nitrogen-containing benzopyran analogs; reduction of intraocular pressure in rabbits. Pharmacologist 17, 267 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Drew, W.G., Miller, L.L.: Cannabis: Neutral mechanisms and behavior—a theoretical review. Pharmacology 11 12–32 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drug Abuse Council: National survey of marihuana use and attitudes. Washington: Drug Abuse Council 1975

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubinsky, B., Robichard, R.C., Goldberg, M.F.: Effects of (-)-delta-9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol and its selectivity in several models of aggressive behavior. Pharmacology 9, 204–216 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • End, D., Carchman, R.A., Dewey, W.L.: The uptake and distribution of 3H-Δ 9-THC in cultured neural and glial cells. Pharmacologist 18, 166 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewens, G.F.W.: Insanity following the use of Indian hemp. Ind. med. Gaz. 39, 401–413 (1904)

    Google Scholar 

  • Falek, A.: Genetic studies of marihuana: current findings and future directions. In: Tinklenberg, J.R. (Ed.): Marijuana and health hazards. New York: Academic Press 1975

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferraro, D.P.: Effects of Δ 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol on simple and complex learned behavior in animals. In: Lewis, M.F. (Ed.): Current research in marihuana. New York: Academic Press 1972

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferraro, D.P., Grilly, D.M.: Lack of tolerance to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in chimpanzees. Science 179, 490–492 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fetterman, P.S., Keith, E.S., Waller, C.W., Guerrero, O., Doorenbos, N.J., Quimby, M.W.: Mississippi-grown Cannabis Sativa L.: preliminary onservations on chemical definition of phenotype and variations in tetrahydrocannabinol content versus, age, sex and plant part. J. pharm. Sci. 60, 1246–1249 (1971)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fink, M., Volavka, J., Dornbush, R., Crown, P.: Effects of THC-Δ 9, marijuana, and hashish on EEG, mood and heart rate of volunteers. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 26 (Suppl), 126 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fink, M., Volavka, J., Panayiotopoulos, C.P., Stefanis, C.: Quantitative EEG studies of marihuana, Δ 9-THC and hashish in man. In: Braude, M., Szara, S. (Eds.): Pharmacology of marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleischman, R.W., Hayden, D.W., Rosenkrantz, H., Braude, M.C.: Teratologic evaluation of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice, including a review of the literature. Teratology 12, 47–50 (1975)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foltz, R.L., Fentiman, A.F., Jr., Leighty, E.G., Walter, J.L., Drewes, H.R., Schwartz, W.E., Page, T.F., Jr., Truitt, E.B., Jr.: Metabolite of (l)-trans-zl ôtetrahydrocannabinol: identification and synthesis. Science 168, 844–845 (1970)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, R.D.: Some effects of chronic Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinal administration on the behavior of pigeons, monkeys, rats and spiders. Ph.D. Thesis, University of North Carolina, p. 150 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, R.D., Balster, R.L.: The discriminative stimulus properties of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9-THC): Generalization to some metabolites and derivatives. Fed. Proc. 34, 734 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, R.D., McMillan, D.E.: Further studies on the behavioral pharmacology of 1-Δ 8 and 1-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 8 and Δ 9-THC). Fed. Proc. 31, 506 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, I.M., Lessin, P.J., Tyrrell, E.D., Hahn, P.M., Szara, S.: Acute and cumulative effects of marihuana smoking in hospitalized subjects: a 36-day study. In: Braude, M., Szara, S. (Eds.): Pharmacology of marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankenheim, J.M., McMillan, D.E., Harris, L.S.: Effects of 1-Δ 9 and 1-Δ 8-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol on schedule-controlled behavior of pigeons and rats. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 178, 241–252 (1971)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freudenthal, R.I., Martin, J., Wall, M.E.: Distribution of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the mouse. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 44, 244–249 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fried, P.A., McIntyre, D.C.: Electrical and behavioral attenuation of the anticonvulsant properties of Δ 9-THC following chronic administrations. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 31, 215–227 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedrich-Fichtl, J., Spiteller, G.: Neve Cannabinoide-1. Tetrahedron 31, 479–487 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallager, D.W., Sanders-Bush, E., Sulser, F.: Dissociation between behavioral effects and changes in metabolism of cerebral serotonin following Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 26, 337–345 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaoni, Y., Mechoulam, R.: Isolation, structure and partial synthesis of an active constituent of hashish. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 86, 1646–1647 (1964)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaoni, Y., Mechoulam, R.: The isolation and structure of Δ 1-tetrahydrocannabinol and other neutral cannabinoids from hashish. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 93, 217–224 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gayer, H.: Pharmakologische Wertbestimmung von orientalischem Haschisch und Herba cannabis indicae. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak. 129, 312–318 (1928)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geber, W.F., Schramm, L.C.: Effects of marihuana extract on fetal hamsters and rabbits. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol. 14, 276–282 (1969)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelehrter, I.D.: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and estrophy of the bladder. J. Pediat. 77, 1065–1066 (1970)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gill, E.W., Paton, W.D.M., Pertwee, R.G.: Preliminary experiments on the chemistry and pharmacology of cannabis. Nature (Lond.) 228, 135–137 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilmour, D.G., Bloom, A.D., Lele, K.P., Robbins, E.S., Maximilliam, C.: Chromosomal abberations in uses of psychoactive drugs. Arch. gen. Psychiat. 24, 268–272 (1971)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, S.C., Karniol, I.G., Carlini, E.A.: Effect of cannabis sativa extract on conditional fear. Behav. Biol. 7, 83–94 (1972)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, J.D.P., Lewis, M.J., WilliamsJ.: The effect of Δ 1-tetrahydrocannabinol on the noradrenaline and dopamine content of the brain and heart of the rat. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 52, 446 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, J.D.P., Li, D.M.R.: Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of cannabis in cat and rat. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 49, 1–10 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, J.D., Gross, S.J., Lomax, P., Wong, R.: Antibody detection of marihuana. Nature (Lond.) 236, 216–217 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green, K., Bowman, K.: Effect of marihuana and derivatives on aqueous humor dynamics in the rabbit. In: Braude, M., Szara, S. (Eds.): Pharmacology of marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, K., Pederson, J.E.: Effects of Δ 1-tetrahydrocannabinol on aqueous dynamics and ciliary body permeability in the rabbit. Exp. Eye Res. 15, 499–509 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grilly, D.M., Ferraro, D.P., Braude, M.C.: Observations on the reproductive activity of chimpanzees following long term exposure of marihuana. Pharmacology 11, 304–307 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grinspoon, L.: Marihuana reconsidered. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1971

    Google Scholar 

  • Grisham, M.G., Ferraro, D.P.: Biphasic effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on variable interval schedule performance in rats. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 27, 163–169 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grlic, L.J.: A comparative study on some chemical and biological characteristics of various samples of cannabis resin. Bull. Narcot. 14, 37 (1962)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grlic, L.: Recent advances in the chemical research of cannabis. Bull. Narcot. 16, no. 4, 29 (1964)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grunfeld, Y., Edery, H.: Psychopharmacological activity of the active constituents of hashish and some related cannabinols. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 14, 200–210 (1969)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haley, S.L., Wright, P.L, Plank, J.B., Keplinger, M.L., Braude, M.C., Callandra, J.C.: The effect of natural and synthetic Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on fetal development. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol. 25, 450 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Harbison, R.D., Mantilla-Plata, B.: Prenatal toxicity, maternal distribution and placental transfer of tetrahydrocannabinol. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 180, 446–453 (1972)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardman, H.F., Domino, E.F., Seevers, M.H.: The chemistry and pharmacology of certain compounds affecting the central nervous system of animals and man. Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information. AD 707–699, pp. 1–53 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardman, H.F., Domino, E.F., Seevers, M.H.: General pharmacological actions of some synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol derivatives. Pharmacol. Rev. 23, 295–315 (1971)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardman, H.F., Hosko, M.J.: An overview of the cardiovascular-autonomic actions of cannabis. In: Braude, M., Szara, S. (Eds.): Pharmacology of Marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Harmon, J., Alipoulus, M.A.: Gynecomastia in marihuana users. New Engl. J. Med. 287, 936 (1972)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, L.S.: Marihuana: General and behavioral pharmacology. Pharmacol. Rev. 23, 285–294 (1971)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, L.S., Munson, A.E., Carchman, R.A.: Antitumor properties of cannabinoids. In: Braude, M., Szara, S. (Eds.): Pharmacology of Marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, L.S., Munson, A.E., Friedman, M.A.: Retardation of tumor growth by Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Pharmacologist 16, 259 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, R.T., Waters, W., McLendon, D.: Behavioral effects in rhesus monkeys of repeated intravenous doses of tetrahydrocannabinol. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 26, 297–306 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hecht, F., Beals, R.K., Lees, M.H., Jolly, H., Roberts, P.: Lysergic acid diethylamide and cannabis as possible teratogens in man. Lancet 1968II, 1087

    Google Scholar 

  • Henkriksson, B.G., Jarbe, T.: Cannabis induced vocalization in the rat. J. Pharm. (Lond.) 23, 457–458 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepler, R.S., Frank, I.A.: Marihuana smoking and intraocular pressure. J. Amer. med. Ass. 217, 1392 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hepler, R.S., Frank, I.M., Petrus, R.: Ocular effects of marihuana smoking. In: Braude, M., Szara, S. (Eds.): Pharmacology of Marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepler, R.S., Frank, I.M., Ungerleider, J.T.: Pupillary constriction after marihuana smoking. Amer. J. Opthal. 74, 1185–1190 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hepler, R.S., Petrus, R.J.: Experiences with administration of marihuana to glaucoma patients. In: Cohen, S., Stillman, R.C. (Eds.): The therapeutic aspects of marihuana. In press, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Herha, J., Obe, G.: Chromosomal damage in chronical users of cannabis. Pharmacopsychiat. Neuropsychopharmakol. 1, 328–337 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Heyndrickx, A., Scheins, C., Schepens, P.: Toxicological study of a fatal intoxication in man due to cannabis smoking. J. Pharm. Belg. 24, 371–376 (1969)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, S.Y., Schwin, R., Goodwin, D.W., Powell, B.J.: Marihuana and pain. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 188, 415–418 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hine, B., Friedman, E., Torrelio, M., Gershon, S.: Morphine-dependent rats: Blockade of precipitated abstinence by tetrahydrocannabinol. Science 187, 443–446 (1975a).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hine, B., Friedman, E., Torrelio, M., Gershon, S.: Tetrahydrocannabinol-attenuated abstinence and induced rotation in morphine-dependent rats: Possible involvement of dopamine. Neuropharmacology 14, 607–610 (1975b)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschhorn, I.D., Rosecrans, J. A.: Morphine and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol: Tolerance to the stimulus effects. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 36, 243–253 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hively, R.L., Mosher, W.A., Hoffman, F. W.: Isolation of trans-Δ 6-tetrahydrocannabinol from marihuana, J. Amer. chem. Soc. 88, 1832–1833 (1966)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, B.T., Fritchie, G.E., Englert, L.F., McIsaac, W.M., Idanpaan-Heikkila, J.E.: Marihuana: Importance of the route of administration. J. Pharm. (Lond.) 23, 309–310 (1971a)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, B.T., Fritchie, G., Kralik, P.M., Englert, L.F., McIsaac, W.M., Idanpaan-Heikkila, J.: Distribution of tritiated-l-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rat tissues after inhalation. J. Pharm. (Lond.) 22, 538–539 (1970)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, B.T., Taylor, D., Englert, L.F.: The effect of repeated administration of (-)-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the biosynthesis of brain amines. Res. Commun. chem. Path. Pharmacol. 5, 851–854 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, B.T., Taylor, D., Englert, L.F.: Effects of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the metabolism of 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine and 3H-norepinephrine in the rat brain. Res. Commun. chem. Path. Pharmacol. 1, 645–650 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ho, B.T., Taylor, D., Englert, L.F., McIsaac, W.M.: Neurochemical effects of 1-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats following repeated inhalation. Brain Res. 31, 233–236 (1971b)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, B.T., Taylor, D., Fritchie, G.E., Englert, L.F., McIsaac, W.M.: Neuropharmacological study of Δ 9 and Δ 8 1-tetrahydrocannabinols in monkeys and mice Brain Res. 38, 163–170 (1972)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollister, L.E.: Marihuana in man; Three years later. Science 172, 21–29 (1971)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollister, L.E.: Structure-activity relationships, in man of cannabis constituents, and homologs and metabolites of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Pharmacology 11, 3–11 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollister, L.E., Gillespie, K.H.: Delta-8- and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 14, 353–357 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollister, L.E., Reaven, G.M.: Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and glucose tolerance. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 16, 297–302 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollister, L.E., Richards, R.K., Gillespie, H.K.: Comparison of tetrahydrocannabinol and synhexyl in man. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 9, 783 (1968)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holtzman, D., Lovell, R.A., Jaffe, J.H., Freedman, D.X.: 1-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol: Neurochemical and behavioral effects in the mouse. Science 163, 1464–1467 (1969)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, J.E., Steakly, L.P., Bier, M.M.: Marihuana and the diabetic coma. J. Amer. med. Ass. 214, 1113–1114 (1970)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Indian Hemp Drug Commission Report, 1893–1894, p. 3281. Silver Spring: Thomas Jefferson Publishing Co. (Reprinted 1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Isbell, H., Gorodetzky, C.W., Jasinski, D., Claussen, U., Spulak, F., Korte, F.: Effects of (-)-Δ 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol in man. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 11, 184–188 (1967)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isbell, H., Jasinski, D.: A comparison of LSD-25 with (-)-Δ 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and attempted cross tolerance between LSD and THC. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 14, 115–123 (1969)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, K.: On the mechanism and site of action of (-)-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in serotonergic neurons. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, K.M., Ho, B.T., Dewey, W.L., Harris, L.S.: In vitro induction of 3H-reserpine binding to subcellular components of the rat forebrain by Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Neuroscience Abstr. 5, 241 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, S., Domino, E.F.: Some cardiovascular effects of marihuana smoking in normal volunteers. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 12, 762–768 (1971)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R.T., Benowitz, N.: The 30-day trip: Clinical studies of cannabis tolerance and dependence. In: Braude, M., Szara, S. (Eds.): Pharmacology of Marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Joyce, C.R.B., Curry, S.H. (Eds.): The botany and chemistry of cannabis. London: Churchill 1970

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabelik, J., Krejci, Z., Santavy, F.: Cannabis as a medicament. Bull. Narcot. 12, 5–23 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  • Karler, R., Cely, W., Turkanis, S.A.: A study of the development of tolerance to an anticonvulsant effect of Δ 9 tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. Res. Commun. chem. Path. Pharmacol. 9, 23–39 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karniol, I.G., Shirakawa, I., Kasinksi, N., Pfeferman, A., Carlini, E.A.: Cannabidiol interferes with the effects of Δ 9 tetrahydrocannabinol in man. Europ. J. Pharmacol. 28, 172–177 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaymakcalan, S., Deneau, G.A.: Some pharmacological effects of synthetic Δ 9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Pharmacologist 13, 247 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaymakcalan, S., Sivil, S.: Lack of tolerance to the bradycardic effect of Δ 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats. Pharmacology 12, 290–295 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaymakcalan, S., Turker, R.K., Turker, M.N.: Analgesic effect of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the dog. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 35, 123–128 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, J.S., Waddell, W.J.: Whole-body auto-radiography of the pregnant mouse after administration of 14C-Δ 9-THC. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol. 22, 252–258 (1972)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keplinger, M.L., Wright, P.L., Haley, S.L, Plank, J.B., Braude, M.C., Calandra, J.C.: The effect of natural and synthetic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on reproductive and lactation performance in albino rats. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol. 25, 499 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilbey, M.M., Farmer, R., McLendon, D.: Time course of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibition of frog-killing behavior in the rat. Presented at the 19th Annual Convention of the Southwestern Psychological Association, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilbey, M.M., Harris, R.T., Moore, J.W., Jr.: Increased latency of frog-killing behavior in the rat following administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Personal communication reported to Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence 1831–1840 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilbey, M.M., Moore, J.W., Hall, M.: Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol induced inhibition of predatory aggression in the rat. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 31, 157–166 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Killam, K.F., Killam, E. K.: The action of tetrahydrocannabinol on EEG and photomyoclonic seizures in the baboon. Proc. Fifth int. Congr. Pharmacol. 744 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Klausner, H.A., Dingell, J.V.: The metabolism and excretion of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat. Life Sci. 10, 49–59 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kochar, M.S., Hosko, M.J.: Electrocardiographic effects of marihuana. J. Amer. med. Ass. 225, 25–27 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolodny, R.C.: Research issues in the study of marihuana and male reproductive physiology in humans. In: Tinklenberg, J.C. (Ed.): Marihuana and Health Hazards. New York: Academic Press 1975

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolodny, R.C., Lessin, P., Toro, G., Masters, W.H., Cohen, S.: Depression of plasma testosterone with acute marihuana administration. In: Braude, M., Szara, S. (Eds.): Pharmacology of Marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolodny, R.C, Masters, W.H., Kolodner, R.M., Toro, G.: Depression of plasma testosterone levels after chronic intensive marihuana use. New Engl. J. Med. 290, 872–874 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korte, F., Haag, M., Claussen, U.: Tetrahydrocannabinolcarboxylic acid: a component of hashish. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 4, 872 (1965)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korte, F., Sieper, H.: Isolierung von Haschisch-Inhaltsstoffen aus Cannabis sativa non Indica. Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 630, 71–83 (1960)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korte, F., Sieper, H.: Recent results of hashish analysis. In: Wolstenholme, G.E.W., Knight, J. (Eds.): Hashish: Its Chemistry and Pharmacology. London: Churchill 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosersky, D.S., Dewey, W.L., Harris, L.S.: Antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Δ 9 tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat. Europ. J. Pharmacol. 24, 1–7 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kosersky, D. S., McMillan, D. E., Harris, L. S.: Δ 9 tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-hydroxy-Δ 9 tetra-hydrocannabinol: Behavioral effects and tolerance development. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 189, 61–65 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kreuz, D.S., Axelrod, J.: Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol: localization in body fat. Science 179, 391–392 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kubena, R.L., Perhack, J.L., Barry, H., III.: Corticosterone elevation mediated centrally by delta-1-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats. Europ. J. Pharmacol. 14, 89–92 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, S., Kunwar, K.B.: Chromasome abnormalities in cannabis addicts. J. Ass. Phycns India 19, 193–195 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, D.K., Pertwee, R.G.: Brain levels of Δ 1-tetrahydrocannabinol and its metabolites in mice tolerant to the hypothermic effect of Δ 1 -tetrahydrocannabinol. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 49, 373–375 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Layman, J.M., Milton, A.S.: Distribution of tritium labelled Δ 1-tetrahydrocannibinol in the rat following intraperitoneal administration. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 42, 308–310 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • LeDain, G.: Interim Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs. Ottawa: Crown 1970

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefkowitz, S.S., Yang, C.: Effects of certain highly abused drugs on the immune response in mice. J. Reticuloendoth. Soc. 16, 25a (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Legator, M.S., Weber, E., Conner, T., Stoeckel, M.: Failure to detect mutagenic effects of Δ 9-THC in dominant lethal test, host mediated assay, blood-urine studies, and cytogenetic evaluation with mice. In: Braude, M., Szara, S. (Eds.): Pharmacology of Marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemberger, L., Crabtree, R.E., Rowe, H.M.: 11-Hydroxy-Δ 9 tetrahydrocannabinol. Pharmacology, disposition, and metabolism of a major metabolite of marihuana in man. Science 177, 62–63 (1972)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lemberger, L., McMahon, R., Archer, R., Matsumoto, K., Rowe, H.: Pharmacologic effects and physiologic disposition of delta-66 a 10 a -dimethylheptyl tetrahydrocannabinol (DMHP) in man. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 15, 380–386 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lemberger, L., Silberstein, S.D., Axelrod, J., Kopin, I.J.: Marihuana: Studies on the disposition and metabolism of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in man. Science 170, 1320–1322 (1970)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lemberger, L., Tamarkin, N.R., Axelrod, J., Kopin, I.J.: Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol: Metabolism and distribution in long term smokers. Science 173, 72–73 (1971)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, B.E.: The effect of Δ 6 tetrahydrocannabinol on biogenic amines and their amino acid precursors in rat brain. Pharmacol. Res. Commun. 3, 139–145 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lessin, P.J., Thomas, S.A.: Assessment of the chronic effects of marihuana on motivation and achievement: A preliminary report. In: Braude, M., Szara, S. (Eds.): Pharmacology of marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Leuchtenberger, C., Leuchtenberger, R.: Morphological and cytochemical effects of marihuana cigarette smoke on epithelioid cells of lung expiants from mice. Nature (Lond.) 234, 227–229 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leuchtenberger, C., Leuchtenberger, R.: Cytological and cytochemical studies of the effects of fresh marihuana cigarette smoke on growth and DNA metabolism of animal and human lung cultures. In: Braude, M., Szara, S. (Eds.): Pharmacology of marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Leuchtenberger, C., Leuchtenberger, R., Schwider, A.: Effects of marihuana and tobacco smoke on human lung physiology. (Nature (Lond.) 241, 137–139 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, J.A., Munson, A.E., Harris, L.S., Dewey, W.L.: Effect of delta-8 and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the immune response in mice. Pharmacologist 16, 259 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M.F. (Ed.): Current research in marihuana. New York-London: Academic Press 1972

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, S.C., Brown, D. J., Forney, R.B.: Absence of tolerance to the hypotensive effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in hypertensive rats. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol. 28, 7 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, H.C.: An archaeological and historical account of cannabis in China. Econ. Bot. 28, 437–448 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Littleton, J.M., MacLean, K.I.: The effect of Δ 8 tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 8THC) on dopamine metabolism in the rat corpus striatum: the influence of environment. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 51, 117 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomax, P.: Acute tolerance to the hypothermic effect of marihuana in the rat. Res. Commun. chem. Path. Pharmacol. 2, 159–167 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lotter, H.L., Abraham, D.J., Turner, C.E., Knapp, J.E., Schiff, P.L., Skatkin, D.J.: Cannabisativine, a new alkaloid from Cannabis Sativad L. Root. Tetrahedron Letters 1975, 2815

    Google Scholar 

  • Luthra, X.K., Rosenkrantz, H.: Cannabinoids: Neurochemical aspects after oral administration to rats. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol. 27, 158–168 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luthra, X.K., Rosenkrantz, H., Heyman, I.A., Braude, M.C.: Differential neurochemistry and temporal pattern in rats treated orally with Δ 9 tetrahydrocannabinol for periods up to six months. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol. 32, 418–431 (1975)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magus, R.D., Harris, L.S.: Carcinogenic potential of marihuana smoke condensate. Fed. Proc. 30, 279 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Maitre, L., Staehelin, M., Bein, H.J.: Effect of an extract of Cannabis and of some cannabinols on catecholamine metabolism in rat brain and heart. Agents Actions 1, 136–143 (1970)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maitre, L., Waldmeier, C., Baumann, P.A.: Effects of some tetrahydrocannabinols on the biosynthesis and utilization of catecholamines in the rat brain. In: Usdin, E., Snyder, S. (Eds.): Frontiers in Catecholamine Research. London: Pergamon Press 1973

    Google Scholar 

  • Malit, L.A., Johnstone, R.E., Bourke, D.I., Kulp, R.A., Klein, V., Smith, T.C.: Intravenous Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol: Effects on ventilatory control and cardiovascular dynamics. Anesthesiology 42, 666–673 (1975)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, P.E., Cohen, A.B., Finley, T.N., Ladman, A.J.: Alveolar macrophages. Structural and functional differences between nonsmokers and smokers of marihuana and tobacco. Lab. Invest. 25, 111–120 (1971)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manning, F.J.: Acute tolerance to the effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on spaced responding by monkeys. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1, 665–671 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manning, F.J., Elsmore, T.F.: Shock elicited fighting and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 25, 218–228 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manning, F.J., McDonough, J.H., Jr., Elsmore, T.F., Sailer, C., Sodetz, F.J.: Inhibition of normal growth by chronic administration of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Science 174, 424–426 (1971)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manno, B.R., Manno, J.E., Kilsheimer, G.S., Forney, R.B.: Response of the isolated perfused rat heart to Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol. 17, 311 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Manno, J.E., Manno, B.R., Kiplinger, G.F., Forney, R.B.: Motor and mental performance with marihuana: Relationship to administered dose of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its interaction with alcohol. In: Miller, L.L. (Ed.): Marihuana: Effects on human behavior. New York: Academic Press 1974

    Google Scholar 

  • Mantilla-Plata, B., Clewe, C.L., Harbison, R.D.: Teratogenic and mutagenic studies of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice. Fed. Proc. 32, 746 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mantilla-Plata, B., Harbison, R.D.: Influence of alteration of metabolism on induced tetrahydrocannabinol teratogenesis. In: Braude, M., Szara, S. (Eds.): Pharmacology of marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, B.R., Dewey, W.L., Earnhardt, J.T., Adams, M.D., Harris, L.S., Wilson, R.S., May, E.L., Razdan, R.: Pharmacological acitivity of compounds structurally related to tetrahydrocannabinols. (In preparation, 1976a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, B.R., Dewey, W.L., Harris, L.S., Beckner, J.S.: 3H-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol tissue and subcellular distribution in the central nervous system and tissue distribution in peripheral organs of tolerant and nontolerant dogs. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 196, 128–144 (1976b)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, B.R., Dewey, W.L., Harris, L.S., Beckner, J.S.: 3H-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol distribution in pregnant dogs and their fetuses. (In preparation, 1976c)

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, B.R., Dewey, W.L., Harris, L.S., Beckner, J., Wilson, R.S., May, E.L.: Marihuana-like activity of new synthetic tetrahydrocannabinols. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 3, 849–853 (1975)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, P.A., Thorbunn, M.J., Bryant, S.A.: In vivo and in vitro studies of cytogenetic effects of Cannabis sativa in rats and men. Teratology 9, 81–86 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Masur, J., Martz, R.M.W., Carlini, E.A.: Effects of acute and chronic administration of cannabis sativa and (-)-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the behavior of rats in an open-field arena. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 19, 388–397 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masur, J., Martz, R.M.W., Carlini, E.A.: The behavior of workers and nonworker rats under the influence of (-)-Δ 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol, chlorpromazine and amylobarbitone. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 25, 57–68 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuyama, S.S., Jarvik, L.F., Fu, T., Yen, F.S.: Chromosome studies before and after supervised marijuana smoking. In: Braude, M., Szara, S. (Eds.): Pharmacology of marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsuyama, S.S., Yen, F.S., Jarvik, L.F., Fu, T.K.: Marihuana and human chromosomes. Genetics 74, S175 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazurkiewicz-Kwilecki, J.M., Filczewski, M.: The effects of chronic treatment with Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on catecholamine synthesis in the rat. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 33, 71–79 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McIsaac, W.M., Fritchie, G.E., Idapaan-Heikkila, J.E., Ho, B.T., Englert, L.F.: Distribution of marihuana in monkey brain and concomitant behavioral effects. Nature (Lond.) 230, 593–594 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McMillan, D.E.: Behavioral pharmacology of the tetrahydrocannabinols. In: Thompson, T., Dews, P. (Eds.): Recent advances in behavioral pharmacology. New York: Academic Press 1976 (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • McMillan, D.E., Dewey, W.L.: On the mechanism of tolerance to Δ 9-THC. In: Lewis, M.F. (Ed.): Current research in marihuana. New York: Academic Press 1972

    Google Scholar 

  • McMillan, D.E., Dewey, W.L., Harris, L.S.: Characteristics of tetrahydrocannabinol tolerance. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 191, 83–99 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • McMillan, D.E., Dewey, W.I., Turk, R.F., Harris, L.S., McNeil, J.: Blood levels of 3H-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its metabolites in tolerant and nontolerant pigeons. Biochem. Pharmacol. 22, 383–397 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McMillan, D.E., Harris, L.S., Frankenheim, J.M., Kennedy, J.S.: 1-Δ 9-trans, s-tetrahydrocannabinol in pigeons: tolerance to the behavioral effects. Science 169, 501–503 (1970)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mechoulam, R.: Marihuana chemistry. Science 168, 1159–1166 (1970)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mechoulam, R. (Ed.): Marihuana: chemistry, pharmacology, metabolism and clinical effects. New York-London: Academic Press 1973

    Google Scholar 

  • Mechoulam, R., Ben-Zvi, Z., Yagnitinsky, B., Shani, A.: A new tetrahydrocannabinolic acid. Tetrahedron Letters 2339–2341 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mechoulam, R., Gaoni, Y.: Recent advances in the chemistry of hashish. Fortschr. Chem. Org. Naturst. 25, 175–213 (1967)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendelson, J.H., Kuehnle, J., Ellingboe, J., Babor, T.F.: Plasma testosterone levels before, during and after chronic marihuana smoking. New Engl. J. Med. 291, 1051–1055 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendelson, J.H., Kuehnle, J., Ellingboe, J., Babor, T.F.: Effects of marijuana on plasma testosterone. In: Tinklenberg, J.C. (Ed.): Marihuana and health hazards. New York: Academic Press 1975

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendelson, J.H., Kuehnle, J.C., Greenberg, I., Mello, N.K.: The effects of marihuana use on human operant behavior: Individual data. In: Braude, M., Szara, S. (Eds.): Pharmacology of Marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, R.E.: Psychiatric consequences of marihuana use: the state of the evidence. In: Tinklenberg, J.C. (Ed.): Marihuana and Health Hazards. New York: Academic Press 1975

    Google Scholar 

  • Miczek, K.A.: Mouse-killing and motor activity effects of chronic Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol und pilocarpine. Psychopharmacology 47, 59–64 (1976)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mikuriya, T.H.: Historical aspects of cannabis sativa in western medicine. New Phycn 18, 902–908 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, L.L. (Ed.): Marihuana: effects on human behavior. New York-San Francisco-London: Academic Press 1974

    Google Scholar 

  • Miras, C.J.: Some aspects of cannabis action. In: Wolstenholme, G.E.W., Knight, J. (Eds.): Hashish: its chemistry and pharmacology. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreau, J. J.: Hashish and mental illness. New York: Raven Press 1973

    Google Scholar 

  • Munson, A.E., Harris, L.S., Friedman, M.A., Dewey, W.L., Carchman, R.A.: Antineoplastic activity of cannabinoids. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 55, 597–602 (1975)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munson, A.D., Levy, J.A., Harris, L.S., Dewey, W.L.: Effects of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the immune system. In: Braude, M., Szara, S. (Eds.): Pharmacology of marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Nahas, G.G.: Marihuana: Deceptive Weed. New York: Raven Press 1973

    Google Scholar 

  • Nahas, G.G. (Ed.): Marihuana: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Cellular Effects. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Nahas, G.G., Desoize, B., Armand, J.P., Hsu, J., Morishima, A.: Natural cannabinoids: Apparent depression of nucleic acid and protein synthesis in cultured human lymphocytes. In: Braude, M., Szara, S. (Eds.): Pharmacology of marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Nahas, G.G., Schwartz, I.W., Adamec, J., Manger, W.M.: Tolerance to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 142, 58–60 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nahas, G.G., Suciu-Foca, N., Armand, J.P., Morishima, A.: Inhibition of cellular mediated immunity in marihuana smokers. Science 183, 419–420 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neumeyer, J.L., Shagoury, R.A.: Chemistry and pharmacology of marihuana. J. pharm. Sci. 60, 1433–1457 (1971)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neu, R.L., Powers, R.O., King, S., Gardner, L.I.: Delta-8 and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol: Effects on cultured human leukocytes. J. clin. Pharmacol. 10, 228–230 (1970)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, W.W., Miller, R.C., Heneen, W., Bradt, C., Hollister, L., Kanter, S.: Cytogenetic studies on human subjects receiving marihuana and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Mutation Res. 26, 413–417 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noyes, R., Baram, D.A.: Cannabis analgesia. Comprehens. Psychiat. 15, 531–535 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Noyes, R., Jr., Brunk, S.F., Baram, D.A., Canter, A.: Analgesic effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. J. clin. Pharmacol. 15, 139–143 (1975)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohlsson, A., Abou-Chaar, C.I., Agurell, S., Nilsson, I.M., Olofsson, K., Sandburg, F.: Cannabinoid constituents of male and female Cannabis Sativa. Bull. Narcot. 23, 29–32 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ouellet, J., Palaic, D., Albert, J.M., Tetreault, L.: Effect of Δ 9-THC on serotonin, MAO and tryptophan hydroxylase in rat brain. Rev. canad. Biol. 32, 213–217 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pace, H.B., Davis, W.M., Borgen, L.A.: Teratogenesis and marihuana. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 191, 123–131 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paris, M., Ghirlanda, C., Chigneau, M., Giry, L.: Δ 1-Tetrahydrocannabivarolic acid, new constituent of Cannabis Sativa. C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) C. 276, 205–207 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pars, H.G.: Symposium on “Approaches to centrally acting drugs derived from the cannabinoid nucleus.” Abstr. 68 th ACS National Meeting, Atlantic City, N.J. 1974

    Google Scholar 

  • Paton, W.D.M., Crown, J. (Eds.): Cannabis and its derivatives. London: Oxford University Press 1972

    Google Scholar 

  • Paton, W.D.M., Pertwee, R.G.: THAO Marihuana. Mechoulam, R. (Ed.). New York-London: Academic Press 1973

    Google Scholar 

  • Perez-Reyes, M., Timmons, M.C., Lipton, M.A., Davis, K.H., Wall, M.E.: Intravenous injection in man of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-OH-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Science 177, 633–635 (1972)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Persaud, T.V.N., Ellington, A.C.: Cannabis in early pregnancy. Lancet 1967II, 1306

    Google Scholar 

  • Persaud, T.V.N., Ellington, A.C.: Teratogenic activity of cannabis resin. Lancet 1968II, 406–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, D.W., Cohen, G.M., Sparber, S.B.: The delay of the behavioral effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats by 2-diethylaminoethyl-2, 2-diphenylvalerate HCl (SKF525A). Life Sci. 10, 1381–1386 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petrazilka, T., Haefliger, W., Sikemeier, C.: Synthese von Haschisch: Inhaltsstoffen. Helv. chim. Acta 52, 1102–1134 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, R.N., Brown, D.J., Martz, R.C., Hubbard, J.D., Forney, R.B.: Subacute toxicity of water suspended Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol. 19, 414 (1971a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, R.N., Turk, R.F., Forney, R.B.: Acute toxicity of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats and mice. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 136, 260–263 (1971b)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pirch, J.H., Cohn, R.A., Bames, P.R., Barratt, E.S.: Effects of acute and chronic administration of marijuana extract on the rat electrocorticogram. Neuropharmacology 11, 231–240 (1972a)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pirch, J.H., Cohn, R.A., Barnes, P.R., Barratt, E.S.: Tolerance to EEG and behavior effects of marihuana in rats. In: Singh, J.M., Miller, L., Lal, H. (Eds.): Drug addiction: Exp. pharmacol., Vol. 1. Mt. Kisco, N.Y.: Futura Publishing Co., Inc. 1972b

    Google Scholar 

  • Pirch, J.H., Osterholm, K.C., Cohn, R.A., Barratt, E.S.: Studies on EEG tolerance to marijuana in the rat. Arch. int. Pharmacodyn. 203, 213–220 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Potvin, R.J., Fried, P.A.: Acute and chronic effects on rats of (—)Δ 1-tetrahydrocannabinol on unlearned motor tasks. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 26, 369–378 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pradhan, S.N., Bailey, P.T., Ghosh, P.: Some behavioral effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats. Res. Commun. chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 31, 197–204 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Purnell, W.D., Gregg, J.M.: Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, euphoria and intraocular pressure in man. Ann. Opthal. 7, 921–923 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quimby, M.W., Doorenbos, N.J., Turner, C.E., Masoud, A.: Mississippi-grown marihuana and observed morphological variations. Econ. Bot. 27, 117–127 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rating, D., Broemann, L, Hornecker, H., Kluiol, S., Coper, H.: Effect of subchronic treatment with (—) Δ 8-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 8-THC) on food intake, body temperature, hexabarbital sleeping time and hexabarbital elimination in rats. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 27, 349–357 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Razdan, R.K.: Recent advances in the chemistry of cannabinoids. In: Progress in organic chemistry. London: Butterworths 1973

    Google Scholar 

  • Razdan, R.K., Dalzell, H.C, Handrick, G.R.: Hashish: A simple one-step synthesis of (—)-Δ 1-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) from p-Mentha-2, 8-dien-1-ol and olivetol. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 96, 5860–5865 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Razdan, R.K., Handrick, G.R.: Hashish: A stereospecific synthesis of (—)-Δ 1 and (—)-Δ 1 (6)-tetrahydrocannabinols. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 92, 6061–6062 (1970)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Razdan, R.K., Handrick, G.R., Dalzell, H.C.: A one-step synthesis of (—)-Δ 1-tetrahydrocannabinol from chrysanthenol. Experientia (Basel) 31, 16 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Razdan, R.K., Puttick, A.J., Zitko, B.A., Handrick, G.R.: Hashish VI: Conversion of (—)-Δ 1(6)-tetrahydrocannabinol to (—)-Δ 1(7)-tetrahydrocannabinol. Stability of (—)-Δ 1- and (—)-Δ 1 (6)-tetrahydrocannabinols. Experientia (Basel) 28, 121–122 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Razdan, R.K., Zitko, B.A.: Hashish IV: Some acid catalyzed transformations in cannabinoids. Tetrahedron Letters 4947–4950 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Regelson, W., Butler, J.R., Schulz, J., Kirk, T., Peek, L., Green, M.L., Zakio, O.: Delta-9-THC as an effective antidepressant and appetite stimulating agent in advanced cancer patients. In: Braude, M., Szara, S. (Eds.): Pharmacology of marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Renault, P.F., Schuster, C.R., Heinrich, R., Freeman, D.X.: Marihuana: Standardized smoke administration and dose effect curves on heart rate in humans. Science 174, 589–591 (1971)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roft, D.D., Gregg, J.M., Ghia, J., Harris, L.S.: Effects of intravenous Δ 9-THC on experimental and surgical pain responses. J. clin. Pharmacol. and J. New Drugs [In Press] (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenkrantz, H., Braude, M.C.: Comparative chronic toxicities of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol administered orally or by inhalation in rat. In: Braude, M., Szara, S. (Eds.): Pharmacology of marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenkrantz, H., Sprague, R.A., Fleischman, R.W., Braude, M.C.: Oral Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol toxicity in rats treated for periods up to six months. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol. 32, 399–417 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, V. (Ed.): Cannabis and culture. The Hague: Mouton 1975

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, V., Comitas, L.: Ganja in Jamaica: A medical anthropological study of chronic marihuana use. The Hague: Mouton 1975

    Google Scholar 

  • Sallen, S.E., Zinberg, W.E., Frei, E.: Antiemetic effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. New Engl. J. Med. 293, 795–797 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Santos, M., Sampaio, M.R.P., Fernandes, N.S., Carlini, E.A.: Effects of cannabis sativa (marihuana) on the fighting behavior of mice. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 8, 437–444 (1966)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer, C.F., Gunn, C.G., Dubowski, K.M.: Normal plasma testosterone concentrations after marihuana smoking. New Engl. J. Med. 292, 867–868 (1975)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheckel, C.L., Baff, E., Dahlen, P., Smart, T.: Behavioral effects in monkeys of racemates of two biological active marihuana constituents. Science 160, 1467–1469 (1968)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schildkraut, J. J., Efron, D.H.: The effects of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the metabolism of norepinephrine in rat brain. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 20, 191–196 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schultes, R.E.: Random thoughts and queries on the botany of cannabis. In: Joyce, C.R.B., Curry, S.H. (Eds.): The botany and chemistry of cannabis. London: Churchill 1970

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultes, R.E.: Man and marijuana. Natural History 82, 59–68 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Secretary, H.E.W.: Marijuana and health reports 1–4. Washington: U.S. Govt. Printing Office 1971–1975

    Google Scholar 

  • Segelman, A.B., Sofia, R.D., Segelman, F.P., Harakal, J.J., Knoblock, L.C.: Cannabis sativa L. (marijuana) V: Pharmacological evaluation of marijuana aqueous extract and volatile oil. J. pharm. Sci. 63, 962–964 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shafer, R.P.: Marihuana: A signal of misunderstanding. First report of the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse. Washington: U.S. Govt. Printing Office 1972

    Google Scholar 

  • Shani, A., Mechoulam, R.: A new type of cannabinoid. Synthesis of cannabielsoic acid A by a novel photo-oxidative cyclization. Chem. Commun. 273–274 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, D.: The ocular manifestations of the cannabinols. Ophthalmologica (Basel) 168, 366–369 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shoyama, Y., Oku, R., Yamauchi, T., Nishioka, I.: Cannabis VI: Cannabicyclolic acid. Chem. pharm. Bull. 20, 1927–1930 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sidell, F.R., Pless, J.E., Meitlieh, H, Sussman, P., Copelan, H.W, Sim, V.M.: Dimethylheptyl-delta-66 a -10 a -tetrahydrocannabinol: Effects after parenteral administration to man. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 142, 867–873 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silva, M.T.A., Carlini, E.A., Claussen, V., Korte, F.: Lack of cross tolerance in rats among (—)-Δ 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9-THC), cannabis extract, mescaline and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25). Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 13, 332–340 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverstein, M.J., Lessin, P.J.: Normal skin responses in chronic marihuana users. Science 186, 740–741 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silverstein, M.J., Lessin, P.J.: DCNB skin testing in chronic marihuana users. In: Braude, M., Szara, S. (Eds.): Pharmacology of marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, A.J. (Ed.): Marijuana: Chemistry, pharmacology, and patterns of social use. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 191, 1–269 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D.E.: Acute and chronic toxicity of marihuana. J. Psychedelic Drugs 2, 37–41 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, S.H.: Uses of marihuana. New York-London-Toronto-Oxford: University Press 1971

    Google Scholar 

  • Sofia, R.D., Barry, H. III: Acute and chronic effects of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on food intake by rats. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 39, 213–222 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sofia, R.D., Dixit, B.N., Barry, H. III: The effects of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on serotonin metabolism in the rat brain. Life Sci. 10, 425–436 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sofia, R.D., Knoblock, L.C., Vassar, H.B.: The anti-edema activity of various naturally occurring cannabinoids. Res. Commun. chem. Path. Pharmacol. 6, 909–918 (1973a)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sofia, R.D., Nalepa, S.D., Harakal, J.J., Vassar, H.B.: Anti-edema and analgesic properties of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 186, 646–655 (1973b)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, D. (Ed.): The marihuana papers. Kansas City-New York-Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill 1966

    Google Scholar 

  • Spaulding, T.C., Ford, R.D., Dewey, W.L., McMillan, D.E., Harris, L.S.: Some pharmacological effects of phenitrone and its interaction with Δ 9-THG Europ. J. Pharmacol. 19, 310–317 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stearn, W.T.: The cannabis plant: Botanical characteristics. In: Joyce, C.R.B., Curry, S.H. (Eds.): The botany and chemistry of cannabis. London: Churchill 1970

    Google Scholar 

  • Stefanis, C., Boulougouris, J., Liakos, A.: Clinical and psychophysiological effects of cannabis in long-term users. In: Braude, M., Szara, S. (Eds.): Pharmacology of marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Stenchever, M.A., Allen, M.: The effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the chromosomes of human lymphocytes in vitro. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 114, 819–821 (1972)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stenchever, M.A., Kunysz, T.J., Allen, M.: Chromosome breakage in users of marihuana. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 118, 106–113 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tashkin, D.P., Shapiro, B.J., Frank, I.M.: Acute pulmonary physiologic effects of smoked marijuana and oral Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy young men. New Engl. J. Med. 289, 336–341 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tashkin, D.P., Shapiro, B.J., Frandk, I.M.: Acute effects of smoked marijuana and oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on specific airway conductance in asthmatic subjects. Amer. Rev. resp. Dis. 109, 420–428 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tashkin, D.P., Shapiro, B.J., Ramanna, L., Taplin, G.V., Lee, Y.E., Harper, C.E.: Chronic effects of heavy marihuana smoking on pulmonary function in healthy young males. In: Braude, M., Szara, S. (Eds.): Pharmacology of marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, G.R., Fleischman, R.W., Rosenkrantz, H., Braude, M.C.: Oral and intravenous toxicity of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rhesus monkeys. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol. 27, 648–665 (1974a)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, G.R., Fleischman, R.W., Rosenkrantz, H., Braude, M.C.: Chronic oral toxicity of cannabinoids in monkeys. Abstr. 13 th Ann. Meeting Soc. Toxicol. p. 5 (1974b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, G.R., Mason, M.M., Rosenkrantz, H., Braude, M.C.: Chronic oral toxicity of cannabinoids in rats. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol. 25, 373–390 (1973a)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, G.R., Rosenkrantz, H., Fleischman, R.W., Braude, M.C.: Effects of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol administered subcutaneously to rabbits for 28 days. Toxicology 4, 41–51 (1975)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, G.R., Rosenkrantz, H., Schaeppi, U.H., Braude, M.C.: Comparison of acute oral toxicity of cannabinoids in rats, dogs and monkeys. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol. 25, 363–372 (1973b)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tinklenberg, J.R.: Marijuana and human aggression. In: Miller, L.L. (Ed.): Marijuana: effects on human behavior. New York: Academic Press 1974

    Google Scholar 

  • Truitt, E.B., Anderson, S.M.: Biogenic amine alterations produced in the brain by tetrahydrocannabinols and their metabolites. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 191, 68–73 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turk, R.F., Dewey, W.L., Harris, L.S.: Excretion of trans-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its metabolites in intact and bile duct-cannulated rats. J. pharm. Sci. 62, 737–740 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, C.E., Hadley, K.: Constituents of Cannabis sativa L. II: Absence of cannabidiol in an African variant. J. pharm. Sci. 62, 251–255 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, C.E., Hadley, K., Getterman, P.S.: Constituents of Cannabis sativa L. VI: Propyl homologs in samples of known geographic origin. J. pharm. Sci. 62, 1739–41 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uliss, D.B., Razdan, R.K., Dalzell, H.C., Handrick, G.R.: Hashish: Synthesis of dl-Δ 1-6-cis-tetra-hydrocannabinol (THC). Tetrahedron Letters 4369–4372 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Uyeno, E.T.: Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration during pregnancy of the rat. Proc. W. Pharmacol. Soc. 16, 64–67 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vachon, L., Fitzgerald, M.S., Solliday, N.H., Gould, I.A., Gaensler, E.A.: Single-dose effect of marihuana smoke. Bronchial dynamics and respiratory-center sensitivity in normal subjects. New Engl. J. Med. 288, 985–989 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vachon, L., Mikus, P., Morrissey, W., Fitzgerald, M., Gaensler, E.A.: Bronchial effect of marihuana smoke in asthma. In: Braude, M., Szara, S. (Eds.): Pharmacology of marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976a

    Google Scholar 

  • Vachon, L., Robins, A., Gaensler, E.A.: Airways response to aersolized delta-9-tetrahydrocan-nabinol: preliminary report. In: Cohen, S., Stillman, R.C. (Eds.): The therapeutic aspects of marihuana. In press 1976b

    Google Scholar 

  • Valle, J.R., Lupa, A.J., Barros, G.G.: Pharmacological activity of cannabis according to the sex of the plant. J. Pharm. (Lond.) 20, 798–799 (1968)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Ginneken, C.A.M., Vree, T.B., Breimer, D.D., Thyssen, H.W.H., Van Rossum, J.M.: Cannabinodiol, a new hashish constituent, identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Proc. int. Symp. gas Chromatog. mass Spectrom. Tamburini, Milan, Italy (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vollner, L., Bieniek, D., Korte, R.: Haschisch XX Cannabidiviarin, ein neuer Haschisch-Inhaltsstoff. Tetrahedron Letters 145–147 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Spulak, R., Claussen, U., Fehlhaber, H.W., Korte, R.: Haschisch-XIX, Cannabidiolcarbonsaure-Tetrahydrocannabitriol-Ester, ein neuer Haschisch-Inhaltsstoff. Tetrahedron 24, 5379–5383 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vree, T.B., Breimer, D.D., Van Ginneken, C.A.M., Van Rossum, J.M.: Identification of cannabicyclol with a pentyl or propyl side chain by means of combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatog. 74, 124–127 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wahlquist, M., Nilsson, J.M., Sandberg, F., Agurell, S., Granstrand, B.: Binding of Δ 1-tetrahydrocannabinol to human plasma proteins. Biochem. Pharmacol. 19, 2579–2584, (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wall, M.E.: The in vitro and in vivo metabolism of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 191, 23–39 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waller, C.W.: Standardized sources of supply for marihuana research. In: Braude, M., Szara, S. (Eds.): The pharmacology of marihuana. New York: Raven Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Walton, R.P.: Marihuana, America’s new drug problem. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co. 1938

    Google Scholar 

  • Way, E.L. (Ed.): Marihuana and its surrogates. Pharmacol. Rev. 23, 263–300 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, C.D., LeBlanc, A.E., Marshman, J.A., Beaton, J.M.: Acquisition and loss of tolerance to 1-Δ 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats on avoidance schedule. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 30, 217–226 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weil, A.T., Zinberg, N.E., Nelsen, J.M.: Clinical psychological effects of marihuana in man. Science 162, 1234–1242 (1968)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Welch, B.L., Welch, A.S., Messiha, F.S., Berger, H.J.: Rapid depletion of adrenal epinephrine and elevation of telencephalic serotonin by (—)-trans-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice. Res. Commun. chem. Path. Pharmacol. 2, 382–391 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R.B., Ng, L.K.Y., Lamprecht, F., Roth, K., Kopin I.J.: Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol: A hypotensive effect in rats. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 28, 269–274 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willinsky, M.D.: Analytical aspects of cannabis chemistry. In: Mechoulam, R. (Ed.): Marihuana. New York: Academic Press 1973

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R.S., May, E.L.: Analgesic properties of the tetrahydrocannabinols, their metabolites and analogs. J. med. Chem. 18, 700–703 (1975)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolstenholme, G.E.W., Knight J. (Eds.): Hashish: Its chemistry and pharmacology. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • Yagiela, J.A., McCarthy, K.D., Gibb, J.W.: The effect of hypothermic doses of 1-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on biogenic amine metabolism in selected parts of the rat brain. Life Sci. 14, 2367–2378 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, A.M., McClean, D.K.: Action of narcotic and hallucinogenic agents on the cell cycle. In: Zimmerman, A.M., Padilla, G.M., Cameron, I.L. (Eds.): Drugs and the cell cycle. New York: Academic Press 1973

    Google Scholar 

  • Zitko, B.A, Howes, J.F., Razdan, R.K., Dalzell, B.C., Dalzell, H.C., Sheehan, J.C., Pars, H.G., Dewey, W.L., Harris, L.S.: Water-soluble derivatives of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Science 177, 442–444 (1972)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. L. S. Harris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. W. L. Dewey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. R. K. Razdan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Addiction Research Center, P.O. Box 12390, Lexington, KY, 40511, USA

    William R. Martin M.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1977 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Harris, L.S., Dewey, W.L., Razdan, R.K. (1977). Cannabis. In: Martin, W.R. (eds) Drug Addiction II. Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie / Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 45 / 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66709-1_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66709-1_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-66711-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-66709-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation