Abstract
There is at the time of this writing a great profusion of books, articles, and experimental papers dealing with subjects pertaining to chemical evolution and the origin of life. One more progress report encompassing all of this work would serve little purpose at this time. Therefore, no endeavor has been made to make this report a comprehensive treatise. Instead, an examination of some of the basic assumptions of chemical evolution is attempted. For those readers for whom the subject matter is unfamiliar, a balanced and unbiased introductory account can be found in RUTTEN’s (1971) The Origin of Life by Natural Causes. Detailed accounts from several different points of view are listed in a supplementary bibliography.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
ABELSON, P.H.: Amino acids formed in primitive atmospheres. Science 124, 935 (1956).
ABELSON, P.H.: Chemical events on the primitive earth. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 55, 1365–1372 (1966).
ABOOD, L.G.: Neuronal metabolism. In: Handbook of Physiology (Eds. J. Field, V. Hall) vol. 3, chapter 75, pp. 1815–1826. Washington, D.C.: Am. Physiol. Soc. 1959.
ABOOD, L.G., GABEL, N.W.: Relationship of calcium and phosphates to bioelectric phenomena in the excitatory membrane. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 9, 1–12 (1965).
ABOOD, L.G., KOKETSU, K., MIYAMOTO, S.: Outflux of various phosphates during membrane depolarization of excitable tissues. Am. J. Physiol. 202, 469–474 (1962).
ABOOD, L.G., KOYAMA, I., THOMAS, V.: Relationship of depolarization to phosphorus metabolism and transport in excitable tissues. Am. J. Physiol. 207, 1435–1440 (1964).
ALBERS, R.W.: Biochemical aspects of active transport. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 36, 727–756 (1967).
ANBAR, M.: Cavitation during impact of liquid water on water: geo-chemical implications. Science 161, 1343–1344 (1968).
ANDERS, E., HAYATSU, R., STUDIER, M.H.: Organic compounds in meteorites. Science 182, 781–790 (1973).
ANDERS, E., HAYATSU, R., STUDIER, M.H.: Catalytic reactions in the solar nebula: implications for interstellar molecules and organic compounds in meteorites. Origins of Life 5, 57–67 (1974).
BARTH, C.: Seminar at Martin Marietta Corp., Denver, Colorado, June 15, 1970, quoted by T.A. Perls.
BELOV, N.V., ORGANOVA, N.I.: Crystallochemistry and mineralogy of lomonosovite as related to its crystal structure. Geokhimiya, No. 1, 6–14 (1962);
BELOV, N.V., ORGANOVA, N.I.: Crystallochemistry and mineralogy of lomonosovite as related to its crystal structure. Chem. Abstr. 56, 15177a (1962).
BERNAL, J.D.: The Physical Basis of Life. London: Routledge and Paul 1951.
BITZ, M.C., NAGY, B.: Ozonolysis of polymer-type material in coal, kerogen and in the Orgueil meteorite. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 56, 1383–1390 (1966).
BITZ, M.C, NAGY, B.: Analysis of bituminous coal by a combined method of ozonolysis, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 39, 1310–1313 (1967).
BONNER, W.A.: Origins of molecular chirality. In: Exobiology (Ed. C. Ponnamperuma), pp. 170–234. Amsterdam: North-Holland 1972.
BONNER, W.A.: Experiments on the origin of molecular chirality by parity nonconservation during β-decay. J. Mol. Evol. 4, 23–39 (1974).
BONNER, W.A., FLORES, J.J.: Experiments on the origins of optical activity. In: Cosmochemical Evolution and the Origins of Life (Eds. J. ORO, S.L. MILLER, C. PONNAMPERUMA, R.S. YOUNG), pp. 187–194. Dordrecht (The Netherlands): D. Reidel Publ. Co. 1974.
BONNER, W.A., VAN DORT, M.A., YEARIAN, M.R.: The asymmetric degradation of D, L-leucine with longitudinally polarized electrons. Nature (Lond.), in press (1975).
BRANCH, G.E.K.: The free energy of formation of formic acid. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 37, 2316–2326 (1915).
BRILLOUIN, L.: Science and Information Theory, 2nd ed. New York: Academic Press 1962.
BROWN, H.: Rare gases and the formation of the earth’s atmosphere. In: The Atmospheres of the Earth and Planets (Ed. G.P. KUIPER), 2nd ed., pp. 258–266. Chicago: University Press 1952.
BUHL, P.: An investigation of organic compounds in the Mighei meteorite. Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Maryland, College Park 1975.
BUKOWSKI, A., POREJKO, S.: The polymerization of carbon suboxide. Wiad. Chem. 23, 679–697 (1969).
CALVIN, M.: Chemical evolution and the origin of life. Am. Sci. 44, 248–263 (1956).
CALVIN, M.: Round trip from space. Evolution 13, 362–367 (1959).
CALVIN, M.: Chemical evolution. In: Condon Lectures, Oregon State Board of Higher Education. Eugene, Oregon: Univ. Oregon Press 1961,
CAMERON, A.G.W.: Formation of the outer planets. Space Sci. Revs. 14, 383–391 (1973a).
CAMERON, A.G.W.: Accumulation processes in the primitive solar nebula. Icarus 18, 407–415 (1973b).
CHUNG, N.M., LOHRMANN, R., ORGEL, L.E., RABINOWITZ, J.: The mechanism of the trimetaphosphate-induced peptide synthesis. Tetrahedron Letters 27, 1205–1210 (1971).
CRONIN, J.R., MOORE, C.B.: Amino acid analyses of the Murchison, Murray, and Allende carbonaceous chrondrites. Science 172, 1327–1329 (1971).
CURIE, P.: 1894, quoted by E.I. Klabunovskii, Asymmetric synthesis, p. 197. Berlin: Veb. Deut. Verlag der Wissenschaften 1963.
DEIERKAUF, F.A., BOOIJ, H.L.: Changes in the phosphatide pattern of yeast cells in relation to active carbohydrate transport. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 150, 214–225 (1968).
FERRIS, J.P., CHEN, C.T.: Chemical evolution. XXVI. Photochemistry of methane, nitrogen, and water mixtures as a model for the atmosphere of the primitive earth. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 2962–2967 (1975).
FOX, S.W.: The proteinoid theory of the origin of life and competing ideas. Am. Biol. Teach. 36, 161–181 (1974a).
FOX, S.W.: Origins of biological information and the genetic code. Mol. Cell. Biochem. (Enzymologia) 1, 129–132 (1974b).
FOX, S.W., HARADA, K.: Thermal copolymerization of amino acids to a product resembling protein. Science 128, 1214 (1958).
FOX, S.W., HARADA, K., KRAMPITZ, G., MUELLER, G.: Chemical origins of cells. Chem. Eng. News 48, No. 26, 80–94 (1970);
FOX, S.W., HARADA, K., KRAMPITZ, G., MUELLER, G.: Chemical origins of cells. Chem. Eng. News, 49, No. 50, 46–53 (1971a).
FOX, S.W., YUKI, A., WAEHNELDT, T.V., LACEY, J.C, JR.: The primordial sequence, ribosomes, and the genetic code. In: Molecular Evolution. I. Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life (Eds. R. Buvet, C. Ponnamperuma), pp. 252–262. Amsterdam: North Holland 1971b.
GABEL, N.W.: Excitability and the origin of life: a hypothesis. Life Sci. 4, 2085–2096 (1965).
GABEL, N.W.: Could those rapidly exchangeable phosphoproteins be polyphosphate-protein complexes? Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 15, 640–643 (1972).
GABEL, N.W.: Abiogenic aspects of biological excitability. A general theory for evolution. In: Biogenesis-Evolution-Homeostasis (Ed. A. Locker), pp. 85–91. Heidelberg-Berlin: Springer 1973.
GABEL, N.W.: Polyphosphate as a possible precursor of primordial oligonucleotides. In Preparation, 1976.
GABEL, N.W., PONNAMPERUMA, C.: A model for the primordial origin of monosaccharides. Nature (Lond.) 216, 453–457 (1967).
GABEL, N.W., THOMAS, V.: Occurrence of inorganic polyphosphates in excitable tissue. Fed. Proc. 28, 2663 (1969).
GABEL, N.W., THOMAS, V.: Evidence for the occurrence of inorganic polyphosphates in vertebrate tissue. J. Neurochem. 18, 1229–1242 (1971).
GARAY, A.S.: Origin and role of optical isomery in life. Nature (Lond.) 219, 338–340 (1968).
GARRISON, W.M., BENNETT, W., COLE, S.: Synthesis of products of higher molecular weight in the radiolysis of aqueous solutions of formic acid. Radiat. Res. 9, 647–659 (1958).
GARRISON, W.M., HAYMOND, H.R., MORRISON, D.C., WEEKS, B.M., GILE-MELCHERT, J.: High-energy helium-ion irradiation of aqueous acetic acid solutions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75, 2459–2464 (1953).
GARRISON, W.M., MORRISON, D.C., HAMILTON, J.G., BENSON, A., CALVIN, M.: Reduction of carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions by ionizing radiation. Science 114, 416–478 (1951).
GARRISON, W.M., MORRISON, D.C, HAYMOND, H.R., HAMILTON, J.G.: Highenergy heliumion irradiation of formic acid in aqueous solution. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 24, 4216–4223 (1952).
GETOFF, N.G., SCHOLES, G., WEISS, J.: Reduction of carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions under the influence of radiation. Tetrahedron Letters No. 18, 17–23 (1960).
GLONEK, T., KLEPS, R.A., GRIFFITH, E.J., MYERS, T.C.: Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance studies on condensed phosphates. I. Some factors influencing the phosphate middle group chemical shift. Phosphorus, in press (1975).
GLONEK, T., LUNDE, M., MUDGETT, M., MYERS, T.C.: Biological poly-phosphate studied through the use of phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 142, 508–513 (1971).
GRIFFITH, E.J.: Phosphate solubility in natural water systems. In: Proc. 14th Water Quality Conference, pp. 115–118. Urbana, Ill.: Univ. Ill. Press 1972.
GRIFFITH, E.J., PONNAMPERUMA, C., GABEL, N.W.: Phosphorus: a bridge to life on the primitive earth. Science, in press (1976).
HALDANE, J.B.S.: The origin of life. Rationalist Annual 148, 3–10 (1928).
HARADA, K., IWASAKI, T.: Synthesis of amino acids from aliphatic carboxylic acids by glow discharge electrolysis. Nature (Lond.) 250, 426 (1974).
HAROLD, F.M.: Inorganic polyphosphates in biology: structure, metabolism and function. Bacteriol. Revs. 30, 772–794 (1966).
HARTECK, P., GROTH, W., FALTINGS, K.: Photochemistry of C.O. Z. Elektrochem. 44, 621–643 (1938).
HEINRICH, M.R., ROHLFING, D.L., BUGNA, E.: The effect of time of heating on the thermal polymerization of L-lysine. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 130, 441–448 (1969).
HODGSON, G.W., BAKER, B.L.: Porphyrins in meteorites: metal complexes in Orgueil, Murray, Cold Bokkeveld, and Mokoia carbonaceous chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 33, 943–958 (1969).
HOLLAND, H.D.: Models for the evolution of the earth’s atmosphere. In: Petrologic Studies: A Volume to Honor A.F. Buddington, pp. 447–477. Geol. Soc. Am. 1962.
HOROWITZ, N.H.: The evolution of biochemical syntheses. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 31, 153–157 (1945).
HUBBARD, J.S., HARDY, J.P., HOROWITZ, N.H.: Photocatalytic production of organic compounds from CO and H2O in a simulated Martian atmosphere. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 68, 574–578 (1971).
HULSHOF, J., PONNAMPERUMA, C.: Prebiotic condensation reactions in an aqueous medium: a review of condensing agents. Origins of Life, in press (1975).
JAPP, F.R.: Stereochemistry and vitalism. Nature (Lond.) 58, 452–454 (1898).
KEOSIAN, J.: Life’s beginnings origin or evolution. Origins of Life 5, 285–293 (1974).
KOPP, J.V.: Teilhard de Chardin: a new synthesis of evolution. Glen Rock, New Jersey: Paulist Press 1964.
KULAEV, I.S.: Inorganic polyphosphates in evolution of phosphorus metabolism. In: Molecular Evolution. I. Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life (Eds. R. BUVET, C. PONNAMPERUMA), pp. 458–465. Amsterdam: North-Holland 1971.
KVENVOLDEN, K.A., LAWLESS, J., PERING, K., PETERSON, E., FLORES, J., PONNAMPERUMA, C., KAPLAN, I.R., MOORE, C.: Evidence for extraterrestrial amino acids and hydrocarbons in the Murchison meteorite. Nature (Lond.) 228, 923–926 (1970).
LANCET, M.S.: Carbon isotope fractionations in the Fischer-Tropsch reaction and noble gas solubilities in magnatite, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Chicago 1972.
LANCET, M.S., ANDERS, E.: Carbon isotope fractionation in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and in meteorites. Science 170, 980–982 (1970).
LAWLESS, J.G., FOLSOME, C.E., KVENVOLDEN, K.A.: Organic matter in meteorites. Sci. Am. 226, 38–46 (1972).
LA WLESS J.G. K. VENVOLDEN, K.A., PETERSON, E., Ponnamperuma, C., Moore, C.: Amino acids indigenous to the Murray meteorite. Science 173, 626–627 (1971).
LEE, T.D., YANG, C.N.: The question of parity conservation in weak interactions. Phys. Rev. 104, 254–258 (1956).
LEWIS, B., VON ELBE, G.: Combustion, Flames, and Explosions of Gases, p. 753. New York: Academic Press 1951a.
LEWIS, B., VON ELBE, G.: Combustion, Flames, and Explosions of Gases, p. 758, 1951b.
LIUTI, G., DONDES, S., HARTECK, P.: The photochemical separation of the carbon isotopes. In: Advances in Chemistry, Series No. 89, Isotope Effects in Chemical Processes, pp. 65–72. Washington, D.C.: Am. Chem. Soc. 1969.
LOHRMANN, R., ORGEL, L.E.: Prebiotic activation processes. Nature (Lond.) 244, 418–420 (1973).
MILLER, S.L.: Production of amino acids under possible primitive earth conditions. Science 117, 528–529 (1953).
MILLER, S.L.: Production of some organic compounds under possible primitive earth conditions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 2351–2361 (1955).
MILLER, S.L., ORGEL, L.E.: The Origins of Life on the Earth. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall 1973.
MILLER, S.L., UREY, H.C.: Organic compound synthesis on the primitive earth. Science 130, 245–251 (1959).
MILLS, J.A.: Association of polyhydroxy compounds with cations in solution. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 6, 418–421 (1961).
NEGRON-MENDOZA, A., PONNAMPERUMA, C.: In preparation (1976).
NOVELLI, G.D.: Amino acid activation for protein synthesis. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 36, 449–484 (1967).
OPARIN, A.I.: Proiskhozhdenie zhizni. Moscow: Moskovski Rabochii 1924.
OPARIN, A.I.: The Origin of Life, 2nd ed. New York: Dover 1938.
OPARIN, A.I.: The Chemical Origin of Life (trans, by A. Synge). Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas 1964.
OPARIN, A.I.: A hypothetic scheme for evolution of probionts. Origins of Life 5, 223–226 (1974).
ORGEL, L.E., LOHRMANN, R.: Prebiotic chemistry and nucleic acid replication. Accounts Chem. Res. 7, 368–377 (1974).
PASTEUR, L.: On the relations which can exist between crystalline form, chemical composition, and the sense of rotatory polarization. Ann. Chim. Phys. 24, 442–456 (1848).
PATTEE, H.: Experimental approaches to the origin of life problem. Adv. Enzvmol. 27, 381–415 (1965).
PATTEE, H.H.: Physical problems of the origin of natural controls. In: Biogenesis-Evolution-Homeostasis (Ed. A. LOCKER), pp. 41–49. Heidelberg-Berlin: Springer 1973.
PEARSON, K.: Chance or vitalism. Nature (Lond.) 59, 495 (1898a).
PEARSON, K.: Asymmetry and vitalism. Nature (Lond.) 59, 30–31 (1898b).
PERING, K.L., PONNAMPERUMA, C.: Aromatic hydrocarbons in the Murchison meteorite. Science 173, 237–239 (1971).
PERLS, T.A.: Carbon suboxide on Mars: a working hypothesis. Icarus 14, 252–264 (1971).
PIRIE, N.W.: The meaninglessness of the terms life and living. In: Perspectives in Biochemistry (Eds. J. NEEDHAM, D. GREEN), pp. 11–22. New York: Macmillan 1937.
PONNAMPERUMA, C., GABEL, N.W.: Current status of chemical studies on the origin of life. Space Life Sci. 1, 64–96 (1968).
PRINGSHEIM, P.: Fluorescence and Phosphorescence, p. 285. New York: Interscience Publishers 1949.
RABINOWITZ, J.: Peptide and amide bond formation in aqueous solutions of cyclic or linear polyphosphates as a possible prebiotic process, Helv. Chim. Acta 53, 1350–1355 (1970).
RABINOWITZ, J.: Sur le role du phosphore au cours de Involution chimique prebiologique. Chimia 26, 350–354 (1972).
RABINOWITZ, J., FLORES, J., KREBSBACH, R., ROGERS, G.: Peptide formation in the presence of linear or cyclic polyphosphates. Nature (Lond.) 224, 795 (1969).
RAFF, R.A., MEABURN, G.M.: Photochemical reaction mechanisms for production of organic compounds in a primitive earth atmosphere. Nature (Lond.) 221, 459–460 (1969).
RAINWATER, L.J., HAVENS, W.W., WU, C.S., DUNNING, J.R.: Slow neutron velocity spectrometer studies. I. Cd, Ag, Sb, Ir, Mn, Phys. Revs. 71, 65–79 (1947).
RENDLEMAN, J.A., Jr.: Complexes of alkali metals and alkaline-earth metals with carbohydrates. Adv. Carbohydrate Chem. 21, 209–269 (1966).
RENZ, M., LOHRMANN, R., ORGEL, L.E.: Catalysts for the polymerization of adenosine cyclic 2′-,3′-phosphate on a poly (U) template. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 240, 463–471 (1971).
RITCHIE, P.D.: Recent views on asymmetric synthesis and related processes. Adv. Enzymol. 7, 65–78 (1947).
ROSEN, R.: On the generation of metabolic novelties in evolution. In: Biogenesis-Evolution-Homeostasis (Ed. A. LOCKER), pp. 113–123. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1973.
RUBEY, W.W.: Development of the hydrosphere and atmosphere with special reference to probable composition of the early atmosphere. In: Crust of the Earth, Spec. Paper 62, pp. 631–650. Washington D.C.: Geol. Soc. Am. 1955.
RUSSELL, H.N.: The Solar System and Its Origin. New York: Macmillan 1935.
RUTTEN, M.G.: The Geological Aspects of the Origin of Life on Earth. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1962.
RUTTEN, M.G.: The Origin of Life by Natural Causes. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1971.
SCHOPF, J.W.: Precambrian palebiology: problems and perspectives. Ann. Rev. Earth Planetary Sci. 3, 213–249 (1975).
SCHRAMM, G., GROTSCH, H., POLLMANN, W.: Non-enzymic synthesis of polysaccharides, nucleosides, and nucleic acids and the origin of systems capable of self-reproduction. Angew. Chem. 74, 53–59 (1962).
SEMENOV, E.I., ORGANOVA, N.I., KUKHARCHIK, M.V.: New data on minerals of the lomonosovite-murmanite group. Kristallografiya 6, 925–932 (1961);
SEMENOV, E.I., ORGANOVA, N.I., KUKHARCHIK, M.V.: New data on minerals of the lomonosovite-murmanite group. Chem. Abstr. 56, 11023d (1962).
SHKLOVSKII, I.S., SAGAN, C: Intelligent Life in the Universe. San Francisco: Holden-Day 1966.
SIMONAITIS, R., HEICKLEN, J.: Mercury sensitized photolysis of nitrogen gas and carbon monoxide. J. Photochem. 1, 181–196 (1973).
SMITH, W.V.: Research management. Science 167, 957–959 (1970).
STEINMAN, G.: Stereoselectivity in peptide synthesis under simple conditions. Experientia 23, 177–178 (1967).
SWALLOW, A.J.: Radiation Chemistry of Organic Compounds, p. 242. New York: Pergamon Press 1960.
TANAKA, F.S., WANG, C.H.: Radiolysis of succinic acid in aqueous solution. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 18, 761–772 (1967).
ULBRICHT, T.L.V.: Asymmetry: the non-conservation of parity and optical activity. Quart. Rev. 13, 48–60 (1959).
ULBRICHT, T.L.V., VESTER, F.: Attempts to induce optical activity with polarized β-radiation. Tetrahedron Letters 18, 629–637 (1962).
UREY, H.C.: The Planets: Their Origin and Development. London: Oxford Univ. Press 1952.
VAN STEVENINCK, J. BOOIJ, H.L.: The role of polyphosphates in the transport mechanism of glucose in yeast cells. J. Gen. Physiol. 48, 43060 (1964).
VAN’T HOFF, J.H.: The Arrangement of Atoms in Space, 2nd ed., p. 30. 1894; 3rd ed., p. 8. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. 1908.
VAN TRUMP, J.E., MILLER, S.L.: Carbon monoxide on the primitive earth. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 20, 145–150 (1973).
VESTER, F.: Seminar at Yale University, February 7, 1957.
VINOGRADOV, A.P., TUGARINOV, A.I.: Geochronology of the Precambrian. Geokhimiya No. 723–731 (1961).
WALD, G.: The origin of optical activity. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 69, 352–357 (1957).
WALKER, J.C.G.: Implications for atmospheric evolution of the in-homogeneous accretion model of the origin of the earth. In: The Early History of the Earth (Ed. B.F. Windley). New York: Wiley 1976.
WHELAND, G.W.: Advanced Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Chapter 1. New York: John Wiley and Sons 1949.
WIEGAND, W.J., NIGHAN, W.L.: Plasma chemistry of carbon dioxide-molecular nitrogen-helium discharges. Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 583–586 (1973).
WOESE, C.R.: The emergence of genetic organization. In: Exobiology (Ed. C. PONNAMPERUMA), Chapter 9, pp. 301–341. Amsterdam: North-Holland 1972.
WRIGHT, A.N., WINKLER, C.A.: Active Nitrogen. New York: Academic Press 1968.
YOUNG, R.A., MORROW, W.: Formation of CN from CO and its excitation in active nitrogen. J. Chem. Phys., 60, 1005–1008 (1974).
Supplementary Bibliography
CAIRNS-SMITH, A.G.: The Life Puzzle. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd 1971.
CALVIN, M.: Chemical Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press 1969.
FOX, S.W., DOSE, K.: Molecular Evolution and the Origin of Life. San Francisco: Freeman 1972.
KENYON, D.H., STEINMAN, G,: Biochemical Predestination. New York: McGraw-Hill 1969.
KIMBALL, A.P., ORO, J., Eds.: Prebiotic and Biochemical Evolution. Amsterdam: North-Holland 1971.
MARGULIS, L., Ed.: Origins of Life. I. New York: Gordon and Breach 1970.
MARGULIS, L., Ed.: Origins of Life. II. New York: Gordon and Breach 1971.
ORGEL, L.E.: The Origins of Life. New York: Wiley 1973.
PONNAMPERUMA, C., Ed.: Exobiology. Amsterdam: North-Holland 1972.
PONNAMPERUMA, C.: The Origins of Life. London: Thames and Hudson 1972.
SCHWARTZ, A.W., Ed.: Theory and Experiment in Exobiology. Groningen (The Netherlands): Wolters-Noordhoff 1972.
ROHLFING, D.L., OPARIN, A.I., Eds.: Molecular Evolution Prebiological and Biological. New York: Plenum Press 1972.
WEST, M.W., PONNAMPERUMA, C.: Chemical evolution and the origin of life: a comprehensive bibliography. Space Life Sci. 2, 225–295 (1970).
WEST, M.W., GILL, E.D., PONNAMPERUMA, C.: Chemical evolution and the origin of life: bibliography supplement 1970. Space Life Sci. 3, 293–304 (1972).
WEST, M.W., GILL, E.D., SHERWOOD, B., KVENVOLDEN, K.A.: Chemical evolution and the origin of life: bibliography supplement 1972. Origins of Life 5, 507–527 (1974).
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1977 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gabel, N.W. (1977). Chemical Evolution: A Terrestrial Reassessment. In: Hahn, F.E., Kersten, H., Kersten, W., Szybalski, W. (eds) Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology. Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology, vol 5. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66626-1_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66626-1_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-66628-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-66626-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive