Abstract
In 1964, the WHO Expert Committee on Addiction-Producing Drugs recommended substitution of the term “drug dependence” for the terms “drug addiction” and “drug habituation.” The WHO Scientific Group (1964) endorsed this recommendation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Barsa, J.F., Kline, N.W.: Use of meprobamate in the treatment of psychotic patients. Amer. J. Psychiat. 112, 1023–1025 (1956)
Boyd, E.M.: Chlorpromazine tolerance and physical dependence. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 128, 75–78 (1960)
Burke, G.W., Anderson, C.W.G.: Response to Librium in individuals with a propensity for addiction: A pilot study. J. La med. Soc. 114, 58–60 (1962)
Colmore, J.P., Moore, J.P.: Lack of dependence and withdrawal symptoms in healthy volunteers given high doses of tybamate. J. clin. Pharmacol. 7, 319–323 (1967)
Crossland, J., Leonard, B.E.: Barbiturate withdrawal convulsions in the rat. Biochem. Pharmacol. 12, Suppl. 103 (1963)
Deneau, G.A., Klima, M., Wilson, M.: Evaluation of sedative hypnotic agents for barbiturate-like physiological dependence capacity in the dog. Reported to the Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, National Research Council, Indianapolis, Ind., 1968
Deneau, G.A., Weiss, S.: A substitution technique for determining barbiturate-like physiological dependence capacity in the dog. Pharmakopsychiatr. Neuropsychopharmacol. 1, 270–275 (1968)
Deneau, G.A., Yanagita, T., Seevers, M.H.: Self-administration of psycho-active substances by the monkey. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 16, 30–48 (1969)
Essig, C.F.: Withdrawal convulsions in dogs following chronic meprobamate intoxication. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 80, 414–417 (1958)
Essig, C.F.: Barbiturate withdrawal in white rats. Int. J. Neuropharmacol. 5, 103–107 (1966)
Essig, C.F., Fraser, H.F.: Electroencephalographic changes in man during use and withdrawal of barbiturates in moderate dosage. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 10, 649–659 (1958)
Feldman, H.S., Mulinos, M.G.: Lack of addiction from high doses of meprobamate. J. clin. Pharmacol. 6, 354–360 (1966)
Findley, J.D., Robinson, W.W., Peligrinio, L.: Addiction to secobarbital and chlordiazepoxide in the rhesus monkey by means of a self-infusion preference procedure. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 26, 93–114 (1972)
Fraser, H.F.: Methods for testing for narcotic addiction in animals and man and their efficacy for predicting human abuse. In: Mantegazza, P., Piccinini, F. (Eds.): Methods in drug evaluation, Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1966
Fraser, H.F., Essig, C.F., Wolbach, A.B.: Evaluation of carisoprodol and phenyramidol for addictiveness. Bull. Narcot. 13, 3–7 (1961b)
Fraser, H.F., Isbell, H.: Abstinence syndrome in dogs after chronic barbiturate administration. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 112, 261–267 (1954)
Fraser, H.F., Isbell, H.: Chlorpromazine and reserpine. (A) Effects of each with morphine. (B) Failure of each in treatment of abstinence from morphine. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 76, 257–262 (1956)
Fraser, H.F., Isbell, H., Eisenman, A.J., Wikler, A., Pescor, F.T.: Chronic barbiturate intoxication. Further studies. Arch. intern. Med. 94, 34–41 (1954)
Fraser, H.F., Shaver, M.R., Maxwell, E.S., Isbell, H.: Death due to withdrawal of barbiturates. Report of a case. Ann. intern. Med. 38, 1319–1325 (1953)
Fraser, H.F., Van Horn, G.D., Martin, W.R., Wolbach, A.B., Isbell, H.: Methods for evaluating addiction liability. (A) “Attitude” of opiate addicts toward opiate-like drugs. (B) A short-term “direct” addiction test. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 133, 371–387 (1961a)
Fraser, H.F., Wikler, A., Essig, C.F., Isbell, H.: Degree of physical dependence induced by secobarbital and pentobarbital. J. Amer. med. Ass. 166, 126–129 (1958)
Fraser, H.F., Wikler, A., Isbell, H., Johnson, N.K.: Partial equivalence of chronic alcohol and barbiturate intoxications. Quart. J. Stud. Alcohol 18, 541–551 (1957)
Goldstein, D.B.: An animal model for testing effects of drugs on alcohol withdrawal. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 183, 14–22 (1972)
Haertzen, C.A.: Development of scales based on patterns of drug effects, using the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI). Psychol. Rep. 18, 163–194 (1966)
Hill, H.E., Haertzen, C.A., Wolbach, A.B., Jr., Miner, E.J.: The Addiction Reserach Center Inventory: Appendix. I. Items comprising empirical scales for seven drugs. II. Items which do not differentiate placebo from any drug condition. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 4, 184–205 (1963)
Hoffmeister, F., Goldberg, S.R.: A comparison of chlorpromazine, imipramine, morphine, and Damphetamine self-administration in cocaine-dependent rhesus monkeys. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 187, 8–14 (1973)
Hollister, L.E., Bennett, J.L., Kimbell, I., Jr., Savage, C., Overall, J.E.: Diazepam in newly admitted schizophrenics. Dis. nerv. Syst. 24, 746–750 (1963)
Hollister, L.E., Motzenbecker, F.P., Degan, R.O.: Withdrawal reaction with chlordiazepoxide (“Librium”). Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 2, 63–68 (1961)
Isbell, H., Altschul, S., Kornetsky, C.H., Eisenman, A.J., Flanary, H.G., Fraser, H.F.: Chronic barbiturate intoxication. An experimental study. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 64, 1–28 (1950)
Isbell, H., Fraser, H.F., Wikler, A., Belleville, R.E., Eisenman, A.J.: An experimental study of the etiology of “rum fits” and delirium tremens. Quart. J. Stud. Alcohol 16, 1–33 (1955)
Jasinski, D.R., Martin, W.R., Sapira, J.D.: Antagonism of the subjective, pupillary and respiratory depressant effects of cyclazocine by naloxone. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 9, 215–222 (1968)
Lemere, F.: Habit-forming properties of meprobamate. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 76, 205–206 (1956)
Martin, W.R., Fraser, H.F., Isbell, H.: A comparison of the effects of intramuscularly administered pentobarbital sodium and morphine sulfate in man. Fed. Proc. 21, 326 (1962)
Martin, W.R., Thompson, W.O., Fraser, H.F.: Comparison of graded single intramuscular doses of morphine and pentobarbital in man. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 15, 623–630 (1974)
McClane, T.K., Martin, W.R.: Subjective and physiologic effects of morphine, pentobarbital, and meprobamate. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 20, 192–198 (1976)
Pilkington, T.L.: Comparative effects of Librium and taractan on behavior disorders of mentally retarded children. Dis. nerv. Syst. 22, 573–575 (1961)
Rosenberg, H.C., Okamoto, M.: A method for producing maximal pentobarbital dependency in cats: dependency characteristics. In: Singh, J.M., Lal, H. (Eds.): Neurobiology and influences on behavior. Miami: Miami Symposium 1974.
Seevers, M.H., Tatum, A.L.: Chronic experimental barbital poisoning. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 42, 217–231 (1931)
Tucker, K., Wilensky, H.: A clinical evaluation of meprobamate therapy in a chronic schizophrenic population. Amer. J. Psychiat. 113, 698–703 (1957)
Victor, M.: Alcohol and nutritional diseases of the nervous system. J. Amer. med. Ass. 167, 65–71 (1958)
Waters, D.H., Okamoto, M.: Increased central excitability in nondependent mice during chronic barbital dosing. In: Singh, J.M., Miller, L., Lal, H. (Eds.): Drug addiction: Experimental pharmacology, Vol. 1. Mount Kisco, New York: Futura Publication Co. 1972
Weeks, J.R.: Experimental morphine addiction: Method for automatic intravenous injections in unrestrained rats. Science 138, 143–144 (1962)
Wikler, A., Fraser, H.F., Isbell, H., Pescor, F.T.: Electroencephalograms during cycles of addiction to barbiturates in man. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 7, 1–14 (1955)
Wulff, M.H.: The barbiturate withdrawal syndrome. A clinical and electroencephalographic study. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl. 14 (1959)
World Health Organization: Expert Committee on Addiction-Producing Drugs, 13th report, Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser. No. 273 (1964)
Yanagita, T., Takahashi, S.: Development of tolerance to and physical dependence on barbiturates in rhesus monkey. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 172, 163–169 (1970)
Yanagita, T., Takahashi, S.: Dependence liability of several sedative-hypnotic agents evaluated in monkeys. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 185, 307–316 (1973)
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1977 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fraser, H.F., Jasinski, D.R. (1977). The Assessment of the Abuse Potentiality of Sedative/Hypnotics (Depressants) (Methods Used in Animals and Man). In: Martin, W.R. (eds) Drug Addiction I. Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie / Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 45 / 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66612-4_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66612-4_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-66614-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-66612-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive