Abstract
In the light microscope a chloroplast can be differentiated into a clear structurless stroma and a number of small green discs. The latter have been termed “grana” and were thought to contain exclusively the pigments with photosynthetic activity. Investigations with the electron microscope have shown that the grana are composed of a stack of lamellae which have been termed thylakoids by Menke (1961). These structures are the basic elements of the photosynthetic apparatus, from bacteria up to the chloroplasts of higher plants.
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Mühlethaler, K. (1977). Introduction to Structure and Function of the Photosynthesis Apparatus. In: Trebst, A., Avron, M. (eds) Photosynthesis I. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, vol 5. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66505-9_37
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