Advertisement

Formation of the Blastocyst: Determination of Trophoblast and Embryonic Knot

Conference paper
Part of the Current Topics in Pathology book series (CT PATHOLOGY, volume 62)

Abstract

In mammalian development, the earliest apparent differentiation of cells into two distinct lines manifests itself in the early blastocyst, when trophoblast and embryonic knot (“inner cell mass”) become distinguishable. Recently more and more attention is being paid to this process by developmental biologists, geneticists, cell biologists, reproductive biologists, and oncologists. This is apparently for one of the following reasons: (1) Blastocyst formation seems to result from the first process of determination in mammalian ontogeny, which means that the genome has not been under the influence of any determinative stimuli before. (2) The system appears to be far less complex than later stages so that it may be especially suitable for experimentation. (3) Determination of trophoblast, a tissue of some peculiar properties, may exhibit interesting specific features. (4) Trophoblast is in the focus of interest of reproductive biologists as well as oncologists because of its role in mediating contact between embryo and mother, and because of its invasive growth.

Keywords

Trophoblast Cell Blastocyst Formation Mouse Blastocyst Morula Stage Preimplantation Mouse Embryo 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Amoroso, E.C., Griffiths, W.F.B., Hamilton, W.J.: The early development of the goat (Capra hirsus). J. Anat. (Lond.) 76, 377–406 (1942).Google Scholar
  2. Assheton, R.: A re-investigation into the early stages of the development of the rabbit. Quart. J. micro Sci. 37, 113–164 (1895).Google Scholar
  3. Assheton, R.: The segmentation of the ovum of the sheep, with observations on the hypothesis of a hypoblastic origin for the trophoblast. Quart. J. micro Sci. 41, 205–262 (1898/99).Google Scholar
  4. Barlow, P., Owen, D.A.J., Graham, C.: DNA synthesis in the preimplantation mouse embryo. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 27, 431–445 (1972).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Beneden, E. van: Recherches sur l’embryologie des mammifères. La formation des feuillets chez le Lapin. Arch. Biol. 1, 137–224 (1880).Google Scholar
  6. Beneden, E. van: Recherches sur les premiers stades du développement du Murin (Vespertilio murinus). Anat. Anz. 16, 305–334 (1899).Google Scholar
  7. Beneden, E. van: Recherches sur l’embryologie des mammifères. De la segmentation, de la formation de la cavité blastodermique et de l’embryon didermique chez le Murin. Arch. Biol. 26, 1–63 (1911).Google Scholar
  8. Benede, E. van, Julin, C.: Observations sur la maturation, la fécondation et la segmentation de l’oeuf chez les cheiroptères. Arch. Biol. 1, 551–571 (1880).Google Scholar
  9. Bernstein, R.M., Mukherjee, B.B.: Control of nuclear RNA synthesis in 2-cell and 4-cell mouse embryos. Nature (Lond.) 238, 457–459 (1972).Google Scholar
  10. Bluntschli, H.: Le développement primaire et l’implantation chez un Centetiné (Hemicentetes). C.R. Ass. Anat. 44, 39–46 (1938).Google Scholar
  11. Calarco, P. G., Brown, E.H.: An ultrastructural and cytological study of preimplantation development of the mouse. J. exp. Zool. 171, 253–284 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Chapman, V.M., Whitten, W.K., Ruddle, F.H.: Expression of paternal glucose phosphate isomerase-1 (GPI-1) in preimplantation stages of mouse embryos. Develop. Biol. 26, 153–158 (1971).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Church, R.B., Schultz, G.A.: Differential gene activity in the pre-and postimplantation mammalian embryo. Curr. Top. Develop. Biol. 8, 179–202 (1974).Google Scholar
  14. Cole, R.J., Edwards, R.G., Paul, J.: Cytodifferentiation in cell colonies and cell strains derived from cleaving ova and blastocysts of the rabbit. Exp. Cell Res. 37, 501–504 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Cole, R.J., Edwards, R. G., Paul, J.: Cytodifferentiation and embryogenesis in cell colonies and tissue cultures derived from ova and blastocysts of the rabbit. Develop. Biol. 13, 385–407 (1966).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Cole, R.J., Paul, J.: Properties of cultured preimplantation mouse and rabbit embryos, and cell strains derived from them. In: Preimplantation Stages of Pregnancy (eds. G.E.W. Wolstenholme, M. O’Connor), pp. 82–122. London: Churchill 1965.Google Scholar
  17. Dalcq, A.M.: New descriptive and experimental data concerning the mammalian egg, principally of the rat (With a specification of a previous interpretation). Proc. kon. ned. Akad. Wet., Ser. C, 54, 351–363, 364-372, 469-479 (1951).Google Scholar
  18. Dalcq, A.M.: Nouvelles données structurales et cytochimiques sur l’oeuf des mammifères. Rev. gén. Sci. Pures. Appl. 61, 19–41 (1954).Google Scholar
  19. Dalcq, A.M.: Processes of synthesis during early development of rodent’s eggs and embryos. In: Studies on Fertility (ed. R.G. Harrison) 7, 113–122 (1955Google Scholar
  20. Dalcq, A.M.: Evolution de l’organisation morphogénetique dans l’oocyte chez le Rat et la Souris. Verh. Anat. Ges., Anat. Anz. Suppl. 109, 373–382 (1962a).Google Scholar
  21. Dalcq, A.M.: Localisations et evolution des phosphatases aux premiers stades du développement. Bull. Acad. roy. Med. Belg., VIIe Série, 2, 573–610 (1962b).Google Scholar
  22. Dalcq, A.M.: Etudes cyto-enzymologiques sur les~eufs vivants de Souris incubés en présence d’ATP et d’autres mononucléotides. Arch. Biol. 73, 405–444 (1962c).Google Scholar
  23. Dalcq, A.M.: Détection des enzymes de déphosphorylation dans les oeufs de rat et de souris fixés au formol et traités in toto. Arch. Biol. 77, 205–344 (1966).Google Scholar
  24. De Geeter, L.: Etudes sur la structure de l’oeuf vierge et les premiers stades du développement chez le Cobaye et le Lapin. Arch. Biol. 65, 363–436 (1954).Google Scholar
  25. Denker, H.-W.: Topochemie hochmolekularer Kohlenhydratsubstanzen in Frühentwicklung und Implantation des Kaninchens. II. Beiträge zu entwicklungsphysiologischen Fragestellungen. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Allg. Zool. Physiol. 75, 246–308 (1970).Google Scholar
  26. Denker, H.-W.: Enzym-Topochemie von Frühentwicklung und Implantation des Kaninchens. III. Proteasen. Histochemie 25,344–360 (1971a).Google Scholar
  27. Denker, H.-W.: In discussion to: J.G. Mulnard: Manipulation of cleaving mammalian embryo... Advanc. Biosci. 6, 255–277 (1971b).Google Scholar
  28. Denker, H.-W.: Furchung beim Säugetier: Differenzierung von Trophoblast-und Embryona1-knotenzellen. Verh. Anat. Ges. 66, Anat. Anz. Suppl. 130, 267–272 (1972).Google Scholar
  29. Denker, H.-W.: Trophoblastic factors involved in lysis of the blastocyst coverings and in implantation in the rabbit: observations on inversely orientated blastocysts. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 32, 739–748 (1974).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Duval, M.: Etudes sur l’embryologie des Chéiroptères. J. Anat. Physiol. 31, 93–160 (1895).Google Scholar
  31. Dvořak, M.: Submicroscopic cytodifferentiation. Ergebn. Anat. Entwickl.-Gesch. 45/4 (1971).Google Scholar
  32. Edwards, R.G.: Cleavage of one-and two-celled rabbit eggs in vitro after removal of the zona pellucida. J. Reprod. Fertil. 7, 413–415 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Epstein, C.J.: Expression of the mammalian X chromosome before and after fertilization. Science 175, 1467–1468 (1972).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Evans, M.J.: The isolation and properties of a clonal tissue culture strain of pluripotent mouse teratoma cells. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 28, 163–176 (1972).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Gardner, R.L.: Manipulations on the blastocyst. Advanc. Biosci. 6, 279–301 (1971).Google Scholar
  36. Gardner, R.L.: An investigation of inner cell mass and trophoblast tissues following their isolation from the mouse blastocyst. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 28, 279–312 (1972a).Google Scholar
  37. Gardner, R.L.: Manipulation of development. In: Reproduction in Mammals, Book 2: Embryonic and Fetal Development (eds. C.R. Austin, R. V. Short), pp. 110–133. Cambridge University Press 1972b.Google Scholar
  38. Gardner, R.L.: Differentiation of trophoblast in the early mammalian embryo. Res. Reprod. 5, No. 5, 1–2 (1973).Google Scholar
  39. Gardner, R.L., Johnson, M.H.: Investigation of early mammalian development using interspecific chimaeras between rat and mouse. Nature (New Biol.) 246, 86–89 (1973).Google Scholar
  40. Glass, R.H., Calarco, P.G., Lin, T.P., Florence, J., Oh, J.O.: Development of the mouse blastocyst following injection with Newcastle disease virus. Biol. Reprod. 10, 502–511 (1974).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  41. Goetz, R.H.: Studien zur Placentation der Centetiden. II. Die Implantation und Frühentwicklung von Hemicentetes semispinosus (Cuvier). Z. Anat. Entwickl.Gesch. 107, 274–318 (1937).Google Scholar
  42. Goetz, R.H.: On the early development of the Tenrecoidea (Hemicentetes semispinosus). Bio-Morphosis 1, 67–79 (1939).Google Scholar
  43. Golbus, M.S., Calarco, P.G., Epstein, C.J.: The effects of inhibitors of RNA synthesis (α-amanitin and actinomycin D) on preimplantation mouse embryogenesis. J. exp. Zool. 186, 207–216 (1973).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  44. Graham, C.F.: The design of the mouse blastocyst. Symp. Soc. exp. Biol. 25, 371–378 (1971).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  45. Graham, C.F.: Nucleic acid metabolism during early mammalian development. In: The Regulation of Mammalian Reproduction (eds. S.J. Segal et al.), pp. 286–301. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C.Thomas 1973.Google Scholar
  46. Gurdon, J.B.: The developmental capacity of nuclei taken from intestinal epithelium cells of feeding tadpoles. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 10, 622–640 (1962).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  47. Gurdon, J.B., Woodland, H.R.: The influence of the cytoplasm on the nucleus during cell differentiation, with special reference to RNA synthesis during amphibian cleavage. Proc. roy. Soc. B 173, 99–111 (1969).Google Scholar
  48. Hartman, C. G.: Studies on the development of the opossum Didelphys virginiana L. III. Description of new material on maturation, cleavage and entoderm formation. IV. The bilaminar blastocyst. J. Morph. 32, 1–142 (1919).Google Scholar
  49. Heape, W.: The development of the mole (Talpa europea), the ovarian ovum, and segmentation of the ovum. Quart. J. micr. Sci. 26, 157–174 (1886).Google Scholar
  50. Herbert, M.C., Graham, C.F.: Cell determination and biochemical differentiation of the early mammalian embryo. Curr. Top. Develop. Biol. 8, 151–178 (1974).Google Scholar
  51. Hesseldahl, H.: Ulstrastructure of early cleavage stages and preimplantation in the rabbit. Z. Anat. Entwickl. Gesch. 135, 139–155 (1971).Google Scholar
  52. Heuser, C.H., Streeter, G.L.: Early stages in the development of pig embryos, from the period of initial cleavage to the time of the appearance of limb-buds. Contr. Embryol. Carneg. Inst. 20, 1–29 (1929).Google Scholar
  53. Hill, J.P.: The early development of the marsupialia, with special reference to the native cat (Dasyurus viverrinus). (Contributions to the embryology of the marsupialia, IV.). Quart. J. micro Sci. 56, 1–134 (1911).Google Scholar
  54. Hillman, N., Hillman, R., Wileman, G.: Ultrastructural studies of cleavage stage t1 2/t1 2 mouse embryos. Amer. J. Anat. 128, 311–340 (1970).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  55. Hillman, N., Sherman, M.I, Graham, C.: The effect of spacial arrangement on cell determination during mouse development. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 28, 263–278 (1972).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  56. Ishida, K.: Enzymohistochemical studies of differentiated 8–16 cell eggs of the hamster. Jap. J. Animal Reprod. 18, 105–109 (1972).Google Scholar
  57. Jones-Seaton, A.: Etude de l’organisation cytoplasmique de l’oeuf des rongeurs, principalement quant à la basophilie ribonucléique. Arch. Biol. 61, 291–444 (1950).Google Scholar
  58. Krauskopf, C.: Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen über die Struktur der Oozyte und des 2-Zellenstadiums beim Kaninchen. II. Blastomeren. Z. Zellforsch. 92, 296–312 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  59. Manes, C.: The participation of the embryonic genome during early cleavage in the rabbit. Develop. Biol. 32, 453–459 (1973).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  60. Mintz, B.: Formation of genotypically mosaic mouse embryos. Amer. Zool. 2, 432 (1962).Google Scholar
  61. Mintz, B.: Gene expression in the morula stage of mouse embryos, as observed during development of t1 2 /t1 2 lethal mutants in vitro. J. exp. Zool. 157, 267–271 (1964a).Google Scholar
  62. Mintz, B.: Synthetic processes and early development in the mammalian egg. J. exp. Zool. 157, 85–100 (1964b).Google Scholar
  63. Mintz, B.: Experimental genetic mosaicism in the mouse. In: Preimplantation Stages of Pregnancy (eds. G.E.W. Wolstenholme, M. O’Connor), pp. 194–216. London: Churchill 196Google Scholar
  64. Mintz, B.: Clonal basis of mammalian differentiation. Symp. Soc. exp. Biol. 25, 345–370 (1971).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  65. Moore, N. W., Adams, C.E., Rowson, L.E.A.: Developmental potential of single blastomeres of the rabbit egg. J. Reprod. Fertil. 17, 527–531 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  66. Moskalewski, S., Koprowski, H.: Presence of egg antigen in immature oocytes and preimplantation embryos. Nature (Lond.) 237, 167–168 (1972).Google Scholar
  67. Mulnard, J.: Contribution à la connaissance des enzymes dans l’ontogénèse. Les phosphomonoestérases acide et alkaline dans le développement du Rat et de la Souris. Arch. Biol. 66, 525–685 (1955).Google Scholar
  68. Mulnard, J.: Aspects cytochimiques de la régulation in vitro de l’oeuf de souris après déstruction d’un des blastomeres du stade II. I. La phosphomonoestérase acide. Bull. Acad. roy. Med. Belg., Series 2, 5, 31–67 (1965).Google Scholar
  69. Mulnard, J.: Les mécanismes de la regulation aux premiers stades du développement des mammifères. Bull. Soc. zool. Fr. 91, 253–277 (1966).Google Scholar
  70. Mulnard, J.: Analyse microcinematographique du développment de l’oeuf de souris du stade II au blastocyste. Arch. Biol. 78, 107–138 (1967).Google Scholar
  71. Mulnard, J., Dalcq, A.M.: Les polysaccharides dans le développement de l’oeuf tubaire du Rat. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 149,836–839 (1955).Google Scholar
  72. Rodé, B., Damjanov, I., Škreb, N.: Distribution of acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in early stages of rat embryos. Bull. Sci., Cons. Acad. RSF Yougoslavie, Sect. A, 13, 304 (1968).Google Scholar
  73. Schlafke, S., Enders, A.C.: Cytological changes during cleavage and blastocyst formation in the rat. J. Anat. (Lond.) 102, 13–32 (1967).Google Scholar
  74. Seidel, F.: Entwicklungsphysiologie des Insektenkeimes. Verh. dtsch. zool. Ges., Freiburg p. 291–336 (1936).Google Scholar
  75. Seidel, F.: Die Entwicklungspotenzen einer isolierten Blastomere des Zweizellenstadiums im Säugetierei. Naturwissenschaften 39, 355–356 (1952).Google Scholar
  76. Seidel, F.: Entwicklungsphysiologie der Tiere. I. Ei und Furchung. Sammlung Göschen Band 1162. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co. 1953.Google Scholar
  77. Seidel, F.: Nachweis eines Zentrums zur Bildung der Keimscheibe im Säugetierei. Naturwissenschaften 43, 306–307 (1956).Google Scholar
  78. Seidel, F.: Die Entwicklungsfähigkeiten isolierter Furchungszellen aus dem Ei des Kaninchens Oryctolagus cuniculus. Wilhelm Roux’ Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organismen 152, 43–130 (1960).Google Scholar
  79. Seidel, F.: Entwicklungspotenzen des friihen Säugetierkeimes. Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, Heft 193, pp. 1–91. Köln-Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1969.Google Scholar
  80. Sherman, M.I.: Biochemistry of differentiation of mouse trophoblast: esterase. Exp. Cell Res. 75, 449–459 (1972).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  81. Skalko, R.G.: Methods for histologic and autoradiographic analysis of the early mouse embryo. In: Methods in Mammalian Embryology (ed. I.C. Daniel, jr.). pp. 238–246. San Francisco: Freeman 1971.Google Scholar
  82. Spemann, H.: Experimentelle Beiträge zu einer Theorie der Entwicklung. Berlin: Springer 1936. Reprint Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1968.Google Scholar
  83. Stern, M.S.: Experimental studies on the organization of the preimplantation mouse embryo. II. Reaggregation of disaggregated embryos. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 28, 255–261 (1972).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  84. Stern, M.S.: Chimaeras obtained by aggregation of mouse eggs with rat eggs. Nature (Lond.) 243, 472–473 (1973).Google Scholar
  85. Stern, M.S., Wilson, I.B.: Experimental studies on the organization of the preimplantation mouse embryo. I. Fusion of asynchronously cleaving eggs. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 28, 247–254 (1972).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  86. Tarkowski, A.K.: Experiments on the development of isolated blastomeres of mouse eggs. Nature (Lond.) 184, 1286–1287 (1959).Google Scholar
  87. Tarkowski, A.K.: Mouse chimaeras developed from fused eggs. Nature (Lond.) 190, 857–860 (1961).Google Scholar
  88. Tarkowski, A.K.: Embryonic and postnatal development of mouse chimeras. In: Preimplantation Stages of Pregnancy (eds. G.E. W. Wolstenholme, M. O’Connor), pp. 183–193. London: Churchill 1965.Google Scholar
  89. Tarkowski, A.K., Wróblewska, J.: Development of blastomeres of mouse eggs isolated at the 4-and 8-cell stage. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 18, 155–180 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  90. Wilson, I.B., Bolton, E., Cuttler, R.H.: Preimplantation differentiation in the mouse egg as revealed by microinjection of vital markers. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 27, 467–479 (1972).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  91. Wimsatt, W.A.: An analysis of implantation in the bat, Myotis lucifugus lucifugus. Amer. J. Anat. 74, 355–411 (1944).Google Scholar
  92. Wimsatt, W.A.: Some comparative aspects of implantation. Biol. Reprod. 12, 1–40 (1975).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  93. Woodland, H.R., Graham, C.F.: RNA synthesis during early development of the mouse. Nature (Lond.) 221, 327–332 (1969).Google Scholar
  94. Zeilmaker, G.H.: Fusion of rat and mouse morulae and formation of chimaeric b1astocysts. Nature (Lond.) 242, 115–116 (1973).Google Scholar

Note added in Proof

  1. Avendano, S., Croxatto, H.D., Pereda, J., Croxatto, H.B.: A seven-cell human egg recovered from the oviduct. Fertil. Steril. 26, 1167–1172 (1975).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Damjanov, I., Solter, D.: Experimental teratoma. Current Topics in Pathology (eds. E. Grundmann, W.H. Kirsten). 59, 69–130 (1974).Google Scholar
  3. Ducibella, Th., Albertini, D.F., Anderson, E., Biggers, J.D.: The preimplantation mammalian embryo. Characterization of intercellular junctions and their appearance during development. Devel. Biol. 45, 231–250 (1975).Google Scholar
  4. Dudbella, Th., Anderson, E.: Cell shape and membrane changes in the eight-cell mouse embryo. Prerequisites for morphogenesis of the blastocyst. Develop. Biol. 47, 45–58 (1975).Google Scholar
  5. Ford, C.E., Evans, E.P., Gardner, R.L.: Marker chromosome analysis of two mouse chimaeras. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 33, 447–457 (1975).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Garner, W., McLaren, A.: Cell distribution in chimaeric mouse embryos before implantation. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 32, 495–503 (1974).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Gulyas, B.J.: A reexamination of cleavage patterns in eutherian mammalian eggs. Rotation of blastomere pairs during second cleavage in the rabbit. J. exp. Zool. 193, 235–248 (1975).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Izquierdo, L., Marticorena, P.: Alkaline phosphatase in preimplantation mouse embryos. Exp. Cell Res. 92, 399–402 (1975).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Izquierdo, L., Ortiz, M.E.: Differentiation in the mouse morulae. Wilh. Roux’ Arch. 177, 67–74 (1975).Google Scholar
  10. Panigel, M., Kraemer, D.C., Kalter, S.S., Smith, G.S., Heberling, R.L.: Ultrastructure of cleavage stages and preimplantation embryos of the baboon. Anat. Embryol. 147, 45–62 (1975).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Rossant, J.: Investigation of the determinative state of the mouse inner cell mass. I. Aggregation of isolated inner cell masses with morulae. J. Embryol. Exp. Morph. 33, 979–990 (1975).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Rossant, J.: Invesitgation of the determinative state of the mouse inner cell mass. II. The fate of isolated inner cell masses transferred to the oviduct. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 33, 991–1001 (1975).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Sherman, M.I.: The role of cell-cell interaction during early mouse embryogenesis. In: The Early Development of Mammals (British Society for Developmental Biology Symposium 2), pp. 145–164. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975.Google Scholar
  14. Sherman, M.I.: Long term culture of cells derived from mouse blastocyts. Differentiation 3, 51–68 (1975).PubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg 1976

Authors and Affiliations

There are no affiliations available

Personalised recommendations

Cite paper

Buy options