Abstract
Protoplasts of mature cells of higher plants are delimited by a cellulosic wall which overlies the plasma membrane (cell membrane or plasmalemma) at the external or environmental surface. Internally, these cells contain a watery central vacuole surrounded by the tonoplast (vacuole membrane). These external and internal extraprotoplasmic compartments, and the membranes which surround them, arise through biosynthetic activities of the cytoplasm. Coordinated increases in their surface area accompany increases in cell volume and account for the elongation phase of plant growth. An understanding of the mechanisms and control of formation of these cellular components constitutes an important study area of plant physiology.
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Morré, D.J., Mollenhauer, H.H. (1976). Interactions among Cytoplasm, Endomembranes, and the Cell Surface. In: Stocking, C.R., Heber, U. (eds) Transport in Plants III. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, vol 3. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66417-5_9
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