Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Metabolic Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids in Experimental Animals

  • Chapter
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Abstract

The influence of the testis on metabolic processes in tissues other than the accessory sex organs had been recognized for a long time. The effect of castration on the size and behavior of domestic animals, the difference in BMR, skeleton, body weight, and shape, etc., between males and females was known. The dramatic effects on vigor and energy reported by Brown-Sequard (1889) after the self-administration of testis glycerol extracts focused attention on energy metabolism. Early attempts to confirm these results were conflicting and unconvincing. Later several investigators administered extracts to experimental animals, with small and questionable results on energy and nitrogen metabolism (Koch, 1939; Moore, 1939).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Arnold, A., Beyler, A.L., Potts, G.O.: Androstanazole, a new orally active anabolic steroid. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 102, 184–187 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, A., Potts, G.O.: Oral anabolic-androgenic evaluations of four anabolic steroids. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 52, 489–496 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, A., Potts, G.O., Beyler, A.L.: Relative oral anabolic to androgenic activity ratios of androisoxazole, ethylestrenol, methylandrostenolisoxazole and testosterone. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 44, 490–498 (1963a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, A., Potts, G.O., Beyler, A.L.: The ratio of anabolic to androgenic activity of 7:17-dimethyltestosterone, oxymesterone, mestanolone, and fluoxymesterone. J. Endocr. 28, 87–92 (1963b).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, A., Potts, G.O., Beyler, A.L.: Evaluation of the protein anabolic properties of certain orally active anabolic agents based on nitrogen balance studies in rats. Endocrinology 72, 408–417 (1963c).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, A., Schad, J.S.: Nitrogen balance studies with dogs on casein or methionine-supplemented casein. J. Nutr. 53, 265–273 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aschkenasy, A.: Etude expérimentale de l’action protidoanabolisante ainsi que de la toxicité aigue et chronique de la 17-ethyl-19-nortestosterone. Therapie 14, 332–349 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aschkenasy, A., Dray, F.: Action de la thyroxine, des hormones corticotrope et somatotrope et des hormones genitales sur la reprise du poids et sur la regeneration des organes apres inanition proteique. Ann. endocr. (Paris) 15, 441–460 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aude, D.: Influence de l’hormone testiculaire sur les echanges respiratoires chez les gallinaces. Rev. franç. Endocr. clin. 5, 81–115 (1927).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldratti, G., Arcari, G.: The anabolising effect of 4-hydroxy-17α-methyltestosterone. Panmi-nerva med. 4, 137–139 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, P.D.: Rates of protein synthesis, amino acid catabolism and size of nitrogen pool during nitrogen storage induced with testosterone propionate, and testosterone propionate combined with growth hormone. Endocrinology 52, 272–276 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, P.D., Gaebler, O.H.: Studies on the mechanism of nitrogen storage. VI. Rate of protein synthesis and size of the nitrogen pool. J. biol. Chem. 196, 1–9 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, P.D., Stevenson, A.: Effects of protein anabolic hormones on rates of protein degradation and protein loss in the fasting dog. Endocrinology 55, 200–204 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bavetta, L.A., Bekhor, I., Shah, R., O’Day, P., Nimni, M.E.: Metabolic and anti-inflammatory properties of 6-methylprednisolone alone and in combination with anabolic hormones. Endocrinology 71, 221–226 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beyler, A.L., Arnold, A., Potts, G.O.: Methods for evaluating anabolic and catabolic agents in laboratory animals. J. Amer. med. Worn. Ass. 23, 708–721 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beyler, A.L., Potts, G.O., Arnold, A.: Influence of molecular unsaturation on hormonal activity pattern of certain heterocyclic steroids. Endocrinology 68, 987–995 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouliere, F., Cendron, H., Tesniere, B.: Comparaison de l’action frénatrice de quelques Stéroides sur la perte d’azote, chez le Rat adulte il age. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 152, 1636–1640 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Braasch, J.W., Wakerlin, G.E., Bell, J.H., Levenson, S.M.: Effect of testosterone propionate on total urinary nitrogen excretion of the rat following burns. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 75, 183–189 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J.H.U.: Influence of methionine and thiouracil on nitrogen balance index and organ weights of adult rats. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 71, 612–616 (1949).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown-Sequard, C.E.: The effects produced on man by subcutaneous injections of a liquid obtained from the testicles of animals. Lancet 1889 II, 105–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bühler, F.: Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen über den Einfluß von verschiedenen Hormonen auf die Ausscheidung von Kreatin und Kreatinin in Urin. Z. ges. exp. Med. 96, 821–844 (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  • Butenandt, A., Hanisch, G.: Ãœber Testosteron. Umwandlung des Dehydro-androsterons in Androstendiol und Testosteron; ein Weg zur Darstellung des Testosterons aus Cholesterin. Z. physiol. Chem. 237, 89–97 (1935).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butenandt, A., Kudszus, H.: Ãœber Androstendion, einen hochwirksamen männlichen Prägungsstoff. Z. physiol. Chem. 237, 75–88 (1935).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cavallero, C., Malandra, B.: Sul’effeto anabolico del testosterone e del 4-chlorotestosterone nel ratto con diabete allossanico. Boll. Soc. ital. Biol. sper. 32, 748–750 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaikoff, I.L., Forker, L.L.: The antidiabetic action of insulin on nitrogen metabolism. Endocrinology 46, 319–326 (1950).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheetham, R.W.S., Zwarenstein, H.: The influence of the gonads on protein metabolism. V. The effect of testicular, urinary and anterior pituitary preparations on the urinary creatinine of normal and castrated rabbits. Biochem. J. 32, 871–877 (1938).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiappino, G.: Azione del 4-idrossi-17α-metiltestosterone sul bilancio azotato nel diabete allossanico del ratto. Arch. Stud. Fisiopat. Clin. Ricambio 24, 1–5 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coffman, J.R., Koch, F.C.: The effect of testosterone propionate on induced creatinuria in rats. J. biol. Chem. 135, 519–530 (1940).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Comsa, J.: Action de Poestrone sur la créatine urinaire du Cobaye. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 139, 1033–1034 (1945a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Comsa, J.: Conséquences de la castration sur la créatinurie du Cobaye thymiprive. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 139, 391–392 (1945b).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Comsa, J.: Nouvelles recherches sur la créatinurie chez le Cobaye. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 141, 413–415 (1947a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Comsa, J.: Evolution de la créatinurie chez le Cobaye thyréoprive castré. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 141, 511–513 (1947b).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Comsa, J.: Nouvelles recherches sur l’action de la testosterone sur la créatinurie du Cobaye. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 141, 917–921 (1947c).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Comsa, J.: Nouvelles recherches sur la creatinurie du Cobaye thymithyreoprive castré. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 141, 513–514 (1947d).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corníl, L., Rosanoff, H.: Influence du propionate de testosterone sur la glycémie. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 129, 983–986 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Croxatto, H., Muermann, J., de la Parra, R.: Influence of gelatin or glycine administration on the excretion of creatine by the rat. Bol. Soc. Biol. Santiago 4, 337–339 (1941, 1942).

    Google Scholar 

  • David, K., Dingemanse, E., Freud, J., Laqueur, E.: Ãœber krystallinisches männliches Hormon aus Hoden (Testosteron), wirksamer als aus Harn oder aus Cholesterin bereitetes Androsteron. Z. physiol. Chem. 233, 281–282 (1935).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Jongh, S.E., Schiernecker, J., van Wieringen, G.: Remarks on the anabolic effect of testosterone. Acta physiol. pharmacol. neerl. 1, 294–297 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • de Muylder, E., Borghgraef, R.: Influence des oestrogenes et des androgenes sur l’espece extracellulaire mesure au sodium radioactif. Bull. Soc. roy. belge. Gynéç. Obstét. 27, 426–439 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • de Ruggieri, D.P., Matscher, R., Gandolfi, C., Chiaramonti, D., Lupo, C., Pietra, E., Cavalli, R.: Un nuovo Steroide aventa azione proteoanabolica: La dimetazina. Arch. Sci. biol. 47, 1–19 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Elsair, J., Poey, J., Naceur, J., Devine, R., Mrabet, N.: Effets de l’hormone de croissance, de la norethandrolone et une association des deux sus le bilan d’azote du rat. Ann. Biol. clin. 31, 225–230 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fichera, G., Catania, C.: Metabolismo del Calcio e del Potassio sotto l’azione dell’ Ormone sessuale maschile. Rev. Pat. sper. 21, 187–192 (1938).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, G.B.: Another source of error in the metabolic balance method. Nutr. Rev. 31, 297–300 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujii, T.: Influence of androgen on hypothyroidism in rats. I. Effects of methylandrostenediol on thyroidectomized rats. Endocr. Jap. 6, 47–58 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Funk, C., Harrow, B.: The male hormone. Biochem. J. 24, 1678–1680 (1930).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaebler, O.H., Beher, W.T., Crigger, E.M.: Conjugation of benzoic and phenylacetic acids during nitrogen storage induced with growth hormone or testosterone propionate. Amer. J. Physiol. 172, 152–156 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaebler, O.H., Tarnowski, S.M.: Effects of estrone, ascorbic acid and testosterone propionate on nitrogen storage and insulin requirement in dogs. Endocrinology 33, 317–324 (1943).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gastaldi, F.: Modificazioni glicemiche immediate indotte dal propionato di testosterone in cani normali e pancreasectomizzati. Studi sassaresi 25, 601–606 (1947).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geiger, E., ElRawi, I.: Lack of effect of testosterone propionate on body weight of rats during protein depletion and repletion. Metabolism 1, 145–148 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordan, G.S., Bennett, L.L., Li, C.H., Evans, H.M.: Effect of hypophyseal growth hormone on rats fed low protein diets. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 65, 317–319 (1947b).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordan, G.S., Bennett, L.L., Li, C.H., Evans, H.M.: The effect of dietary protein content upon the nitrogen retention and weight gain produced by the hypophyseal growth hormone. Endocrinology 42, 153–160 (1948).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordan, G.S., Evans, H.M., Simpson, M. E.: Effects of testosterone propionate on body weight and urinary nitrogen excretion of normal and hypophysectomized rats. Endocrinology 40, 375–380 (1947a).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hazelwood, R.L., O’Brien, K.D.: Modification of glucagon-induced hyperglycemia in rats by 17-ethyl-19-nortestosterone. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 106, 851–854 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heymans, C.: Influence de la castration sur les echanges respiratoires, la nutrition et le jeune. J. Physiol. Path. Gén. 19, 323–331 (1921).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffbauer, F. W., Watson, C.J., Schwartz, S.: Urinary and fecal coproporphyrin excretion in rats. I. Results in normals and castrates. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 83, 228–232 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingle, D. J., Ginther, G.B., Nezamis, J.: Effect of diet in rats on adrenal weights and on survival following adrenalectomy. Endocrinology 32, 410–414 (1943).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingwall, J.S., Weiner, C.D., Morales, M.F., Davis, E., Stockdale, F.E.: Specificity of creatine in the control of muscle protein synthesis. J. Cell. Biol. 62, 145–151 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jailer, J.W.: The effect of castration and androgen therapy on creatine and creatinine excretion in monkeys. Amer. J. Physiol. 130, 503–511 (1940).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jailer, J.W.: Effect of testosterone propionate on creatinuria of experimental hyperthyroidism in male and female monkeys. Endocrinology 29, 89–92 (1941).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kassenaar, A.A.H.: On the metabolic action of testosterone and related compounds. V. The effect of DOCA and testosterone on androgen metabolism in the adrenalectomized castrated male rat. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 14, 130–136 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kassenaar, A.A.H., van Bekkum, D.W., Querido, A.: On the metabolic action of testosterone and related compounds. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 12, 153–158 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, K.S.: Anabolic agents and histamine metabolism. Nature (Lond.) 191, 1368–1370 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koch, F.C.: The biochemistry of androgens. In: Sex and Internal Secretions, pp.807–845. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Co. 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochakian, C.D.: Effect of male hormone on protein metabolism of castrate dogs. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 32, 1064–1065 (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochakian, C.D.: Testosterone and testosterone acetate and the protein and energy metabolism of castrate dogs. Endocrinology 21, 750–755 (1937).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kochakian, C.D.: The rate of absorption and effects of testosterone propionate pellets on mice. Endocrinology 28, 478–484 (1941).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kochakian, C.D.: Conference on metabolic aspects of convalescence. Josiah Macy, Jr., Foundation, P. 125 (1943).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochakian, C.D.: The protein anabolic effects of steroid hormones. Vitam. and Horm. 4, 255–310 (1946).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochakian, C.D.: Protein anabolic activity of pregnant mare’s urine. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 75, 543–545 (1950a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kochakian, C.D.: Comparison of protein anabolic property of various androgens in the castrated rat. Amer. J. Physiol. 160, 53–61 (1950b).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kochakian, C.D.: Comparison of protein anabolic properties of testosterone propionate and growth hormone in the rat. Amer. J. Physiol. 160, 66–74 (1950c).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kochakian, C.D.: Renotrophic-androgenic properties of orally administered androgens. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 80, 386–388 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kochakian, C.D.: Summation of protein anabolic effects of testosterone propionate and growth hormone. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 103, 196–197 (1960a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kochakian, C.D.: Protein anabolic action of testosterone propionate in hyperthyroid-castrated rats. Endocrinology 66, 786–788 (1960b).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kochakian, C.D., Beall, B.: Comparison of the protein anabolic property of testosterone propionate in the male and female rat. Amer. J. Physiol. 160, 62–65 (1950).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kochakian, C.D., Cohn, L., Quigley, E., Trybalski, E.: Effect of testosterone propionate on nitrogen and chloride excretion and body weight of castrated rats during recovery from fasting. Amer. J. Physiol. 155, 272–277 (1948).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kochakian, C.D., Costa, G.: The effect of testosterone propionate on the protein and carbohydrate metabolism in the depancreatized castrated dog. Endocrinology 65, 298–309 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kochakian, C.D., Dolphin, J.: The protein-anabolic effect of testosterone propionate in the hypothyroid rat. Amer. J. Physiol. 180, 317–320 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kochakian, C.D., Moe, J.G., Dolphin, J.: Protein anabolic effect of testosterone propionate in adrenalectomized and normal rats. Amer. J. Physiol. 162, 581–589 (1950b).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kochakian, C.D., Murlin, J.R.: The effect of male hormone on the protein and energy metabolism of castrate dogs. J. Nutr. 10, 437–459 (1935).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kochakian, C.D., Murlin, J.R.: The relationship of the synthetic male hormone, androtenedione, to the protein and energy metabolism of castrate dogs and the protein metabolism of a normal dog. Amer. J. Physiol. 117, 642–657 (1936).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kochakian, C.D., Robertson, E., Bartlett, M.N.: Sites and nature of protein anabolism stimulated by testosterone propionate in the rat. Amer. J. Physiol. 163, 332–346 (1950a).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kochakian, C.D., Tillotson, C., Austin, J.: A comparison of the effect of inanition, castration and testosterone on the muscles of the male guinea pig. Endocrinology 60, 144–152 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kochakian, C.D., Vail, V.N.: The effect of adrenalectomy, adrenal cortical hormones, and testosterone propionate plus adrenal cortical extract on the arginase activity of the liver and kidney of the rat. J. biol. Chem. 169, 1–6 (1947).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kochakian, C.D., van der Mark, W.: Relationship of protein intake to protein anabolic activity of testosterone propionate. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 79, 74–75 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kochakian, C.D., Webster, J. A.: Effect of testosterone propionate on the appetite, body weight and composition of the normal rat. Endocrinology 63, 737–742 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kojima, M.: Studies on the endocrine glands V. Effects upon metabolism of castration, of thyroidectomy, of parathyroidectomy, and of thyroid and parathyroid feeding. Quart. J. exp. Physiol. 1, 351–360 (1917).

    Google Scholar 

  • Korenchevsky, V.: Sex glands and metabolism. I. Influence of castration on nitrogenous and gaseous metabolism. Brit. J. exp. Path. 6, 21–35 (1925).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruze, D., Dubilowski, P., Wierozchowski, P., Wysokowski, J.: The effect of anabolic steroids (Dianabol, Steranabol, and Decadurabolin) on nitrogen metabolism in the rabbit. Endokr. pol. 17, 368–371 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kun, H., Peczenik, O.: Geschlechtsspezifische Wirkung der Sexualhormone auf den Kreatin-stoffwechsel. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 236, 471–480 (1935).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leatham, J.H.: Plasma protein concentrations and organ weights of castrated and testosterone propionate treated rats. Amer. J. Physiol. 154, 459–464 (1948a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Leatham, J.H.: Influence of testosterone propionate on the plasma and liver proteins of hyprothyroid rats. J. biol. Chem. 176, 1285–1289 (1948b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Leatham, J.H.: Plasma and liver proteins of rats following high protein diets and testosterone propionate. Amer. J. Physiol. 165, 73–78 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lederer, J., Delhaye, M., Pottier-Arnould, A.M., Niethals, E.: Influence de la testosterone et de ses antagonistes, acetate de cyproterone et oestradiol sur l’action lipidogene du saccharose chez le rat. Ann. endocr. 34, 336–340 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lennon, H.D., Saunders, F.J.: Anabolic activity of 2-oxa-17α-methylidihydrotestosterone (oxandrolone) in castrated rats. Steroids 4, 689–697 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, J.T., Foglia, V.G., Rodriguez, R.R.: The effects of steroids on the incidence of diabetes in rats after subtotal pancreatectomy. Endocrinology 46, 111–121 (1950).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loewy, A., Richter, P.F.: Sexualfunction und Stoffwechsel. Arch. Anat. Physiol. Suppl. B, 1899, 174–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loewy, A., Richter, P.F.: Zur Frage nach dem Einfluß der Castration auf den Stoffwechsel. Centralbl. Physiol. 16, 449–452 (1902).

    Google Scholar 

  • Luthje, H.: Ãœber die Castration und ihre Folgen. Arch. exp. Path. 48, 184–222 (1903).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyster, S.C., Duncan, G.W.: Anabolic, androgenic and myotropic activities of derivatives of 7α-methyl-19-nortestosterone. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 43, 399–411 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maignon, M.F.: Influence des saisons et des glandes génitales, sur les combustions respiratoires chez le cobaye. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 156, 347–349 (1913).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandel, P., Ebel, A., Fontaine, R.: Effet de la testosterone sur le bilan calcique chez le rat castre. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 148, 713–715 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manunta, G.: Influenza della castrazione e della somministrazione di testosterone sull’escrezione di azoto di ratti in carenza proteica. Studi Sassaresi 33, 1–8 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Matscher, R., Lupo, C., De Ruggieri, P.: Attivita biologica della Dimetazina in senso proteo-anabolica. Boll. Soc. ital. Biol. sper. 38, 1–3 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, A.E., Danow, H.: Influence of methyltestosterone on metabolism of normal, castrate and thyroidectomized rats. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. 49, 598–601 (1942).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, H.C.: Effect of the injection of sex hormones on serum and muscle electrolytes of rats. Endocrinology 32, 443–448 (1943).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, C.R.: Biology of the testes. In: Sex and Internal Secretions, pp.353–451. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Co. 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nimni, M.E., Geiger, E.: Testosterone-induced N-retention in castrated rats on diets containing incomplete proteins. Endocrinology 61, 753–757 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nitzescu, I., Gontzea, I.: La foie et la créatinurie. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 125, 77–80 (1937).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noach, E.L., Wijnans, M., de Jongh, S.E.: The influence of the thyroid gland on the anabolic effect of testosterone. Proc. kon. ned. Akad. Wet., Series C 55(5), 562–566 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrini, G.: Modification immediate dell’iperglicemia provasabili dal propionato de testosterone nel diabete mellito sperimentale. Boll. Soc. ital. Biol. sper. 18, 176–177 (1943a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrini, G.: Azione del propionato di testosterone sul ricambio idrocarbonato nel diabete mellito sperimentale. Arch. Sci. Med. 21, 177 (1943b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrini, G.: Azione del propionato di testosterone sul ricambio idrocarbonato nel diabete mellito sperimentale. Boll. Soc. ital. Biol. sper. 18, 174–176 (1943c).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perlman, P.L., Cassidy, J.W.: Influence of nitrogen intake on nitrogen-retaining action of testosterone propionate. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 83, 674–675 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Potts, G.O., Arnold, A., Beyler, A.L.: Comparative myotrophic and nitrogen retaining effects of several steroids. Endocrinology 67, 849–854 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ptaszek, L.: Influence des hormones sexuelles (testiculaires) sur le metabolisme basal chez les animaux. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 99, 929–931 (1928).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quimby, F.H.: Effects of hormone, vitamin and liver supplements on the appetite and growth of the young rat during recovery from chronic starvation. Amer. J. Physiol. 166, 566–571 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quimby, F.H., Phillips, N.E., White, I.U.: Chronic inanition, recovery, and metabolic rate of young rats. Amer. J. Physiol. 154, 188–192 (1948).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reifenstein, E.C., Jr., Albright, F., Wells, S.L.: The accumulation, interpretation and presentation of data pertaining to metabolic balances, notably those of calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen. J. clin. Endocr. 5, 367–395 (1945).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rooks, W.H.II., Lloyd, E., Dorfman, R.I.: The nitrogen retaining activity in rats of 19-nortes-tosterone-17(4′-methylbicyclo[2.2.2.])-oct-2′-ene-1′-carboxylate. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. 136, 681–683 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rupp, J.J., Paschkis, K.E.: Influence of testosterone propionate on the protein metabolism of hypophysectomized rats. Metabolism 2, 268–270 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rupp, J.J., Paschkis, K.E.: Influence of testosterone propionate on protein metabolism of thyroidectomized rats. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. 86, 399–401 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rupp, J.J., Paschkis, K.E., Cantarow, A.: Influence of thyroxine on protein metabolism. Endocrinology 44, 449–453 (1949).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruzicka, L., Wettstein, A.: Sexualhormone. V. Künstliche Herstellung des männlichen Sexual-hormons trans-Dehydro-androsterone und des Androsten-3, 17-dions. Helv. chim. Acta 18, 986–994 (1935).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sala, G., Baldratti, G., Ronchi, R.: Influenza del 4-chlorotestosterone, del 4-chloro-19-nortes-tosterone e del testosterone sul bilancio azotato del ratto. Folia endocr. 10, 729–735 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandberg, M., Perla, D., Holly, O.M.: The effect of castration in albino rats on nitrogen, sulfur, chloride, sodium and potassium metabolism, and on changes in weight and food intake. Endocrinology 24, 503–509 (1939).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, F.J., Drill, V.A.: Nitrogen-retaining properties of 17-ethyl-19-nortestosterone. Metabolism 7, 315–321 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schrire I., Zwarenstein, H.: Influence of the gonads on protein metabolism. I. Urinary creatinine after castration. Biochem. J. 26, 118–121 (1932a).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schrire, I., Zwarenstein, H.: Influence of gonads on protein metabolism. II. Effect of injections of saline suspension of testes and testicular extracts on urinary creatinine after castration. Biochem. J. 26, 1886–1889 (1932b).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seghini, C.: La creatinuria in rapporto alla funzione endocrina della ghiandole sessuali. Pathologica 29, 53–57 (1937).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selye, H., Bassett, L.: Effect of desoxycorticosterone and testosterone on water and chloride metabolism. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 45, 272–277 (1940).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selye, H., Dosne, C.: Influence of steroid hormones on metabolism of chlorides. Annales Acad. biol. (Univ. Chile) 3, 93–103 (1940).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shemano, I., Gordan, G.S., Eisenberg, E.: The singularly brief anabolic activity of testololactone, a compound lacking androgenicity. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 78, 612–613 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sirek, O.V., Best, C.H.: The protein anabolic effect of testosterone propionate and its relationship to insulin. Endocrinology 52, 390–395 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stafford, R.O., Bowman, B.J., Olson, K.J.: Influence of 19-nortestosterone cyclopentyl-propionate on urinary nitrogen of castrate male rat. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 86, 322–326 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stucki, J.C., Duncan, G.W., Lyster, S.C.: Anabolic and androgenic activities of 7α, 17α-dimethyltestosterone (U-19763), a new anabolic steroid. In: Proc. First Intern. Cong. Hormonal Steroids, Vol. II, pp. 119–132. New York: Academic Press 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stucki, J.C., Forbes, A.D., Northam, J.I., Clark, J.J.: An assay for anabolic steroids employing metabolic balance in the monkey: The anabolic activity of fluoxymesterone and its 11-keto analogue. Endocrinology 66, 585–598 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suoto-Maior, M.C., Foglia, V.G.: Accion de la testosterone sobre la diabetes pancreatica. Rev. soc. argentina Biol. 20, 79–87 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tainter, M.L., Arnold, A., Beyler, A.L., Burnham, D.F., Potts, G.O., Roth, C.H.: Synthetic anabolic steroids in geriatrics. Medical Times 91, 747–759 (1963b).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tainter, M.L., Arnold, A., Beyler, A.L., Drobeck, H.P., Potts, G.O., Roth, C.H.: Anabolic steroid therapy in the management of cancer: A summary. J. Amer. Geriat. Soc. 11, 1140–1151 (1963a).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tedeschi, G.G., Mangiantini, M.T.: Attivita di alcuni ormoni steroidi sulla regalozione del metabolismo creatinica. Boll. Soc. ital. Biol. sper. 33, 1619–1623 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terroine, E.F., Lelu, P., Devrient, T., de la Bernardie, A.-M., Chedru, J.: Control of creatine and creatinine metabolism by sex hormones. II. Influence of castration on the excretion of creatine and creatinine by adult rats under various conditions of nitrogen metabolism. Trav. membres. soc. chim. biol. 23, 1247–1272 (1941).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thorn, G.W., Engel, L.L.: The effect of sex hormones on the renal excretion of electrolytes. J. exp. Med. 68, 299–312 (1938).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomarelli, R.M., Bernhart, F.W.: Oral anabolic activity of (±)13β, 17α-diethyl-17β-hydroxygon-4-en-3-one (norbolethone) in a nitrogen retention assay. Steroids 4, 451–456 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Usuelli, F., Piana, G., Mainardi, B.: Testosterone e digiuno. Folia endocr. 2, 31–37 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, J.B.: Metabolic control of creatine biosynthesis. I. Effect of dietary creatine. J. biol. Chem. 235, 2357–2361 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, E.: Clinical and experimental investigations on creatine metabolism. Acta med. scand. Suppl. 105, 1–338 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, C.A., Rosenthal, A., Duncan, M.T., Taylor, H.C., Jr.: The effects of testosterone propionate on renal function in the dog, as measured by the creatinine and diodrast clearance and diodrast Tm. Amer. J. Physiol. 137, 338–347 (1942).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wijnans, M., deGroot, C.A.: Contribution to the knowledge of the protein anabolic effect of testosterone propionate. Acta physiol. pharmacol. neerl. 3, 85–94 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, M., Gulick, A.: Influence of testosterone on distribution and excretion of creatine. Endocrinology 28, 654–658 (1941).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, P.M., Kochakian, C.D.: Metabolic effects of testosterone propionate in experimental diabetes. Amer. J. Physiol. 173, 217–222 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zunz, E., LaBarre, J.: Contributions a l’étude des effets des hormones sexuelles sur la régulation de la glycémie. III. Action de l’acetate de testosterone. Arch. int. Physiol. 49, 474–489 (1939).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. C. D. Kochakian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Experimental Endocrinology, The University of Alabama in Birmingham, Medical Center, 1919 Seventh Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA

    Charles D. Kochakian Ph.D. (Director and Professor) (Director and Professor)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1976 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kochakian, C.D. (1976). Metabolic Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids in Experimental Animals. In: Kochakian, C.D. (eds) Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids. Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie / Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 43. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66353-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66353-6_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-66355-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-66353-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation