Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Pathophysiology of Adrenal Inhibitors with Respect to their Antihypertensive Activity

  • Chapter
Antihypertensive Agents

  • 262 Accesses

Abstract

The corticosteroids are essential for the maintenance of normal blood pressure. Adrenal insufficiency is characterized by hypotension. In susceptible species excesses of all known corticosteroids can cause hypertension. The adrenal cortex is to some degree a “permissive” sustaining factor in many types of hypertension as first established in renal hypertension by Goldblatt (1934). Adrenal dysfunction is the apparent primary cause of some uncertain but significant fraction of hypertensive disease in man. It follows, therefore, that “chemical adrenalectomy” by the use of drugs or competitive antagonists of adrenal steroids could have a role in the therapeutic management of high blood pressure. This is indeed the case but that this role of the adrenal cortical inhibitors is at present a relatively minor one is due to a combination of (a) etiologic uncertainties concerning conditions logically calling for their use, (b) lack of highly specific drugs for such use, and (c) the metabolic ingenuity of the adrenal in thwarting attempts to alter its complex secretory functions in accordance with man-made concepts of desirable ends.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abbott, E.C., Gornall, A.G., Sutherland, D.J. A., Stiefel, M., Laidlaw, J.C.: The influence of a heparin-like compound on hypertension, electrolytes and aldosterone in man. Canad. med. Ass. J. 94, 1155 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adlin, E.V., Channick, B.J.: Effects of prolonged inhibition of 11 β-hydroxylase in the dog. Endocrinology 78, 511 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bagshawe, K.D.: Hypokalemia, carcinoma and Cushing’s syndrome. Lancet 1960II, 284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bencze, W.L., Allen, M.J.: Chemistry and structure-activity relationships of amphenone analogues. J. Med. Pharm. Chem. 1, 395 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biglieri, E.G., Henon, M.A., Brust, W.: 17-Hydroxylation deficiency in man. J. Clin. Invest. 45, 1946 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biglieri, E.G., Slaton, P.E., Schambelan, M., Kronfield, S.J.: Mineralocorticoid hypertension. Amer. J. Med. 45, 170 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birmingham, M.K., Oliver, J.T., Li, M., Chan, T.H., Bartova, A., Stewart, P.B.: Hypertensive action of 18-Hydroxydeoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC). Fed. Proc. 32, 352 (Abst. 762) (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Birmingham, M.K., Ward, P.J.: Identification of the Porter-silber chromagen secreted by the rat adrenal. J. biol. Chem. 236, 1661 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bledsoe, T., Island, D. P., Riondel, A.M., Liddle, G.W.: Modification of aldosterone secretion and electrolyte excretion in man by a chemical inhibitor of 18-oxidation. J. clin. Endocr. 24, 740 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown,J.J., Ferriss, J.B., Fraser, R., Lever, A.F., Love, D.R., Robertson, J.I.S., Wilson, A.: Apparently isolated excess deoxycorticosterone in hypertension. Lancet 1972 II, 243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burnham, D.F., Beyler, A.L., Potts, G.O.: Adrenal blocking action of a new steroid, cyanotrimethylandrostenolone. Fed. Proc. 22, 270 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Carey, R.M., Douglas, J.G., Sohweikert, J. R., Liddle, G.W.: The syndrome of essential hypertension and suppressed plasma renin activity. Arch, intern. Med. 130, 849 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chart, J.J.: The effect of aminoglutethimide and realted compounds on steroid secretion. Progress in Endocrinology ICS 184, Excerpta Med. Found. 809 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chart, J. J., Gisoldi, E., Gaunt, R.: Effect of aminogluthetimide in adrenal regeneration hypertension. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. & Med. 132, 202 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chart, J. J., Sheppard, H., Allen, M. J., Brncze, W.L., Gaunt, R.: New amphenone analogs as adrenocortical inhibitors. Experientia (Basel) 14, 151 (1958).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chart, J.J., Sheppard, H., Mowles, T., Howie, N.: Inhibitors of adrenal corticosteroid 17a-hydroxylation. Endocrinology 71, 479 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chremos, A.N., Laidlaw, J.C., Ruse, J. L.: Effect of a sulfated mucopolysaccharide (Ro 1–8307) on the zona glomerulosa of regenerating rat adrenal glands and of intact glands in sodiumdeprived rats. Endrocinology 85, 337 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christy, N. P.: Adrenal cortical steroids in various types of hypertension. In: Manger, W.M. (Ed.): Hormones and hypertension, p. 169. Springfield/Ill.: Thomas 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, Eugene: Spironolactone therapy and gynecomastia: J. Amer. med. Ass. 193, 163 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colby, H.D., Skelton, F.R., Brownie, A.C.: Metopirone-induced hypertension in the rat. Endocrinology 86, 620 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conn, J. W.: Primary aldosteronism, a new clinical syndrome. J. Lab. clin. Med. 45, 3 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conn, J.W., Rovner, D.R., Cohen, E.L., Anderson, J.E., Jr.: Inhibition by heparinoid of aldosterone biosynthesis in man. J. clin. Endocr. 26, 527 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coppage, W.S., Jr., Island, S., Smith, M., Liddle, C.W.: Inhibition of aldosterone secretion and modification of electrolyte excretion in man by a chemical inhibitor of 11 β-hydroxy-lation. J. clin. Invest. 38, 2101 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cueto, C., Brown, J.H.U.: The chemical fractionation of an adrenocorticolytic drug. Endocrinology 62, 326 (1958).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eberlein, W.R., Bongiovanni, A.M.: Plasma and urinary corticosteroids in the hypertensive form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J. biol. Chem. 223, 85 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esch, L, Placheta, P.: Treatment of essential hypertension with spironolactone with reference to the plasma renin activity. Wien. klin. Wschr. 85, 413 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fanestil, D.D.: Mode of spirolactone action: competitive inhibition of aldosterone binding to Kidney mineralocorticoid receptors. Biochem. Pharm. 17, 2240 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, H.C., Bailey, U.E.: The effect of heparin on aldosterone secretion and metabolism in primary aldosteronism. Steroids 7, 30 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fregly, M.J.: Effect of o, p’-DDD and metyrapone (Su-4885) on development of renal hypertension in rats. Tox. Appl. Pharmacol. 12, 548 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabrilove, J.L., Nicolis, G.L., Gallagher, T.F.: Effect of SK and F (dl-2(p-aminophenyl)-2-phenylethylamine) on adrenocortical function in primary aldosteronism. J. clin. Endocr. 27, 1337 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabrilove, J.J., Nicolis, G.L., Gallagher, T. F.: The effect of d-2(p-aminophenyl)-2-phenylethylamine (SK and F-12185) in Cushing’s syndrome associated with adrenocortical carcinoma. Metabolism. 17, 936 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaunt, R.: Steroid action on electrolyte and water metabolism. In: Christy, N.P. (Ed.): The Human Adrenal Cortex, 301. New York: Harper and Row 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaunt, R., Chart, J. J., Renzi, A.A.: Inhibitors of adrenal cortical function. Ergebn. Physiol. 56, 114 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaunt, R., Gross, F., Renzi, A.A., Chart, J.J.: The adrenal cortex in hypertension (with particular reference to adrenal regeneration hypertension). In: Moyer, J. (Ed.): Hypertension, The First Hahnemann Symposium on Hypertensive Disease, p. 219. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaunt, R., Melby, J.C., Dale, S.L., Grekin, R.J., Brown, R.D.: Adrenal regeneration hypertension. Endocrinology, Proc. IV, Intl. Cong., Washington, D. C., June 18–24, 1972 Excerpta Med., Amsterdam 740 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaunt, R., Steinetz, B. G., Chart, J. J.: Pharmacologic alteration of steroid hormone function. Clin. Pharmacol. 9, 657 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, E.M., DiRaimondo, V.C., Kent, J. R., Forsham, P. H.: Comparative effects of certain non-narcotic central nervous system analgesics and muscle relaxants on the pituitary adrenocortical system. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 86, 178 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldblatt, H., Lynch, J., Hanzal, R.F., Summerville, W.W.: I. The production of persistent elevation of systolic blood pressure by means or renal ischemia. J. exp. Med. 59, 347 (1934).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, A.A.: Animal Models of Inborn Errors of Steroidogenesis and Steroid Action. In: 21. Colloquium der Gesellschaft für Biologische Chemie, Mosbach/Baden, p. 389. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gotshall, R.W., Davis, J.O.: Mineralocorticoid activity of 18-hydroxy-deoxycorticosterone in the dog. Amer. J. Physiol. 224, 1116 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, F.: Experimental analysis of the effects of aldosterone and other corticosteroids. Rev. ibér. Endocr. 3, 603 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, C.E., Hall, O.: The comparative hypertensive activities of the acetates of d-aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone. Acta Endocr. 54, 399 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helmer, O.M., Judson, W.E.: Metabolic studies on hypertensive patients with suppressed plasma renin activity not due to hyperaldosteronism. Circulation 38, 965 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horrobin, D.F., Manku, M.S., Burstyn, P.G.: Saluretic action of aldosterone in the presence of excess Cortisol: restoration of salt-retaining action by prolactin. J. Endocr. 56, 343 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, S.W.M., Btjrley, D.M.: Aminoglutethimide: a “side-effect”. Turned to therapeutic advantage. Postgrad, med. J. 46, 409 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jasmin, G., Richer, G.L.: Effect of Nialamide on Plasma and Adrenal Corticosterone in Rats. In: Program of the Forty-Third Meeting of the Endocrine Society, New York City, June 1961, 70 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, J. S., Thorn, G.W.: Inhibition of adrenal steroid 11-oxygenation in the dog. Science 128, 478 (1958).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P.C., Lorenzen, L.C., Biglieri, E.G., Ganong, W.F.: The effect of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, tranylcypromine on adrenocortical secretion in dogs Amer. Zool. 5, 689 (Abst. 290) (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J. E., Vaittjkaitis, J.L., Melby, J.C: The pharmacological control of Cushing’s syndrome. Program, the endocrine society. St. Louis, Mo., Abst. 66, p. 69, June 10–12, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagawa, C.M., Cella, J.A., vanArman, C.G.: Action of new steroids in blocking effects of aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone on salt. Science 126, 1015 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahnt, F.W., Neher, R.: On the specific inhibition of adrenal steroid biosynthesis. Experientia (Basel) 18, 499 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahnt, F.W., Neher, R.: Über die Adrenale Steroid-Biosynthese in vitro: III. Selective Hemmung der Nebennierenenden-Funktion. Hei vet. chim. Acta 49, 725 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahnt, F.W., Neher, R.: On adrenocortical steroid biosynthesis in vitro. Part V. Activators and inhibitors - evidence for the presence of substrate-specific 21-hydroxylase. Acta Endocr. 70, 315 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Küchel, O., Horky, K., Gregorova, I.: The treatment of secondary hyperaldosteronism with oedema by amino-glutethimide. Pharm. Clin. 2, 138 (1970).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landau, R.L., Lugibihl, K.: Inhibition of the sodium-retaining influence of aldosterone by progesterone. J. clin. Endocr. 18, 1237 (1958).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levine,J.H., Laidlaw, J.C., Ruse, J.L.: Effects of a sulfated mucopolysaccharide (RO 1–8307) on zona glomerulosa width and steroid production by the rat adrenal cortex. Canad. J. Physiol. Pharm. 50, 270 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, J.I.: Spironolactone therypy and amenorrhea. JAMA 211, 2014 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liddle, G.W.: Sodium diuresis induced by steroidal antagonists of aldosterone. Science 126, 1016 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liddle, G.W., Lance, E.M., Harris, A.P.: Alteration in adrenal steroid patterns in man resulting from treatment with a chemical inhibitor of 11 β-hydroxylation. J. clin. Endocr. 18, 906(1958).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenzen, L.C., Ganong, W.F.: Effect of drugs related to a-ethyltryptamine on stress-induced ACTH secretion in the dog. Endocrinology 80, 889 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Majoor, C.L.H.: Aldosterone suppression by heparin. New Engl. J. Med. 279, 1172 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mancheno-Rice, E., Kuchel, O., Wowaczynski, W., Seth, K.J., Sasaki, C., Dawson,K., Genest, J.: A dissociated effect of amino-gluethimide on the mineralocorticoid secretion in man. Metabolism 22, 123 (1973).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, A.D., Adlin, E.V., Channick, B.J.: Effect of metyrapone on plasma renin activity in dogs. Amer. J. Physiol. 221, 1604 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melby, J.C.: Aldosterone Inhibitors (Adrenal Cortex, Chapter 5), p. 477. In: Astwood, E.B., Cassidy, C.E. (Ed.): Clinical Endocrinology II. New York: Grune and Stratton 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melby, J.C., Dale, S.L., Grekin, R.J., Gaunt, R., Wilson, T.E.: 18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) secretion in experimental and human hypertension. Rec. Progr. Hormone Res. 28, 287 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melby, J.C., Dale, S.L., Wilson,T.E.: 11-Hydroxy-deoxycorticosterone in human hypertension. Circulat Res. 28, (Suppl.) 2 11–143 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Moran, W., Goetz, F.C., Kennedy, B.J., Melby, J.C., Zimmerman, B.: Primary hyperaldosteronism without adrenal tumor. Amer. J. Med. 28, 638 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Müller, J.: Regulation of aldosterone biosynthesis. Monographs on endocrinology, Vol.5. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, A. A., Woodard, G.: Severe adrenal cortical atrophy (cytotoxic) and hepatic damage produced in dogs by feeding 2, 2-bis (parachlorophenyl)-1, 1-dichloroethane (DDD or TDE). Arch. Path. 48, 387 (1949).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, H.C., Potts, G.O., Ryan, W.T., Stoner, S.W.: Steroidal heterocycles XIII. J. med. Chem. 13, 948 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, J., Hennigar, G.: Studies on DDD, 2–2, bis(parachlorophenyl)-1, 1-dichloroethane. Exp. Med. Surg. 15, 310 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rapp, J.M., Knudsen, K.D., Iwai, J., Dahl, L.K.: Genetic control of blood pressure and corticosteroid production in rats. Circulation Res. 32, (Suppl. 1) 1–139 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rovner, D.R., Conn, J.W., Vader, S.D.: Rapid production of 18–OH-11 -deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) by a non-functioning adrenal adenoma. Endocrinology 88, (Supplement, p. A-94, Abstr. 104) (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, H.L., Steciw, B., Kostos, V., Tomoszewski, J.: Adrenal inhibition in the rat and guinea pig by 2-(p-Aminophenyl)-2-phenylethylamine (SKF-12185). Steroids 7, 513 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savage, O., Copeman, W.S.C., Chapman, L., Wells,M.V., Treadwell, B.L.J.: Pituitary and adrenal hormones in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1962 I, 232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sealey, J.E., Gerten, J. N., Ledingham, J.G.G., Laragh, J.H.: Inhibition of renin by heparin. J. clin. Endocr. 27, 699 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, S.A., Tait, J.F., Wettstein, A., Neher, R., van Euw, J., Reichstein, R.: Isolierung eines neuen kristallisierten Hormons aus Nebennieren mit besonders hoher Wirksamkeit auf den Mineralstoffwechsel. Experientia (Basel) 9, 333 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skelton, F.R.: Development of hypertension and cardiovascular-renal lesions during adrenal regeneration in the rat. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. 90, 342 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spark,R.F., Dale, S.L., Kahn, P.C., Melby, J.C.: Activation of aldosterone secretion in primary aldosteronism. J. clin. Invest. 48, 96 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spark, R.F., Melby, J.C.: Aldosteronism in hypertension: the response to spironolactone. Ann. intern. Med. 69 (4), 685 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spark, R.F., Melby, J.C.: Hypertension and low plasma renin activity: presumptive evidence for mineralocorticoid excess. Ann. intern. Med. 75, 831 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steelman, S.L., Brooks, J. R., Morgan, E.R.: Antiandrogenic activity of spironolactone. Steroids 14, (4) 449 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steiger, M., Reichstein, T.: Desoxy-corticosterone (21-oxyprogesterone). Aus Zl-3-Oxo-Etio-Cholensäure. Helv. chim. Acta 20, 1164 (1937).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, D. J., Ruse, J.L., Laidlaw, J.C: Hypertension, increased aldosterone secretion and low plasma renin activity relieved by dexamethasone. Canad. med. Ass. J. 95, 1109 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swaneck, G.E., Chu, L.L.H., Edelman, I. S.: Stereospecific binding of aldosterone to renal chromatin. J. biol. Chem. 245, 5382 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Temple, T.E., Jones, D. J., Liddle, G.W., Dexter, R.N.: Treatment of Cushing’s disease. Correction of hypercortisolism by o, p’-DDD without induction of aldosterone deficiency. New Engl. J. Med. 281 801 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Touitou, Y., Legrand, J.C., Desgrez,P.: Adrenocortical steroidogenesis and aminoglutethimide. I. Biochemical studies. Biomedicine 18, 185 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Touitou, Y., Legrand, J.C., Desgrez, P.: Adrenocortical steroidogenesis and aminoglathemide (A.G.). II. Cytochemical and ultrastructural changes. Practical and theoretical values. Biomedicine 18, 272 (1973b).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tucci,J. R., Espiner, E. A., Jagger, P. I., Lauler, D. P.: The effect of metyrapone on aldosterone secretion in man. Acta Endocr. 56, 376 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tucci, R.R., Espiner, E. A., Jagger, P.I., Lauler, D.P., Thorn,G. W.: Effect of new adrenal blocking agent in Cushing’s syndrome and primary aldosteronism. Clin. Res. 14, 478 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tullner, W.W., Hertz, R.: Suppression of corticosteroid production in the dog by monase. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. 116, 837 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tweeddale, M.B., Ogilvie, R. I.: Antagonism of spironolactone-induced natriuresis by aspirin in man. New Engl. J. Med. 289, 198 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, J.W., Hill, C., Liddle, G.W., Stant, E.G., Michelakis, A.M., Brill, A.B.: Effect of an adrenal inhibitor in hypertensive patients with suppressed renin. Arch, intern. Med. 123, 366 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. R. Gaunt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. C. Melby
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Pharmakologisches Institut der Universität, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, D-6900, Heidelberg, Germany

    Franz Gross (Professor Dr.) (Professor Dr.)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1977 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gaunt, R., Melby, J.C. (1977). The Pathophysiology of Adrenal Inhibitors with Respect to their Antihypertensive Activity. In: Gross, F. (eds) Antihypertensive Agents. Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie / Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 39. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66309-3_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66309-3_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-66311-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-66309-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation