Abstract
Coronary blood flow rate depends uniquely on myocardial oxygen consumption rate, as first demonstrated by ECKENHOFF et al. (1947) and confirmed by ALLELA et al. (1955) and RAYFORD et al. (1965). The energy to support the constant work of the heart comes from aerobic metabolism; fatty acids are the primary fuel, their oxidation accounting for about 70 percent of the oxygen the heart consumes (NEELY and MORGAN, 1974). Indeed, cardiac energy production is almost exclusively aerobic. Even maximally accelerated anerobic metabolism can furnish only 10–15 percent of the energy required to sustain cardiac performance.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
AFONSO, S.: Inhibition of coronary vasodilating action of diyridamole and adenosine by aminophylline in the dog. Circ. Res. 26, 743–752 (1970).
ALLELA, A., WILLIAMS, F.L., BOLENE-WILLIAMS, C., KATZ, L.N.: Interrelation between cardiac oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow. Amer. J. Physiol. 183, 570–582 (1955).
ANGUS, J.A., COBBIN, L.B., EINSTEIN, R., MAGUIRE, M.H.: Cardiovascular actions of substituted adenosine analogs. Brit. J. Pharmacol, 41, 592–599 (1971).
BAER, H.P., DRUMMOND, G.I., DUNCAN, E.L.: Formation and deamination of adenosine by cardiac muscle enzymes. Mol. Pharmacol. 2, 67–76 (1966) .
BAER, H.P., DRUMMOND, G.I.: Catabolism of adenine nucleotides by the isolates perfused rat heart. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 127, 33–36 (1968).
BERNE, R.M.: Cardiac nucleotides in hypoxia: Possible role in regulation of coronary blood flow. Amer. J. Physiol. 204, 317–322 (1963).
BERNE, R.M.: Regulation of coronary blood flow. Physiol. Rev. 44, 1–29 (1964).
BERNE, R.M., RUBIO, R., DOBSON, J.B., Jr., CURNISH, R.R.: Adenosine and adenine nucleotides as possible mediators of cardiac and skeletal muscle blood flow regulation. Circ. Res. 28 (Suppl I)I, 115–119 (1971).
BERNE, R.M., RUBIO, R.: Adenine nucleotide metabolism in the heart. Circ. Res. 35 (Suppl 111)111, 109–118 (1974).
BERTHOD, H., PULLMAN, B.: Molecular orbital calculations on the conformation of nucleic acids and their constituents. I. Conformational energies of B-nucleosides with C(3’)-and C(2’)endo sugars. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 232, 595–606 (1971a).
BERTHOD, H., PULLMAN, B.: Molecular orbital calculations on the conformation of nucleic acids and their constituents. II. Conformational energies of nucleosides with C(3’)-and C(2’)-exo sugars. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 246, 359–364 (1971b).
BOHR, D.F.: Vascular smooth muscle updated. Circ. Res. 32, 665–672 (1973) .
BRAASCH, W., GUDBJARNASON, S., PURI, P.S., RAVENS, K.G., BING, R.J.: Early changes in energy metabolism in the myocardium following acute coronary artery occlusion in anesthetized dogs. Circ. Res. 23, 429–438 (1968).
BRAUNWALD, E.: Determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption. Physiologist 12, 65–93 (1969).
BURGER, R.M., LOWENSTEIN, J.M.: Adenylate deaminase III. Regulation of deamination pathways in extracts of rat heart and lung. J. Biol. Chem. 242, 5281–5288 (1967).
COBBIN, L.B., EINSTEIN, R., MAGUIRE, M.H.: Studies on the coronary dilator actions of some adenosine analogs. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 50, 23–33 (1974).
CONWAY, E.J., COOKE, R.: Deaminase of adenosine and adenylic acid in blood and tissues. Biochem. J. 33 ,479–492 (1939).
DEUTICKE, B., GERLACH, E.: Abbau freier Nucleotide im Herz, Skeletmuskel, Gerhirn und Leber der Ratte bei Sauerstoffmangel. Pflügers Archiv 292, 239–254 (1966).
DRURY, A.M., SZENT-GYORGYI, A.: The physiological activity of the adenine compounds with reference to action on the mammalian heart. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 68, 213–237 (1929).
ECKENHOFF, J.E., HAFKENSCHIEL, J.H., LANDMESSER, C.M., HARMEL, M.: Cardiac oxygen metabolism and control of the coronary circulation. Am. J. Physiol. 149, 634–649 (1947).
EDWARDS, M.J., MAGUIRE, M.H.: Purification and properties of rat heart 5’-nucleotidase. Mol. Pharmacol. 6, 641–648 (1970).
EVANS, W.H., GURD, J.W.: Properties of a 5’-nucleotidase purified from mouse liever plasma membranes. Biochem. J. 133, 189–199 (1973).
GELLAI, M., NORTON, J.M., DETAR, R.: Evidence for direct control of coronary vascular tone by oxygen. Circ. Res. 32, 279–289 (1973).
GENTRY, M.K., OLSSON, R.A.: A simple, specific, radioisotopic assay for 5’-nucleotidase. Analyt. Biochem. 64, 624–627 (1975).
GERLACH, E., DEUTICKE, B., DREISBACH, R.H.: Der Nucleotidabbau im Herzmuskel bei Sauerstoffmangel und seine mögliche Bedeutung für die Coronardurchblutung. Naturwissenschaften 50, 228–229 (1963).
GOLDTHWAIT, D.A.: Mechanisms of synthesis of purine nucleotides in heart muscle extracts. J. Clin. Invest. 36, 1572–1578 (1957).
GORDON, G.B., PRICE, H.M., BLUMBERG, J.M.: Electron microscopic localization of phosphatase activities within striated muscle fibers. Lab. Invest. 16, 422–435 (1967).
GREGG, D.E., FISHER, L.C.: Blood supply to the heart. In: Handbook of Physiology, vol. II, pp. 1517–1584. Washington: American Physiological Society 1963.
GUYTON, A.C., ROSS, J.M., CARRIER, O., Jr., WALKER, J.R.: Evidence for tissue oxygen demand as the major factor causing autoregulation. Circ. Res. 15 (Suppl. I)I, 60–69 (1964).
HAMPTON, A., HARPER, P.J., SASAKI, T.: Substrate properties of cycloadenosines with adenosine aminohydrolase as evidence for the conformation of enzyme-bound adenosine. Biochemistry 11, 4736–4739 (1972a).
HAMPTON, A., HARPER, P.J., SASAKI, T.: Evidence for the conformation of enzyme-bound adenosine 5’-phosphate. Substrate and inhibitor properties of 8,5’-cycloadenosine 5’-phosphate with adenylate kinase, adenylate aminohydrolase, adenylosuccinate lysase, and 5’-nucleotidase. Biochemistry 11, 4965–4969 (1972b).
HASCHENMEYER, A.E.V., RICH, A.: Nucleoside conformations: analysis of steric barriers to rotation about the glycosidic bond. Mol. Biol. 27, 369–384 (1967).
HONIG, C.R.: Control of smooth muscle actomyosin by phosphate and 5’-AMP: Possible role in metabolic autoregulation. Microvase. Res. 1, 133–146 (1968).
HOPKINS, S.V., GOLDIE, R.G.: A species difference in the uptake of adenosine by the heart. Biochem. Pharm. 20, 3359–3365 (1971).
IKEHARA, M., FUKUI, T.: Studies of nucleosides and nucleotides. LVIII. Deamination of adenosine analogs with calf intestine adenosine deaminase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 338, 512–519 (1974).
IMAI, S., RILEY, A.L., BERNE, R.M.: Effect of ischemia on adenine nucleotides in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Circ. Res. 25, 443–450 (1964).
IPATA, P.L.: Sheep brain 5’-nucleotidase. Some enzymatic properties and allosteric inhibition by nucleoside triphosphates.Biochemistry 7 ,507–515 (1968) .
JACOB, M.I., BERNE, R.M.: Metabolism of purine derivatives the isolated cat heart. Am. J. Physiol. 198, 322–326 (1960).
JACOB, M.I., BERNE, R.M.: Metabolism of adenosine by the isolated anoxic cat heart. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 107, 738–739 (1961).
KHOURI, E.M., GREGG, D.E., RAYFORD, C.R.: Effect of exercise on cardiac output, left coronary flow and myocardial metabolism in the unanesthetized dog. Circ. Res. 17, 427–437 (1965).
KOLASSA, N., PFLEGER, K., RUMMEL, W.: Specificity of adenosine uptake in heart and inhibition by dipyridamole. Europ. J. Pharmacol. 9, 265–268 (1970).
KUBLER, W., SPIECKERMANN, P.G.: Regulation of glycolysis in the ischemic and the anoxic myocardium. J. Mol. Cellular Cardiology 1, 351–377 (1970).
LIU, M.S., FEINBERG, H.: Incorporation of adenosine-8–14C and inosine-8–14C into rabbit heart adenine nucleotides. Am. J. Physiol. 220, 1242–1248 (1971).
MAGUIRE, M.H., LUKAS, M.C., RETTIE, J.F.: Adenine nucleotide salvage synthesis in the rat heart: Pathways of adenosine salvage. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 262, 108–115 (1972).
MCLEAN, J.D., KHOURI, E.M., OLSSON, R.A.: Sterochemical determinants of coronary vasoactivity of adenosine (abstr). Fed. Proc. 33, 395A (1974).
MOIR, T.W., JONES, P.K.: Observations on the effect of changes in arterial oxygenation on adenosine-induced coronary vasodilation. In: Current Topics in Coronary Research (Eds. CM. BLOOR, R.A., OLSSON), pp. 11–26. New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation 1973.
MORAN, N.C.: Pharmacological characterization of adrenergic receptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 18, 503–513 (1966).
MUSTAFA, S.J., RUBIO, R.: Membrane phosphorylation of adenosine by embryonic chick cardiac cells (abstr). Fed. Proc. 37, 388A (1973).
NAKATSU, K., DRUMMOND, G.I.: Adenylate metabolism and adenosine formation in the heart. Am. J. Physiol. 223, 1119–1127 (1972).
NAMM, D.H., LEADER, J.: A sensitive analytical method for the detection and quantitation of adenosine in biological samples. Anal. Biochem. 58, 511–524 (1974).
NEELY, J.R., MORGAN, H.E.: Relationship between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and the energy balance of heart muscle. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 36, 413–459 (1974).
OGILVIE, K.K., SLOTIN, L., RHEAULT, P.: Novel substrate of adenosine deaminase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 45, 297–300 (1971) .
OLIVER, J.J., PATERSON, A.R.P.: Nucleoside transport: I. Mediated process in human erythrocytes. Canad. J. Biochem. 49 ,262–270 (1971).
OLSSON, R.A.: Changes in content of purine nucleosides in canine myocardium during coronary occlusion. Circ. Res. 26, 301–306 (1970).
OLSSON, R.A.: Discussion in Current Topics in Coronary Research (Eds. C.M.BLOOR, R.A.OLSSON), p. 83. New York: Plenum Publishing Corp. 1973.
OLSSON, R.A., GENTRY, M.K., SNOW, J.A.: Steric requirements for binding of adenosine to a membrane carrier in canine heart. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 311., 242–250 (1973).
OLSSON, R.A., GENTRY, M.K., TOWNSEND, R.S.: Adenosine metabolism: Properties of dog heart microsomal 5’-nucleotidase. In: Current Topics in Coronary Research (Eds. C.M. BLOOR, R.A. OLSSON), pp. 27–39. New York: Plenum Publishing Corp. 1973.
OLSSON, R.A., SNOW, J.A., GENTRY, M.K., FRICK, G.P.: Adenosine uptake by canine heart. Circ. Res. 29, 767–778 (1972).
PAGE, E.: Cat heart muscle in vitroz III. Extracellular space. J. Gen. Physiol. 46., 201–213 (1962).
PFLEGER, K., VOLKMER, I., KOLASSA, N.: Hemmung der Aufnahme von Adenosin und Verstärkung seiner Wirkung am isolierten Warm-blüterherzen durch coronarwirksame Substanzen. Arzneim.-Forsch. 19, 1972–1974 (1969).
PITT, B., GREGG, D.E.: Coronary hemodynamic effects of increasing ventricular rate in the unanesthetized dog. Circ. Res. 22, 753–761 (1968).
PLAGEMANN, P.G.W.: Nucleoside transport by Novikoff rat hepatoma cells growing in suspension culture: Specificity and mechanism of transport reactions and relationship to nucleoside incorporation into nucleic acids. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 233, 688– 701 (1971).
PLAGEMANN, P.G.W., RICHEY, D.P.: Transport of nucleosides, nucleic acid bases, choline and glucose by animal cells in culture. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 344, 263–305 (1974).
PÖCH, G., KUKOVETZ, W.R.: Studies on the possible role of cyclic AMP in drug-induced coronary vasodialtion. In: Advances in Cyclic Nucleotide Research (Eds. P. GREENGARD, G.A. ROBINSON), vol. I, pp. 195–221. New York: Raven Press 1972.
RAYFORD, C.R., KHOURI, E.M., GREGG, D.E.: Effect of excitement on coronary and systemic energetics in unanesthetized dogs. Am. J. Physiol. 209, 680–688 (1965).
ROCKWELL, M., MAGUIRE, M.H.: Studies on adenosine deaminase. I. Purification and properties of ox heart adenosine deaminase. Mol. Pharmacol. 2, 574–584 (1966).
ROSTGAARD, J., BEHNKE, O.: Fine structural localization of adenine nucleoside phosphatase activity in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the T system of rat myocardium. Ultrastructure Res. 12, 579–591 (1965). ROVETTO, M.J., WHITMER, J.T., NEELY, J.R.: Comparison of the effects of anoxia and whole heart ischemia on carbohydrate utilization in isolated working rat hearts. Circ. Res. 32, 699–711 (1973).
RUBIO, R., BERNE, R.M.: Release of adenosine by the normal myocardium in dogs and its relationship to the regulation of coronary resistance. Circ. Res. 25, 407–415 (1969).
RUBIO, R., BERNE, R.M., DOBSON, J.G., Jr.: Sites of adenosine production in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 225, 938–953 (1973) .
RUBIO, R., BERNE, R.M., KATORI, M.: Release of adenosine in reactive hyperemia of the dog heart. Am. J. Physiol. 216, 56–62 (1969).
RUBIO, R., WIEDMEIER, V.T., BERNE, R.M.: Relationship between coronary flow and adenosine production and release. J. Molec. Cell. Cardiol. 6, 561–566 (1974).
SABISTON, D.C., Jr., GREGG, D.E.: Effect of cardiac contraction on coronary blood flow. Circulation 15, 14–20 (1957).
SAENGER, W.: Structure and function of nucleosides and nucleotides. Angew. Chem. (Int. Ed.) 12, 591–601 (1973).
SATTIN, A., RALL, T.W.: The effect of adenosine and adenine nucleotides on the cyclic adenosine 3’-5’-phosphate content of guinea pig cerebral cortex slices. Mol. Pharmacol. 6 ,13–23 (1970).
SCHOLTHOLT, J., NITZ, R.E., SCHRAVEN, E.: On the mechanism of the antagonistic action of xanthine derivatives against adenosine and coronary vasodilators. Arzneimittel-Forsch. 22, 1255–1259 (1972).
SCHOLTISSEK, C.: Studies on the uptake of nucleic acid precursors into cells in tissue culture. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 158, 434–447 (1968).
SCHRADER, J., BERNE, R.M., RUBIO, R.: Uptake and metabolism of adenosine by human erythrocyte ghosts. Am. J. Physiol. 223-, 159–166 (1972).
SHIMIZU, H., CREVELING, C.R., DALY, J.W.: Cyclic adenosine 3’, 5’-monophosphate formation in brain slices: Stimulation by batrachotoxin. ouabain, veratridine and potassium ions. Mol. Pharmacol. 6, 184–188 (1970a).
SHIMIZU, H., CREVELING, C.R., DALY, J.W.: Stimulated formation of adenosine 3’,5’-cyclic phosphate in cerebral cortex: Synergism between electrical activity and biogenic amines. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 65, 1033–1040 (1970b).
SHNITKA, T.K., SELIGMAN, A.M.: Ultrastructural localization of enzymes. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 41, 375–396 (1971).
SIMON, L.N., BAUER, R.J., TOLMAN, R.L., ROBINS, R.K.: Calf intestine adenosine deaminase. Substrate specificity. Biochemistry 9, 573–577 (1970).
SNOW, J.A., OLSSON, R.A., GENTRY, M.K.: Myocardial: blood purine nucleoside concentration ratios in canine myocardium. In: Current Topics in Coronary Research (Eds. C.M. BLOOR, R.A. OLSSON), pp. 41–54. New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation 1973.
SOMLYO, A.P.: Excitation-contraction coupling in vertebrate smooth muscle: Correlation of ultrastructure with function. Physiologist 15, 338–348 (1972).
SULLIVAN, J.M., ALPERS, J.B.: In vitro regulation of rat heart 5’-nucleotidase by adenine nucleotides and magnesium. J. Biol. Chem. 246, 3057–3063 (1971).
TADA, M., KIRCHBERGER, M.A., CRIBBIN, K.M., REPKE, D.I., KATZ, A.M.: Stimulation of calcium-activated ATPase of dog cardiac microsomes by cyclic AM-dependent protein kinase (abstr). Fed. Proc. 33, 711A (1974).
TAUBE, R.A., BERLIN, R.D.: Membrane transport of nucleosides in rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 255, 6–18 (1972).
TAVALE, S.S., SOBELL, H.M.: Crystal and molecular structure of 8-bromoguanosine and 8-cromoadenosine, two purine nucleosides in the syn conformation. J. Mo. Biol. 48, 109–123 (1970).
TENG, N.N.H., ITZKOWITZ, M.D., TINOCO, I., Jr.: Calculation of the rotational strengths of mononucleosides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 93, 6257–6264 (1971).
VAN BELLE, H.: Uptake and deamination of adenosine by blood: Species differences effect of pH ions, temperature and metabolic inhibitors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 192, 124–132 (1969).
WALTER, P., BASSENGE, E.: Wirkung von ATP, A-3, 5-MP, Adenosin und Dipyridamol an Streifenpräparaten der A. coronaria, A. renalis und der V. portae. Pflügers Arch. Ges. Physiol. 229, 52–65 (1968).
WIEDMEIER, V.T., RUBIO, R., BERNE, R.M.: Incorporation and turnover of adenosine-U-14C in perfused guinea pig myocardium. Am. J. Physiol. 223, 51–54 (1972).
WILLIAMSON, J.R.: Glycolytic control mechanisms. II. Kinetics of intermediate changes during the aeorbic-anoxic transition in perfused rat heart. J. Biol. Chem. 241, 5026–5036 (1966).
WOLF, M.M., BERNE, R.M.: Coronary vasodilator properties of purine and pyrimidine derivatives. Circ. Res. 4 ,343–348 (1956).
WOLLENBERGER, A., KRAUSE, E.G.: Metabolic control characteristics of the acutely ischemic myocardium. Am. J. Cardiol. 22, 349–359 (1968) .
WRAY, H.L., GRAY, R.R., OLSSON, R.A.: Cyclic adenosine 3’,-5’monophosphate stimulation Ca2+, Mg2+ATPase in cardiac microsomes (abstr). Circulation 48 (Suppl.IV)IV, 232A (1973).
ZIMMER, H.G., TRENDELENBURG, C., KAMMERMEIER, H., GERLACH, E.: De novo synthesis of myocardial adenine nucleotides in the rat: Acceleration during recovery from oxygen deficiency. Cir. Res. 28, 635–642 (1973).
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1976 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Olsson, R.A., Patterson, R.E. (1976). Adenosine as a Physiological Regulator of Coronary Blood Flow. In: Hahn, F.E. (eds) Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology. Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology, vol 4. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66249-2_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66249-2_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-66251-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-66249-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive