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Electron Microscopy in Mineralogy pp 374–403Cite as

Deformation Structures in Minerals

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Abstract

Although it is four decades since it was proposed (Orowan, 1934; Polanyi, 1934; Taylor, 1934) that linear defects or dislocations in crystals play a major role in the plastic deformation of crystalline solids, it is little more than two decades since the existence of dislocations in crystals was established and their motions clearly associated with deformation. Direct observation of dislocations and associated deformation structures in very thin specimens by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), initially achieved by Hirsch et al. (1956) and Bollman (1956), has proved to be the most fruitful method of study. It is interesting to note that mineral crystals figured significantly in these early developments; for example, the first observations of surface growth steps at the emergence of screw dislocations on crystal surfaces were made in natural beryl crystals (Griffin, 1950); and some of the classic early TEM studies of dislocations, partial dislocations and stacking faults in layer structures were made on graphite and talc, muscovite and chlorite (Amelinckx and Delavignette, 1960 a, b, 1961), in specimens produced by cleavage. However, largely because of difficulties in producing suitably thin “foils” of minerals with poorly-developed cleavage (Tighe, Chapter 3 of this volume) TEM studies of minerals proceeded slowly until late in the 1960’s.

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Authors
  1. J. M. Christie
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  2. A. J. Ardell
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA

    H.-R. Wenk

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Christie, J.M., Ardell, A.J. (1976). Deformation Structures in Minerals. In: Wenk, HR. (eds) Electron Microscopy in Mineralogy. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66196-9_29

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