Synopsis
Trace fossils at discontinuity surfaces may be classified as three distinct ’ assemblages, according to their time relationship with the depositional hiatus. These assemblages may be called the “preomission,” “omission “and “postomission” suites. Discrimination of these suites is essential for the stratinomic interpretation of the discontinuity surface. The three suites may represent the same ichnocoenose in different modes of preservation, or the appearance of a new ichnocoenose may suggest the environmental conditions responsible for the omission of sediments and the resumption of deposition.
Synsedimentary lithification of the discontinuity surface to produce a hardground brings about profound changes in the trace fossil assemblage. The omission suite is then sub divided into two distinct ichnocoenoses: prelithification burrows and postlithification borings. In certain carbonate sequences, the processes of lithification and bioturbation show mutual interference, causing irregular distribution of the cement and stenomorphism of the burrows. Mature hardgrounds commonly contained a “fossilized” system of empty burrows, the hardened walls of which provided substrates for postlithification borings, so that the two distinct ichnocoenoses form an intimately intermingled assemblage. In many cases the omission suite reveals temporary periods of sedimentary cover on the hardground, in the form of multiple excavation of the fill of the burrows and super-imposition of several suites of borings.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abel, O. 1935. Vorzeitliche Lebensspuren. Jena, G. Fischer, 644 p.
Aubouin, J. 1965. Geosynclines. Developments in Geotectonics, 1, 335 p.
Bathurst, R. G. C. 1971. Carbonate sediments and their diagenesis. Developments in Sedimentology, 12, 620 p.
Bigot, A. 1941. Les surfaces d’usure et les remaniements dans le Jurassique de Basse-Normandie. Soc. Géol. France, Bull., (10)5:165–176.
Boyd, D. W. and N. D. Newell. 1972. Taphonomy and diagenesis of a Permian fossil assemblage from Wyoming. Jour. Paleont., 46:1–14.
Bromley, R. G. 1965. Studies in the lithology and conditions of sedimentation of the Chalk Rock and comparable horizons. Unpubl. Ph. D. Dissert., Univ. London, 355 p.
Bromley, R. G. 1967a. Marine phosphorites as depth indicators. Marine Geol., 5:503–509.
Bromley, R. G. 1967b. Some observations on burrows of thalassinidean Crustacea in chalk hardgrounds. Geol. Soc. London, Quart. Jour., 123:157–182.
Bromley, R. G. 1968. Burrows and borings in hardgrounds. Dansk Geol. Foren. Meddr., 18:247–250.
Bromley, R. G. 1970. Borings as trace fossils and Entobia ere tace a Portlock, as an example. In T. P. Crimes and J. C. Harper (eds.), Trace fossils. Geol. Jour., Spec. Issue 3:49–90.
Bromley, R. G. and R. W. Frey. 1974. Redescription of the trace fossil Gyrolithes and taxonomic evaluation of Thalassinoides, Ophiomorpha and Spongeliomorpha. Geol. Soc. Denmark, Bull., 23:311–335.
Brückner, W. 1951. Lithologische Studien und zyklische Sedimentation in der helvetischen Zone der Schweizeralpen. Geol. Rundschau, 39:196–212.
Buckland, W. and H. T. De la Beche. 1830. On the geology of the neighbourhood of Weymouth and the adjacent parts of the coast of Dorset. Geol. Soc. London, Trans., (2)4:1–46.
Calembert, L. 1953. Sur l’extension régionale d’un hard ground et d’une lacune stratigrafique dans le Crétacé supérieur du Nord-Est de la Belgique. Acad. Roy. Belgique, Bull., Cl. Sci., (5)39:724–733.
Calembert, L. 1956. Le Crétacé supérieur de la Hesbaye et du Brabant. Excursion du 19 sept. 1955. Soc. Géol. Belgique, Ann., 80:B129–B156.
Calembert, L. and M. Meyer. 1956. Sur l’extension d’une lacune stratigraphique dans le Crétacé supérieur du Pays de Herve et du Limbourg hollandais. Soc. Géol. Belgique, Ann., 79:B413–B423.
Cayeux, L. 1897. Contribution à l’étude microscopique des terrains sédimentaires. Lille, Bigot Frères, 589 p.
Cayeux, L.1922. Les minerais de fer oolithique de France. II. Minerais de fer secondaires. Études des gîtes minéraux de la France. Paris, Impr. National, 1051 p.
Cayeux, L.1939. Les phosphates de chaux sédimentaires de France. I. France metropolitaine. Études des gîtes minéraux de la France. Paris, Impr. National, 349 p.
Cayeux, L.1941a. Causes anciennes et causes actuelles en géologie. Paris, Masson, 81 p.
Cayeux, L.1941b. Les phosphates de chaux sédimentaires de France. II. Egypte, Tunesie, Algérie. Études des gîtes minéraux de la France. Paris, Impr. Nationale, p. 351–659.
Cayeux, L.1950. Les phosphates de chaux sédimentaires de France. III. Maroc et conclusions générales. Études des gîtes mineraux de la France. Paris, Impr. Nationale, p. 661–1019.
Crimes, T. P. 1973. From limestones to distal turbidites: a facies and trace fossil analysis in the Zumaya flysch (Paleocene-Eocene), north Spain. Sedimentology, 20:105–131.
Dacqué, E. 1921. Vergleichende biologische Formenkunde der fossilen niederen Tiere. Berlin, Borntraeger, 777 p.
De la Beche, H. T. 1846. On the formation of the rocks of south Wales and south western England. Geol. Surv. Great Britain, Mem. 1:1–296.
Destombes, J. P. and E. R. Shephard-Thorn. 1971. Geological results of the Channel Tunnel site investigation 1964–65. Inst. Geol. Sci. London, Rept. 71/11, 12 p.
Dvořák, J. 1972. Shallow-water character of the nodular limestones and their paleogeo-graphic interpretation (Upper Devonian-Lower Carboniferous of the Rhenoherzynicum and Sudeticum). Neues Jahrb. Geol. Paläont., Mh., 1972:509–511.
Ellenberger, F. 1946. Sur la signification de la craie à tubulures de Meudon. Soc. Géol. France, Bull., (5)15:497–507.
Ellenberger, F.1948. Le problème lithologique de la craie durcie de Meudon. Bancs-limites et “contacts par racine”: lacune sous-marine ou émersion?. Soc. Géol. France, Bull., (5)17:255–274.
Ernst, G. 1963. Stratigraphische und gesteinschemische Untersuchungen im Santon und Campan von Lägerdorf (SW-Holstein). Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg, 32:71–127.
Evans, J. W. 1967. Relationship between Penitella penita (Conrad, 1837) and other organisms of the rocky shore. Veliger, 10:148–151.
Evans, J. W. 1968. The effect of rock hardness and other factors on the shape of the burrow of the rock-boring clam, Penitella penita. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 4:271–278.
Evans, J. W.1970. Palaeontological implications of a biological study of rock-boring clams (Family Pholadidae). In T. P. Crimes and J. C. Harper (eds.), Trace fossils. Geol. Jour., Spec. Issue 3:127–140.
Fabricius, F. 1968. Calcareous sea bottoms of the Raetian and Lower Jurassic from the west part of the Northern Calcareous Alps. In G. Müller and G. M. Friedman (eds.), Recent developments in carbonate sedimentology in central Europe. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, p. 240–249.
Fischer, A. G. and R. E. Garrison. 1967. Carbonate lithification on the sea floor. Jour. Geol., 75:488–496.
Fürsich, F. 1971. Hartgriinde und Kondensation im Dogger von Calvados. Neues Jahrb. Geol. Paläont., Abh., 138:313–342.
Goldman, M. I. 1922. Basal glauconite and phosphate beds. Science, 56:171.
Goldring, R. 1962. The trace fossils of the Baggy Beds (Upper Devonian) of North Devon, England. Paläont. Zeitschr., 36:232–251.
Goldring, R. 1964. Trace-fossils and the sedimentary surface in shallow-water marine sediments. In L. M. J. U. van Straaten (ed.), Deltaic and shallow marine deposits. Developments in Sedimentology, 1:136–143.
Hadding, A. 1958. Hidden hiatuses and related phenomena. Some lithological problems. Kgl. Fysiogr. Sällsk. Lund, Forhand., 28: 159–171.
Håkansson, E. 1971. Stevns Klint. In S. Floris et al., Geologi på Øerne 1, Sydøstsjælland og Møn. Varv Ekskursionsfører, 2:25–36. København.
Hallam, A. 1960. The White Lias of the Devon coast. Geologists’ Assoc., Proc., 71:47–60.
Hallam, A.1964. Origin of the limestone-shale rhythm in the Blue Lias of England: a composite theory. Jour. Geol., 72:157–169.
Hallam, A. 1969. A pyritized limestone hard-ground in the Lower Jurassic of Dorset (England). Sedimentology, 12:231–240.
Hecker, R. T. 1965. Introduction to paleoecology. New York, American Elsevier, 166 p.
Hecker, R. T. 1970. Palaeoichnological research in the Palaeontological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In T. P. Crimes and J. C. Harper (eds.), Trace fossils. Geol. Jour., Spec. Issue 3:215–226.
Heim, A. 1924. Über submarine Denudation und chemische Sedimente. Geol. Rundschau, 15:1–47.
Heim, A. 1958. Oceanic sedimentation and submarine discontinuities. Eclogae Geol. Helvetiae, 51:642–649.
Hessland, I. 1949. Investigations of the Lower Ordovician of the Siljan District, Sweden. IV. Geol. Inst. Univ. Uppsala, Bull., 33:437–510.
Hofker, J. 1958. Foraminifera from the Cretaceous of Limburg, Netherlands. XXXVIII. The gliding change in Bolivinoides during time. Natuurhist. Maandblad, 47:145–159.
Hofker, J. 1959. Les foraminiferes du Crétacé supérieur de Harmignies, Bassin de Mons. Soc. Géol. Belgique, Ann., 82:B319-B333.
Hölder, H. and R. Hollmann. 1969. Bohrgänge mariner Organismen in jurassischen Hartund Felsböden. Neues Jahrb. Geol. Paläont., Abh., 113:79–88.
Hollmann, R. 1964. Subsolutions-Fragmente (Zur Biostratinomie der Ammonoidea im Malm des Monte Baldo/Norditalien). Neues Jahrb. Geol. Paläont., Abh., 119:22–82.
Jaanusson, V. 1961. Discontinuity surfaces in limestones. Geol. Inst. Univ. Uppsala, Bull., 40:221–241.
Jahnke, H. 1966. Beobachtungen an einem Hartgrund (Oberkante Terebratelbank muT2 bei Göttingen). Der Aufschluss, 17(l):2–5.
Jenkyns, H. C. 1971. The genesis of condensed sequences in the Tethyan Jurassic. Lethaia, 4:327–352.
Jurgan, H. 1969. Sedimentologie des Lias der Berchtesgadener Kalkalpen. Geol. Rundschau, 58:464–501.
Kaźmierczak, J. and A. Pszczólkowski. 1968. Sedimentary discontinuities in the Lower Kimmeridgian of the Holy Cross Mts. Acta Geol. Polonica, 18:587–612. [In Polish, with English summary.]
Kaźmierczak, J and A. Pszczólkowski. 1969. Burrows of Enteropneusta in Muschelkalk (Middle Triassic) of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Acta Palaeont. Polonica, 14:299–324.
Kennedy, W. J. 1967a. Field meeting at Eastbourne, Sussex. Lower Chalk sedimentation. Geologists’ Assoc., Proc., 77:365–370.
Kennedy, W. J. 1967b. Burrows and surface traces from the Lower Chalk of Southern England. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Geol., Bull., 15:127–167.
Kennedy, W. J. 1970a. A correlation of the uppermost Albian and the Cenomanian of south-west England. Geologists’ Assoc., Proc., 81:613–677.
Kennedy, W. J. 1970b. Trace fossils in the chalk environment. In T. P. Crimes and J. C. Harper (eds.), Trace fossils. Geol. Jour., Spec. Issue 3:263–282.
Klein, G. de V. 1965. Dynamic significance of primary structures in the Middle Jurassic Great Oolite Series, southern England. Soc. Econ. Paleont. Mineral., Spec. Publ. 12:173–191.
Klüpfel, W. 1916a. Zur Kenntnis des Lothringer Bathonien. Geol. Rundschau, 7:1–29.
Klüpfel, W. 1916b. Uber die Sedimente der Flachsee im Lothringer Jura. Geol. Rundschau, 7:97–109.
Kühnelt, W. 1951. Contribution à la connaissance de l’endofaune des sols marins durs. Année Biol., (3)27:513–523.
Laughton, A. S. et al. 1972. Site 119. In A. S. Laughton et al., Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 12:753–901.
Lindström, M. 1963. Sedimentary folds and the development of limestone in an early Ordovician sea. Sedimentology, 2:243–292.
Lombard, A. 1956. Géologie sédimentaire. Les séries marines. Paŗis, Masson, 727 p.
Lutze, G. F. 1967. Ein Emersions-Horizont im Bathonium von Hildesheim. Senckenbergiana Leth., 48:535–548.
Mägdefrau, K. 1932. Über einige Bohrgänge aus den unteren Muschelkalk von Jena. Paläont. Zeitschr., 14:150–160.
Marlière, R. 1933. De nombreux bancs phosphatés dans la craie à Actinocamax quadratus du Bassin de Möns. Soc. Géol. Belgique, Bull., 56:289–301.
Moore, C. H. 1964. Stratigraphy of the Fredericksburg Division, south-central Texas. Univ. Texas, Bureau Econ. Geol., Rept. Invest., 52:1–48.
Moore, C. H. and K. G. Martin. 1966. Comparison of quartz and carbonate shallow marine sandstones, Fredericksburg Cretaceous, central Texas. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., Bull., 50:981–1000.
Murray, J. and A. F. Renard. 1891. Deep sea deposits. Report of the scientific results of the exploring voyage of H.M.S. Challenger, 1873–76. London, H.M.S.O., 525 p.
Müller, A. H. 1956. Weitere Beiträge zur Icnologie, Stratinomie und Ökologie der germanischen Trias. I. Geologie, 5:405–414.
Neumann, A. C. 1966. Observations on coastal erosion in Bermuda and measurements of the boring rate of the sponge, Cliona lampa. Limnol. Oceanogr., 11:92–108.
Perkins, B. F. 1966. Rock-boring organisms as markers of stratigraphic breaks (abs.). Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., Bull., 50:631.
Perkins, B. F. 1971. Traces of rock-boring organisms in the Comanche Cretaceous of Texas. In B. F. Perkins (ed.), Trace fossils, a field guide. Louisiana State Univ., School Geosci., Misc. Publ. 71–1:137–148.
Perkins, B. F. and C. L. Stewart. 1971a. Stop 3: Whitestone Quarry. In B. F. Perkins (ed.), Trace fossils, a field guide. Louisiana State Univ., School Geosci., Misc. Publ. 71–1:17–22.
Perkins, B. F. and C. L. Stewart. 1971b. Stop 7: Dinosaur Valley State Park. In B. F. Perkins (ed.), Trace fossils, a field guide. Louisiana State Univ., School Geosci., Misc. Publ. 71–1:56–59
Poźaryska, K. 1965. Foraminifera and biostratigraphy of the Danian and Montian in Poland. Palaeont. Polonica, 14:1–156.
Purser, B. H. 1969. Syn-sedimentary marine lithification of Middle Jurassic limestones in the Paris Basin. Sedimentology, 12:205–230.
Radwariski, A. 1964. Boring animals in Miocene littoral environments of southern Poland. Acad. Pol. Sci., (Sér. Sci. Géol Geogr.) Bull., 12:57–62.
Radwariski, A. 1965. Additional notes on Miocene littoral structures of southern Poland. Acad. Pol. Sci. (Sér. Sci. Géol. Geogr.) Bull., 13:167–173
Rasmussen, H. W. 1971. Echinoid and crustacean burrows and their diagenetic significance in the Maastrichtian-Danian of Stevns Klint, Denmark. Lethaia, 4:191–216.
Richardson, L. 1907. The Inferior Oolite and contiguous deposits of the Bath-Doulting district. Geol. Soc. London, Quart. Jour., 63:383–436.
Richardson, L. 1933. The country around Cirencester. Geol. Surv. England Wales, Mem., 1–119.
Rose, P. R 1970. Stratigraphie interpretation of submarine versus subaerial discontinuity surfaces: an example from the Cretaceous of Texas. Geol. Soc. America, Bull., 81:2787–2798.
Rosenkrantz, A. 1966. Die Senon/Dan-Grenze in Dänemark. Deutsch. Gesell. Geol. Wiss., Ber. A, Geol. Paläont., 11:721–727.
Rutot, A. and E. Van den Broeck. 1886. La géologie de Mesvin-Ciply. Soc. Géol. Belgique, Ann., 13:197–260.
Ryder, J. A. 1879. On the destructive nature of the boring sponge, with observations on its gemmules or eggs. Amer. Naturalist, 13:279–283.
Saporta, G. de. 1884. Les organismes problématiques des anciennes mers. Paris, Masson, 102 p.
Schloz, W. 1968. Über Beobachtungen zur Ichnofazies und über umgelagerte Rhizocorallien im Lias α Schwabens. Neues Jahrb. Geol. Paläont., Mh., 1968:691–698.
Schloz, W. 1972. Zur Bildungsgeschichte der Oolithenbank (Hettangium) in Baden-Württemberg. Inst. Geol. Paläont. Univ. Stuttgart, Arb., N.F., 67:101–212.
Schmid, F. 1959. Biostratigraphie du Campanien-Maastrichtien du NE de la Belgique sur la base des Bélemnites. Soc. Géol. Belgique, Ann., 82:B235-B256.
Seilacher, A. 1962. Paleontological studies on turbidite sedimentation and erosion. Jour. Geol., 70:227–234.
Seilacher, A. 1964. Biogenic sedimentary structures. In J. Imbrie and N. D. Newell (eds.), Approaches to paleoecology. New York, John Wiley, p. 296–316.
Seilacher, A. 1967. Bathymetry of trace fossils. Marine Geol., 5:413–428.
Sellwood, B. W. 1970. The relation of trace fossils to small scale sedimentary cycles in the British Lias. In T. P. Crimes and J. C. Harper (eds.), Trace fossils. Geol. Jour., Spec. Issue 3:489–504.
Sellwood, B. W. 1971. The genesis of some sideritic beds in the Yorkshire Lias (England). Jour. Sed. Petrol., 41:854–858.
Sellwood, B. W. 1972. Regional environmental changes across a Lower Jurassic stage-boundary in Britain. Palaeontology, 15:125–157.
Sellwood, B. W. et al. 1970. Field meeting on the Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks of Wessex. Geologists’ Assoc., Proc., 81:715–732.
Shinn, E. A. 1969. Submarine lithification of Holocene carbonate sediments in the Persian Gulf. Sedimentology, 12:109–144.
Shinn, E. A. 1970. Submarine formation of bored surfaces (hardgrounds) and possible misinterpretation in stratigraphic applications (abs.). Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., Bull., 54:870.
Simpson, S. 1957. On the trace-fossil Chondrites. Geol. Soc. London, Quart. Jour., 107:475–499.
Staring, W. C. H. 1860. De bodem van Nederland. II. Haarlem, Kruseman, 480 p.
Steinich, G. 1972. Pseudo-Hardgrounds in der Unter-Maastricht-Schreibkreide der Insel Rügen. Wiss. Zeitschr. Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Univ. Greifswald, Math.-Naturwiss. Jahrg., 21:213–223.
Taylor, J. C. M. and L. V. Illing. 1969. Holocene intertidal calcium carbonate cementation, Qatar, Persian Gulf. Sedimentology, 12:69–107.
Termier, H. and G. Termier. 1963. Erosion and sedimentation. London, D. van Nostrand, 433 p.
Twenhofel, W. H. 1950. Principles of sedimentation. New York, McGraw-Hill, 673 p.
Ubaghs, J. C. 1865. Die Bryozoen-Schichten der Maastrichter Kreidebildung. Naturhist. Verein. Preuss. Rheinl. Westph., Verhhand., 22:31–62.
Umbgrove, J. H. F. 1925. De Anthozoa uit het Maastrichtsche Tufkrijt. Leidse Geol. Med., 1:83–126.
van Straaten, L. M. J. U. 1967. Solution of aragonite in a core from the SEn. Adriatic Sea. Marine Geol., 5:241–248.
Voigt, E. 1959. Die ökologische Bedeutung der Hart’gründe (“Hardgrounds”) in der oberen Kreide. Paläont. Zeitschr., 33:129–147.
Voigt, E.1968. Über Hiatus-Konkretionen (dargestellt an Beispielen aus dem Lias). Geol. Rundschau, 58:281–296.
Warme, J. E. and N. F. Marshall. 1969. Marine borers in calcareous terrigenous rocks of the Pacific coast. Amer. Zool., 9:765–774.
Voigt, E. and R. W. Olson. 1971. Stop 5: Lake Brownwood Spillway. In B. F. Perkins (ed.), Trace fossils, a field guide. Louisiana State Univ., School Geosci., Misc. Publ. 71–1:27–43.
Wendt, J. 1969. Foraminiferen-“Riffe” im karnischen Halstätter Kalk des Feuerkogels (Steiermark, Österreich). Paläont. Zeitschr., 43:177–193.
Voigt, E. 1970. Stratigraphische Kondensation in triadischen und jurassischen Cephalo-podenkalken der Tethys. Neues Jahrb. Geol. Paläont., Mh., 1970:433–448.
Zankl, H. 1969. Structural and textural evidence of early lithification in fine-grained carbonate rocks. Sedimentology, 12:241–256.
Zankl, H. and J. H. Schroeder. 1972. Interaction of genetic processes in Holocene reefs off North Eleuthera Island, Bahamas. Geol. Rundschau, 61:520–541
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1975 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bromley, R.G. (1975). Trace Fossils at Omission Surfaces. In: Frey, R.W. (eds) The Study of Trace Fossils. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65923-2_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65923-2_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-65925-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-65923-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive