Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Endocrine Considerations

  • Chapter
The Etiology of Human Breast Cancer

  • 32 Accesses

Abstract

The effects of many hormones have been, directly or indirectly considered, etiologically linked to breast cancer in man. The first suggestion regarding the possible relationship between ovaries and breast cancer was made almost intuitively by Schinzinger, a German physician, in 1889 and was confirmed in practice several years later (1896) by Beatson, a British surgeon. The latter for the first time performed bilateral oophorectomy in two women with disseminated breast cancer, obtaining notable tumor response. On the basis of his rewarding results, Beatson refuted the then fashionable “parasitic” theory of cancer; he was also the first to consider on a factual basis endocrine influences in the etiology of malignant disease. He wrote “...there are grounds for the belief that the etiology of cancer lies not in the parasitic view but in an ovarian or testicular stimulus...” Since that time the literature has been replete with discussions of the relationship between hormones and breast cancer, from many points of view; the most pertinent of these are briefly reviewed below under the appropriate headings. Oral contraceptives are considered in a separate section because of the great interest and current controversy about them that has involved both the medical profession and the lay public.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Abou-Daoud, K. T.: Cancer of the breast and breast feeding. Cancer 28, 781 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Abramson, F. D., Schultz, J. S.: Oral contraceptive side-effects and allergy: an immune aetiology? Lancet 1971 II, 1374.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Abramson, W., Warshawsky, H.: Cancer of the male breast secondary to oestrogenic administration. J. Urol. (Baltimore; 59, 76 (1948).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Adams, J. B., Wong, M. S.: A correlation between urinary steroid metabolites and pathways of steroidogenesis in human breast-tumor tissue. Lancet 1968 II, 1163.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Adams, J. H., Mitchell, J. R. A., Soppitt, G. D.: Effect of oral contraceptives on lipoprotein lipase activity and platelet stickiness. Lancet 1970 II, 333.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Adams, P. W., Wynn, V., Rose, D. P., Seed, M., Folkard, J., Strong, R.: Effect of pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B6) upon depression associated with oral contraception. Lancet 1973 I, 897.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Adlercrentz, H., Luukkainen, T., Svanborg, A.: Simultaneous determination of urinary estrogens, individual 11-deoxy-17-ketosteroids, total 17-ketosteroids, total 17-ketogenic steroids, pregnanediol and plasma cortisol during the menstrual cycle and in early pregnancy. Ann. Med. exp. Fenn. 45, 277 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Aldrich, J., Henderson, B., Townsend, D.: Diagnostic procedures for the stilbestrol-adenosis-carcinoma syndrome. New Engl. J. Med. 287, 934 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Allaben, G. R., Owen, S. E.: Adenocarcinoma of the breast coincidental with strenuous estrogen therapy. J. Amer. med. Ass. 112, 1933 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Allen, W.: Possible hazards in estrogen administration. Cancer 24, 1137 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Altman, K., Greengard, O.: Correlation of Kynukreinine excretion with liver tryptophan pyrrolase levels in disease and after hydrocortisone induction. J. clin. Invest. 45, 1527 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Anderson, D. E.: Some characteristics of familial breast cancer. Cancer 28, 1500 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Anderson, J. M.: Transplantation-Nature’s success. Lancet 1971 II, 1077.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Annotation: Oral contraceptives and cancer. Lancet 1972 II, 911.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Arthes, F. G., Sartwell, P. E., Lewison, E. F.: The pill, estrogens and the breast Epidemiological aspects. Cancer 28, 1391 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Atkinson, E. A., Fairburn, B., Heathfield, K. W. G.: Intracranial venous thrombosis as complication of oral contraception. Lancet 1970 I, 914.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Auchincloss, H., Haagensen, C. D.: Cancer of the breast possibly induced by estrogenic substance. J. Amer. med. Ass. 114, 1517 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Baierl, W.: Zur Frage der Mammacarcinom-Manifestierung nach Cyren, B-Behandlung beim Mann. Med. Klin. 48, 1284 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Barlow, J. J., Logan, C. M.: Estrogen secretion, biosynthesis and metabolism. Their relationship to the menstrual cycle. Steroids 7, 309 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Beatson, G. T.: On the treatment of inoperable cases of carcinoma of the breast. Suggestion for a new method of treatment with illustrative cases. Lancet 1896 II, 104, 162.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Beckerhoff, R., Vetter, W., Armbruster, H., Luetscher, J. A., Siegenthaler, W.: Plasma aldosterone during oral contraceptive therapy. Lancet 1973 I, 1218.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Bell, E. M., Mainwaring, W. I. P., Bullbrook, R. D., Tong, D., Hayward, J. L.: Relationships between excretion of steroid hormones and tryptophan metabolites in patients with breast cancer. Amer. J. clin. Nutr. 24, 694 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Bernstein, M. S., Hunter, R. L., Vachnin, S.: Hepatoma and peliosis hepatis, developing in a patient with Fanconi’s anemia. New Engl. J. Med. 284, 1135 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bilbao, M. K.: Mammography in normal women: “blind study of Enovid effects”. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 102, 933 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Billings, E. L., Billings, J. J., Brown, J. B., Burger, H. G.: Symptoms and hormonal changes accompanying ovulation. Lancet 1972 I, 282.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Billings, R. E.: The transplantation biology of mammalian gestation. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 111, 469 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  27. Blackburn, C. M., Albert, A.: Effects of 2-methyl-dehydrotestosterone and of testosterone on human pituitary gonadotrophin. J. clin. Endocr. 19, 603 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Blackwinkel, K., Jackson, A. S.: Some features of breast cancer and thyroid deficiency. Report of 280 cases. Cancer 17, 1174 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Bloom, A. L., Beck, P., Giddings, J. C., Sweetman, P M.: Coagulation studies in haemophiliac patients taking oral contraceptives. J. clin. Path. 24, 23 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Bogardus, G. M., Finley, J. W.: Breast cancer and thyroid disease. Surgery 49, 461 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Bole, G. G., Jr., Friedlaender, M. H., Smith, C. K.: Rheumatic symptoms and serological abnormalities induced by oral contraceptives. Lancet 1969 I, 323.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Bolton, C. H., Hampton, J. R., Mitchell, J. R. A.: Effect of oral contraceptive agents on platelets and plasma-phospholipids. Lancet 1968 I, 1336.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Bonnar, J.: Pituitary and ovarian function in post-pill amenorrhea. Proc. roy. Soc. Med. 66, 571 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Programme: Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolic disease, surgically confirmed gall-bladder disease and breast tumors. Lancet 1973 I, 1399.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Braunsberg, H., Irvine, W. T., James, V. H. T.: A comparison of steroid hormone concentrations in human tissues including breast cancer. Brit. J. Cancer 21, 714 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Braunsberg, H., James, V. H. T., Irvine, W. T., Jamieson, C. W., James, F., Sellwood, R. A., Carter, A. E., Hulbert, M.: Prognostic significance of oestrogen uptake by human breast cancer tissue. Lancet 1973 I, 163.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Brennan, M. F., Clarke, A. M., Macbeth, W. A. A. W.: Infraction of the midgut associated with oral contraceptives. New Engl. J. Med. 279, 1213 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Brennan, M. J., Bulbrook, R. D., Desphande, N., Wang, D. Y., Hayward, J. L.: Urinary and plasma androgens in benign breast disease. Lancet 1973 I, 1076.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Briggs, M., Briggs, M.. Vitamin C requirements and oral contraceptives. Nature (Lond.) 238, 277 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Brown, C. B., Clarkson, A. R., Robson, J. S., Cameron, J. S., Thomson, D., Ogg, C. S.: Haemolytic uraemic syndrome in women taking oral contraceptives. Lancet 1973 I, 1479.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Brown, J. B.: Cited by MacMahon et al. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 50, 21 (1973).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Brown, J. M.: Histological modification of fibroadenoma of the breast associated with oral hormonal contraceptives. Med. J. Aust. 1970 I, 276.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Brown, R. R., Davis, H. L., Jr.: Tryptophan metabolism and hormonal response in breast cancer patients. Proc. Amer. Ass. Cancer Res. 10, 10 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Brown, R. R., Thornton, M. J., Price, J. M.: The effect of vitamin supplementation on the urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites by pregnant women. J. clin. Invest. 40, 617 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Bruni, J. E., Montemurro, D. G.: Effect of hypothalamic lesions on the genesis of spontaneous mammary gland tumors in the mouse. Cancer Res. 31, 854 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Bullbrook, R. D.: Prognostic value of steroid assays in human breast cancer, p. 387. In Advances in Steroid Biochemistry (Briggs, M. H., Ed.). New York: Academic Press Inc. 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Bullbrook, R. D.: Urinary androgen excretion and the etiology of breast cancer. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 48, 1039 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  48. Bullbrook, R. D., Greenwood, F. C., Hayward, J. L.: Selection of breast cancer patients for adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy by determination of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and eathiocholanolone. Lancet 1960 I. 1154.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Bullbrook, R. D., Hayward, J. L.: Abnormal urinary steroid excretion and subsequent breast cancer. Lancet 1967 I, 519.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Bullbrook, R. D., Hayward, J. L.: Excretion of urinary 17-hydroxy corticosteroids and 11-deoxy-17-oxosteroids by women using steroidal contraceptives. Lancet 1969 II, 1033.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Bullbrook, R. D., Hayward, J. L.,Helian, M., Sewvin,M. C., Tong, D., Wang, D. Y.: Effect of steroidal contraceptives on levels of plasma androgen sulfates and cortisol. Lancet 1973 I, 628.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Bullbrook, R. D., Spicer, C. C., Thomas, B. S.: Abnormal excretion of urinary steroids by women with early breast cancer. Lancet 1962 II, 1238.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Burch, J. C., Byrd, B. F., Jr.: Effects of long-term administration of estrogen on the occurrence of mammary cancer in women. Ann. Surg. 174, 414 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Butler, T. P., Pearson, O. H.: Regression of prolactin-dependent rat mammary carcinoma in response to antihormone treatment. Cancer Res. 31, 817 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Cambell, T. H., Cummings, S. D., Kirk, D. L.: Secondary breast cancer of prostatic origin. J. Amer. med. Ass. 179, 458 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  56. Carstens, P. H. B., Clemmensen, J.: Genital tract cancer in Danish adolescents. New Engl. J. Med. 287, 198 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Cassell, E. E., Meites, J., Welsch, C. W.: Effects of ergocormine and ergocryptine on growth of 7, 12-dimethylbenzanthracene-induced mammary tumors in rats. Cancer Res. 31, 1051 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Catt, K. J.: ABC of endocrinology. IV. Reproductive endocrinology. Lancet 1970 I, 1097.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Chapel, T. A., Burns, R. E.: Oral contraceptives and exacerbation of lupus erythematosus. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 110, 366 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Chayen, J., Altamann, F. R., Bitensky, L., Daly, J. R.: Response of human breast cancer tissue to steroid hormones in vitro. Lancet 1970 I, 868.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Civetta, J. M., Kolodny, M.: Mesenteric venous thrombosis associated with oral contraceptives. Gastroenterology 58, 713 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Clemmens, J. A., Shaar, C. J.: Inhibition by ergocormine of initiation and growth of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthacene-induced mammary tumors in rats: Effect of tumor size. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 139, 659 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  63. Clemmensen, J.: Carcinoma of the breast; results from statistical research. Brit. J. Radiol 21, 583 (1948)

    Google Scholar 

  64. Clinch, J., Turbull, A. C., Khosia, T.: Effect of oral contraceptives on glucose tolerance. Lancet 1969 I, 857.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Cole, M. P.: Suppression of ovarian function in primary breast cancer. In: Prognostic Factors in Breast Cancer, p. 146. (Forrest A. P. M., Kunkler, P. B., Eds.) London, New York: Academic Press 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Cole, P., MacMahon, B.: Oestrogen fractions during early reproductive life in the aetiology of breast cancer. Lancet 1969 I, 604.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Cole, P., MacMahon, B.: Urinary oestrogen profiles and aetoiolgy of breast cancer. Lancet 1970 II, 153.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Collaborative Group for the Study of Stroke in Young Women. Oral contraceptives and increased risk of cerebral ischemia or thrombosis. New Engl. J. Med. 288, 871 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  69. Cooperative Breast Cancer Group: Results of studies by the cooperative breast cancer group 1956–1960. Cancer Chemother. Rep. II, 109 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  70. Cooperative Breast Cancer Group (Segaloff, A., Ed.): Results of studies of the cooperative breast cancer group 1961–1963. Cancer Chemother. Rep. 41, Suppl. I (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  71. Corbett, D. G., Abrams, E. W.: Bilateral carcinoma of the male breast associated with prolonged stilboestrol therapy for carcinoma of the prostate. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 64, 377 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Council on Drugs: Oral contraceptives. Current status of therapy. J. Amer. med. Ass. 214, 2316 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  73. Crawford, J. S.: Pre-pregnancy oral contraceptives and respiratory-distress syndrome. Lancet 1973 I, 858.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Crowell, E. B., Jr., Clatanoff, D. V., Kiekhoffr, W.: The effect of oral contraceptives. J. Lab. clin. Med. 77, 551 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Crowley, L. G., Demetriou, J., Macdonald, I., Kotin, P., Kushinsky, S., Donovan, A. J.: Levels of exogenous estrogens in tissues in human mammary carcinoma. Surg. Forum 13, 103 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Crowley, L. G., Demetriou, J. A., Kotin, P., Donovan, A. J., Kushinsky, S.: Excretion patterns of urinary metabolites of estradiol-4-C14 in postmenopausal women with benign and malignant disease of the breast. Cancer Res. 25, 371 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Crowley, L. G., Macdonald, I.: Clinical trial of delalutin in the treatment of advanced mammary carcinoma in postmenopaused women. Cancer 15, 1218 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Cruz-Coke, R.: Birth control, sex-ratio and anencephaly. Lancet 1972 II, 1094.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Currie, A. R: Endocrine aspects of breast cancer. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Cutler, B. S., Forbes, A. P., Ingersoll, E. M., Scully, R. E.: Endometrial carcinoma after stilbestrol therapy in gonadal dysgenesis. New Engl. T. Med. 287, 628 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Daly, R. J., Kane, F. J., Jr., Ewing, J. A.: Psychosis associated with the use of a sequential oral contraceptive. Lancet 1967 II, 444.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Dao, T. L.: Studies on mechanism of carcinogenesis in the mammary gland. Progr. exp. Tumor Res. (Basel) 11, 235 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Dao, T. L.: Mammary cancer induction by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene: Relation to age. Science 165, 810 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Dao, T. L.: Ablation therapy for hormone dependent tumors. Ann. Rev. Med. 23, 1 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Dao, T. L., Greiner, M. J.: Mammary carcinogenesis by 3-methylcholanthrene III. Induction of mammary carcinoma and milk secretion in male rats bearing ovarian grafts. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 27, 333 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Dao, T. L., Huggins, C.: Metastatic cancer of the breast treated by adrenalectomy. Evaluation and five-year results. J. Amer. med. Ass. 165, 1793 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Dao, T. L., Libby, P. R.: Conjugation of steroid hormones by breast cancer tissue and selection of patients for adrenalectomy. Surgery 66, 162 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Dao, T. L., Morreal, C., Nemoto, T.: Urinary estrogens excretion in men with breast cancer. New Engl. J. Med. 289, 138 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Dao, T. L., Varela, R., Morreal, C. E.: Metabolic transformation of steroids by human cancer, p. 163. In: Estrogen target tissues and neoplasia. (Dao, T.L., Ed.). Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Davis, H. L., Jr., Brown, R., Lekl, N. J., Carlson, I. H.: Tryptophan metabolism in breast cancer. Correlation with urinary steroid excretion. Cancer 31, 1061 (1973).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Deelman, H. T.: Brustdrüsenkrebs und Ehe. Z. Krebsforsch. 17, 164 (1920). (Data presented by J. Clemmensen. Copenhagen: Mundsgaard 1965).

    Google Scholar 

  92. Demers, L. M.: The morning-after pill. New Engl. J. Med. 284, 1034 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Desphande, N., Hayward, J. L., Bullbrook, R. D.: Plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and 17-oxosteroids in patients with breast cancer and in normal women. J. Endocr. 32, 167 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  94. Deshpande, N., Jensen, V., Bullbrood, R. D.: Accumulation of tritiated oestradiol by human breast tissue. Steroids 10, 219 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. De Vita, V. T., Chabner, B. A., Livingstone, D. M., Oliverio, V. T.: Anergy and tryptophan metabolism in Hodgkin’s disease. Amer. J. clin. Nutr. 24, 835 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  96. Doll, R., Vessey, M.: Oral contraceptives and thromboembolic disease. J. Amer. med. Ass. 220, 417 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  97. Drill, V. A.: Oral contraceptives, p. 113. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Drill, V. A.: Oral contraceptives and thromboembolic disease: prospective and retrospective studies. J. Amer. med. Ass. 219, 583 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Dugdale, M., Massi, A. T.: Hormonal contraception and thromboembolic disease: effects of the oral contraceptives on hemostatic mechanisms-review of the literature. J. chron. Dis. 23, 775 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Edelshyn, G. A., Lyons, A. R., Welbourn, R. B.: Thyroid function in patients with mammary cancer. Lancet 1958 I, 670.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Eisenfeld, A. J., Axelrod, J.: Effect of steroid hormones, ovariectomy estrogen pretreatment, sex and immaturity on the distribution of 3H-estradiol. Endocrinology 79, 38 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Elkeles, R. S., Hampton, J. R., Mitchell, J. R. A.: Effect of oestrogens on human platelet behaviour. Lancet 1968 II, 315.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Ellis, F., Parker, J. R., Bullbrook, R. D., Deshpande, N.: The uptake of radioactivity by normal and neoplastic human breast tissues after administration of tritiated testosterone. Brit. J. Surg. 52, 54 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Farrow, J. H.: Clinical considerations and treatment of in situ lobular breast cancer. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 102, 652 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Farrow, J. H.: Discussion on the detection of early cancer of the breast. Cancer 23, 821 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  106. Fechner, R. E.: Atypical leiomyomas and synthetic progestin therapy. Amer. J. clin. Path. 49, 697 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Fechner, R. E.: Fibroadenomas in patients receiving oral contraceptives. A clinical and pathologic study. Amer. J. clin. Path. 53, 857 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Fechner, R. E.: (2) Fibrocystic disease in women receiving oral contraceptive hormones. Cancer 25, 1332 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Fechner, R. E.: (3) Breast cancer during oral contraceptive therapy. Cancer 26, 1204 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Feherty, P., Farrer-Brown, G., Kellie, A. E.. Estradiol receptors in carcinoma and benign disease of the breast. An in vitro assay. Brit. J. Cancer 25, 697 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Fishman, J., Hellman, L., Zummoff, B., Gallagher, T. F.: Influence of thyroid hormone on estrogen metabolism in man. J. clin. Endocr. 22, 389 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Fishman, J. R., Mueller, P. S., Stoeffler, V. S.: Changes in emotional state and plasma free fatty acids induced by hypnotic suggestion. Psychosom. Med. 24, 522 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  113. Fitzerald, P. H., Pickering, A. F., Ferguson, D. N.: Depressed lymphocyte response to P.H.A. in long-term users of oral contraceptives. Lancet 1973 I, 615.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Flax, H., Salih, H., Newton, K. A., Hobbs, J. R.: Are some women’s breast cancers androgen dependent? Lancet 1973 I, 1204.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Flax, H., Salih, H., Westbury, G.: Hormone therapy in malignant melanoma. Cancer I, 147 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  116. Frantz, A. G., Kleinberg, D. L.: Prolactin: Evidence that it is separate from growth hormone in human blood. Science 170, 745 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Frantz, A. G., Kleinberg, D. L., Noel, G. L.: Studies on prolactin in man. Recent Progr. Hormone Res. 28, 527 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Fraumeni, J. F., Jr., Lloyd, J. W., Smith, E. M., Wagoner, J. K. Cancer mortality among nuns.: Role of marital status in etiology of neoplastic disease in women. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 42, 455 (1969).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Gal, I., Parkinson, C., Craft, I.: Effects of oral contraceptives on human plasma vita-min-A levels. Brit. med. J. 1971 II, 436.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Gambell, R. D., Jr., Greenblatt, R. B., Mahesh, V. B.: Post-pill and pill-related anenorrhea-galactorrhea. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 110, 838 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  121. Garcia, C. R., Pincus, G., Rocamora, H., Wallach, E. E.: Long term effects with a progestin-estrogen combination. In: Proceeding of the VITH Pan-American Congress of Endocrinology (Intern. Congress Series No. 112). Excerpta med. (Amst.) 1965, 138.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Giorgi, E. P. K., Somerville, I. F.: Hormone assays in Klinefelter syndrome. J. clin. Endocr. 23, 197 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Goldenberg, I. S., Blodinger, P. H., Grummon, R. A.: Some observations on thyroid adrenocortical interrelationships. Surgery 59, 522 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  124. Goldenberg, I. S., Hayes, M. A.: Hormonal therapy of metastatic female breast carcinoma; I: 9a-bromo-11-ketoprogesterone. Cancer 12, 738 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Goldenberg, V. E., Mothet, N. K., Wolff, M.: Atypical features in breast carcinoma in patients on oral contraceptives. Amer. J. clin. Path. 50, 635 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  126. Gordon, D., Horwitt, B. N., Segaloff, A., Murison, P. J., Schlosser, J. V.: Hormonal therapy in cancer of the breast. III Effect of progesterone in clinical course and hormonal excretion. Cancer 5, 275 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Gratarola, R.: The premenstrual endometrial patterns of women with breast cancer. Cancer 17, 119 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  128. Graves, G. Y., Harris, H. S.: Carcinoma of the male breast with axillary metastases following stilboestrol therapy. Ann. Surg. 135, 411 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Gray, L. A.: The breast as viewed by a gynecologist. Cancer 23, 814 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Greenwald, P., Barlow, J. J., Nasca, P. C., Burnett, W. S.: Vaginal cancer after maternal treatment with synthetic estrogens. New Engl. J. Med. 285, 390 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Greenwald, P., Nasca, P. C., Burnett, W. S., Polan, A.: Prenatal stilbestrol experience of mothers of young cancer patients. Cancer 31, 568 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Greenwood, F. C., James, V. H. T., Meggitt, B. F., Miller, J.D.,Taylor, P. H.:Pituitary function in breast cancer. In: Prognostic Factors in Breast Cancer, p. 409. (Forrest, A. P. M., Kunkler, P. B., Eds.). Baltimore: Willians and Wilkins 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Gregg, W. I.: Galactorrhea after contraceptive hormones. New Engl. J. Med. 274, 1432 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Gullino, P. M., Grantham, F. H., Losonczy, L., Berghoffer, B.: Mammary tumor regression I. Physiopathologic characteristics of hormone-dependent tissues. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 49, 1333 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Gullino, P. M., Grantham, F. H., Losonczy, I., Berghoffer, B.: Mammary tumor regression. III. Uptake and loss of substrates by regressing tumors. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 49, 1675 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Gullino, P. M., Lanzerotti, R. H.: Mammary tumor regression II. Autophagy of neoplastic cells. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 49, 1349 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Gutierrez, R. M., Williams, R. J.: Excretion of ketosteroids and proneness to breast cancer. Biochemistry 59, 938 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Guy, J. T., Auslander, M. O.: Androgenic steroids and hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 1973 I, 148.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Guyer, P. B., Delaney, D. J.: Urinary tract dilatation and oral contraceptives. Brit. med. J. 4, 588 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Haenzel, W.: Cancer mortality among the foreign-born in the United States. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 26, 37 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  141. Hagen, C., Froland, A.: Depressed lymphocyte response to P.H.A. in women taking oral contraceptives. Lancet 1972 I, 1185.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Hakama, M.: The peculiar age specific incidence curve for cancer of the breast. Clemmesen’s hook. Acta path. microbiol. scand. 75, 370 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Halsted, J. A., Smith, J. C., Jr.: Plasma-zinc in health and disease. Lancet 1970 I, 322.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Harris, A. B., Hartly, J., Moor, A.: Reduced ascorbic acid excretion and oral contraceptives. Lancet 1973 II, 201.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Hazzard, W. R., Spiger, M. J., Bagdale, Bierman, E. L.: Increased triglyceride level induced by oral contraceptives. New Engl. J. Med. 280, 471 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Hayward, J.: Hormones and human breast cancer. An account of 15 years study. In: Recent Results in Cancer Research (No. 24). Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Hellman, L., Bradlow, H. L., Zummoff, B., Fukushima, D. K., Gallagher, T. F.: Thyroid-androgen interrelations and the hypercholesteremic effect of androsterone. J. clin. Endocr. 19, 936 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  148. Hellman, L., Fishman, J., Zummoff, B., Cassouto, J., Gallagher, T. F.: Studies of estradiol transformation in women with breast cancer. J. clin. Endocr. 27, 1087 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Hellman, L., Zummoff, B., Fishman, J., Gallagher, T. F.: Peripheral metabolism of 3H-estradiol and the excretion of endogenous estrone and estriol glucosiduronate in women with breast cancer. J. clin. Endocr. Metab. 33, 138 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Helman, J.: Effect of progesterone and testosterone propionate on incidence of mammary cancer in mice. Cancer Res. 5, 426 (1945).

    Google Scholar 

  151. Henderson, B. E., Benton, B. D. A., Weaver, P. T., Linden, G., Nolan, J. F.: Stilbestrol and urogenital-tract cancer in adolescents and young adults. New Engl. J. Med. 288, 354 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Henry, M., Degan, W. G.: Superficial thrombophlebitis in patients on oral contraceptives. J. Irish med. Ass. 62, 137 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Herbst, A., Kurman, R., Scully, R.: Vaginal and cervical abnormalities after exposure to stilbestrol in utero. Obstet. and Gynec. 40, 287 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Herbst, A. L.: Registry of clear-cell carcinoma of the genital tract (mesonephroma in young women). Personal communication to Dr. O. P. Heinomen. Cancer 31, 573 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  155. Herbst, A. L., Ulfelder, H., Poskanzer, D. C.: Adenocarcinoma of the vagina: association of maternal stilbestrol therapy with tumor appearance in young women. New Engl. J. Med. 284, 878 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. L’hermite, M., Vanhaelst, L., Copinschi, G., Leclercq, R., Goldstein, J., Bruno, O. D., Robyn, C.: Prolactin release after injection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in man. Lancet 1972 I, 763.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Hertz, R.: The problem of possible effects of oral contraceptives on cancer of the breast. Cancer 24, 1140 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Herzberg, B. N., Johnson, A. L., Brown, S.: Depressive symptoms and oral contraceptives. Brit. med. J. 1970 IV, 142.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Heyman, A., Arons, M., Quinn, M.: The role of oral contraceptive agents in cerebral arterial occlusion. Neurology (Minneap.) 19, 519 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Hilf, R., Bell, C., Goldenberg, X., Michel, I.: Effect of fluoxenazine HCI on R3230 AC mammary carcinoma and mammary glands of the rat. Cancer Res. 31, 1111 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Hill, M. J., Crowther, J. S., Drasar, B. S., Hawksworth, G., Aries, V. C., Williams, R. E. O.: Bacteria and aetiology of cancer of large bowel. Lancet 1971 I, 95.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Hill, M. J., Goddard, P., Williams, R. E. O.: Gut bacteria and aetiology of cancer of the breast. Lancet 1971 II, 472.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Hirayama, T., Wynder, E. L.: A study of the epidemiology of cancer of the breast II. The influence of hysterectomy. Cancer 15, 28 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  164. Horne, C. H. W., Howie, P. W., Weir, R. J., Goudie, R. B.: Effect of combined oestrogenprogestagen oral contraceptives on serum-levels of a2-macroglobulin, transferrin, albumin and IgG. Lancet 1970 I, 49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Horsley, J. S., III, Horsley, G. W.: Twenty years’ experience with prophylactic bilateral oophorectomy in the treatment of carcinoma of the breast. Ann. Surg. 155, 935 (1962).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Howard, R. H., Grosjean, W. A.: Bilateral mammary carcinoma in the male coincident with prolonged stilboestrol therapy. Surgery 25, 300 (1949).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Hoyumpa, A. M., Jr., Schiff, L., Helfman, E. L.: Budd-Chiari syndrome in women taking oral contraceptives. Amer. J. Med. 50, 137 (1971).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Huggins, C., Briziarelli, G., Sutton, H.: Rapid induction of mammary carcinoma in the rat and the influence of hormones on the tumors. J. exp. Med. 109, 25 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Huggins, C., Grand, L. C., Brilbantes, F. P.: Mammary cancer induced by a single feeding of polynuclear hydrocarbons and its suppression. Nature (Lond.) 189, 204 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Huggins, C., Jensen, E. Y.: The depression of estrone induced uterine growth by phenolic estrogens with oxygen functions at position 6 or 16; the impeded estrogens. J. exp. Med. 102, 335 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Huggins, C., Torralba, Y., Mainzer, K.: Hormonal influences on mammary tumors of the rat. I. Acceleration of growth of transplanted fibroadenoma in ovariectomized and hypophysectomized rats. J. exp. Med. 104, 525 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Humphrey, L. J., Swerdlow, M.: The relationship of breast disease to thyroid disease. Cancer 17, 1170 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Inman, W. H. W., Vessey, M. P.: Investigation of death from pulmonary, coronary and cerebral thrombosis and embolism in women of childbearing age. Brit. med. J. 1968 II, 193.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Inman, W. H. W., Vessey, M. P.: Oral contraceptives and thromboembolic disease. J. Amer. med. Ass. 220, 417 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  175. Izsak, F. G., Mauldin, W. P.: Cancer of the breast in an adolescent girl. Harefuah 75, 464 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  176. Jackson, A. W., Muldal, S., Ockey, C. H., O’Connor, P. J.: Carcinoma of male breast in association with Klinefelter syndrome. Brit. med. J. 1965 I, 223.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Jacobsen, A. H. J.: Bilateral mammary carcinoma in the male following stilboestrol therapy. Acta path. microbiol. scand. 31, 60 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  178. James, W.: Sex ratio and the pill. Lancet 1973 I, 1061.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Jenkins, J. S., Ash, S.: Metabolism of testosterone by human breast tumors. Lancet 1972 II, 513.

    Google Scholar 

  180. Jensen, E. V., Block, G. E., Smith, S.: Estrogen receptors and breast cancer response to adrenalectomy, p. 55. In: Hall, T. C.: National Cancer Institute Monograph 34, U.S. Printing Office 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  181. Johansson, H., Terewins, L., Thoren, L.: The binding of estradiol 17b to human breast cancer and other tissues in vitro. Cancer Res. 30, 692 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Johnson, F. L., Lerner, K. G., Siegel, M., Feagler, J. P., Majerus, P. W., Hartmann, J. R., Thomas,E.D.: Association of androgenic-anabolic steroid therapy with development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 1972 II, 1273.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Johnson, U., Colsky, J., Lessner, H. E., Roath, O. S., Alper, R. G., Jones, R., Jr.: Clinical and pharmacological observations of effects of 9a-bromo-11-ketoprogesterone in patients with carcinoma of the breast. Cancer 12, 509 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  184. Kaufmann, R. L.: Birth defects and oral contraceptives. Lancet 1973 I, 1396.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Kaye, M. D., Jones, W. R.: Effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on in vitro lymphocyte transformation. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 109, 1029 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Kennedy, B. J.: Fluoxymesterone therapy in advanced breast cancer. New Engl. J. Med. 259, 673 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Kennedy, B. J.: Massive estrogen administration in premenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer. Cancer 15, 642 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  188. Kilpatrick, Z. M., Silverman, J. F., Belancourt, E., Farman, J., Lawson, J. P.: Vascular occlusion of the colon and oral contraceptives. Possible relation. New Engl. J. Med. 278, 438 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Kjaer, M., De Fine Olivarius, B., Waarst, A.: Cerebral ischaemic lesions and oral contraception. Dan. med. Bull. 18, 129 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Kuchera, L. K.: Post-coital contraception with diethylstilbestrol. J. Amer. med. Ass. 218, 562 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  191. Lane-Claypon, J. E.: A further report on cancer of the breast with special reference to its associated antecedent conditions. Reports on Public Health. Number 32: H. M. Stationary Office 1926.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Laragh, J. H.: The pill, hypertension and the toxemias of pregnancy. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 109, 210 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Larson, J. A.: Estrogens and endometrial carcinoma. Obstet, and Gynec. 3, 551 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Laumas, K. R., Malkaui, P. K., Bhatnagar, S., Laumas, V.: Radioactivity in the breast milk of lactating women after oral administration of 3H-nore-thynodrel. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 98, 411 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Leading Article: Metabolic effects of oral contraceptives. Lancet 1969 II, 783.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Leading Article: Plasma-proteins and oral contraceptives. Lancet 1970 I, 72.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Leavitt, W. W., Friend, J. P., Robinson, J. A.: Estradiol: Specific binding by pituitary nuclear fraction in vitro. Science 165, 496 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  198. Lemon, H. M.: Endocrine influences on human mammary cancer formation. A critique. Cancer 23, 781 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Lemon, H. M.: Genetic predisposition to carcinoma of the breast: Multiple human genotypes for estrogen 16-alpha hydroxylase activity in Caucasians. J. Surg. Oncol. 3, 255 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  200. Lemon, H. M.: Oestriol and prevention of breast cancer. Lancet 1973 I, 546.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Lemon, H. M.: Abnormal estrogen metabolism and tissue estrogen receptor proteins in breast cancer. Cancer 25, 423 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Lemon, H. M., Wotiz, H. H., Parsons, L., Mozden, P. J.: Reduced estriol excretion in patients with breast cancer prior to endocrine therapy. J. Amer. med. Ass. 196, 1128 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Lerner, L. J., Bianchi, A., Dzelzkalns, M., Borman, A.: Effect of testosterone, estradiol, progesterone and hydroxyprogesterone caproate on the growth of a mammary tumor in mice. Proc. Amer. Ass. Cancer Res. 6, 39 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  204. Lerner, L. J., Hilf, R.: Biological activities of steroids and their relationship to breast cancer therapy. In: Current concepts of breast cancer, p. 80. (Segaloff, A., Meyer, K. K., De Bakey, S., Eds). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Leung, B. S., Fletcher, W. S., Krippaehne, W. W.: Estrogen receptor: A valid test for selection of breast cancer patients for endocrine ablation. Surg. Forum 24, 125 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Leung, B. S., Fletcher, W. S., Lindell, T. D., Wood, D. C., Krippaehne, W. W.: Predictability of response to endocrine ablation in advanced breast carcinoma. Arch. Surg. 106, 515 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Levy, E. P., Cohen, A., Fraser, F. C: Hormone treatment during pregnancy and congenital heart defects. Lancet 1973 I, 611.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Lewis, R.: Gut bacteria and aetiology of breast cancer. Lancet 1971 II, 822.

    Google Scholar 

  209. Lewison, E. F.: The pill, estrogens and the breast. Clinical aspects. Cancer 28, 1400 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Liebegott, G.: Mamacarcinom beim Mann nach Follikelhormonebehandlung. Klin. Wschr. 26, 599 (1948).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Lilienfeld, A. M.: The epidemiology of breast cancer. Cancer Res. 23,1503 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Lin, T. M., Chen, R. P., MacMahon, B.: Epidemiologic characteristics of cancer of the breast in Taiwan. Cancer 27, 1497 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Linden, G., Henderson, B. E.: Genital-tract cancers in adolescents and young adults. New Engl. J. Med. 286, 760 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Lipsett, M. B.: Oestrogen profiles and breast cancer. Lancet 1971 II, 1378.

    Google Scholar 

  215. Logan, W. P. D.: Marriage and childbearing in relation to cancer of the breast and uterus. Lancet 1953 II, 1199.

    Google Scholar 

  216. Lonbejac, A. M.: Cancer de la mamma en la mujer y folliculina. Boll. Soc. Cirug. Urug. 15, 28 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  217. London, N. B., Burton, J. L.: Oral contraceptives and blood pressure. Lancet 1969 II, 217.

    Google Scholar 

  218. Low, C. R., MacMahon, B.: Breast cancer and reproductive histories of women in South Wales. Lancet 1970 I, 153.

    Google Scholar 

  219. Macdonald, P. C., Rombault, R. P., Siiteri, P. K.: Plasma procursor of estrogen I. Extent of conversion of plasma 4-androstenedione to estrone in normal males and non pregnant normal, castrate, and adrenalectomized females. J. clin. Endocr. 27, 1103 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Mackay, W. D., Edwards, M. H., Bullbrook, R. D., Wand, D. Y.: Relation between plasma-cortisol, plasma-androgen-sulphates and immune responses in women with breast cancer. Lancet 1971 II, 1001.

    Google Scholar 

  221. MacMahon, B., Cole, P.: Endocrinology and epidemiology of breast cancer. Cancer 24, 1146 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. MacMahon, B., Cole, P., Brown, J.: Etiology of human breast cancer. A review. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 50, 21 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. MacMahon, B., Cole, P., Brown, J. B., Aoki, K., Lin, T. M., Morgan, R. W., Woo, N. C.: Oestrogen profiles of Asian and North American women. Lancet 1971 II, 900.

    Google Scholar 

  224. MacMahon, B., Cole, P., Lin, T. M., Lowe, C. R., Mirra, A. P., Ravnihar, B., Salber, E. J., Valaoras, V. G., Yuasa, S.: (1) Age at first birth and breast cancer risk. Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 43, 209 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. MacMahon, B., Feinleib, M.: Breast cancer in relation to nursing and menopausal hisrory. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 24, 773 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  226. MacMahon,B.,Lin, T. M., Lowe, C. R., Mirra, A. P., Ravnihar, B., Salber, E. J., Trichopoulos, D., Valaoras, V. G., Yuasa, S.: Lactation and cancer of the breast. A summary of an international study. Bull. Wld Hlth Org.42, 185 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Marmorsten, J., Crowley, L. G., Myers, S. M., Stern, E., Hopkins, C. E.: II. Urinary excretion of estrone, estradiol and estriol by patients with breast cancer and benign breast disease. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 92, 460 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  228. Marx, J. L.: Birth control. Current technology, future prospects. Science 179, 1222 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Matula, G., Paterson, P. Y.: Spontaneous in vitro reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium by neutrophils of adult patients with bacterial infection. New Engl. J. Med. 285, 311 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. McClure, J. A.: Male breast carcinoma and estrogen therapy. J. Amer. med. Ass. 146, 1608 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  231. McDivitt, R. W., Stewart, F. W., Berg, J. W.: Tumors of the breast. In: Atlas of tumor pathology, Second Ser., Fasc. 2. Washington D.C.: A.F.I.P. 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  232. McQuarrie: Cytogenic studies on women using oral contraceptives and their progeny. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 108, 659 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Meakin, J. W. A preliminary report of two studies of adjuvant treatment of primary breast cancer. I. Prognostic factors in breast cancer, p. 157. (Forrest, A. P. M., Kunkler, P. B., Eds). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  234. Mettes, J.: Relation of prolactin and estrogen to mammary tumorigenesis in the rat. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 48, 1217 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  235. Meites, J., Nicoll, C. S.: Adenohypophysis: prolactin. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 28, 57 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Mendenhall, H. W., Jr.: Effect of oral contraceptives on serum protein concentration. Surg. Forum 20, 404 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Millar, M. J., Noble, R. L.: Effects of exogenous hormones on growth characteristics and morphology of transplanted mammary fibroadenoma of the rat. Brit. J. Cancer 8, 495 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Miller, D. R.: Unusual focal mesenteric venous thrombosis associated with contraceptive medication. A case report. Ann. Surg. 173, 135 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Miller, W. R., McDonald, D., Forrest, A. P. M., Shivas, A. A.: Metabolism of androgens by human breast tissue. Lancet 1973 I, 912.

    Google Scholar 

  240. Minton, J. P. M., Dickey, R. P.: Prolactin, F. S. H. and L. H. in breast cancer: effect of levodopa and oophorectomy. Lancet 1972 I, 1069.

    Google Scholar 

  241. Mirra, A. P., Cole, P., MacMahon, B.: Breast cancer in an area of high parity: Sao Paulo, Brazil. Cancer Res. 31, 77 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Moore, F. D., Woodrow, S. I., Aliapoulios, M. A., Wilson, R. E.: Carcinoma of the breast New Engl. J. Med. 271, 293 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  243. Morin, J. E., Goldenberg, I. S.: Breast problems and oral contraceptives. A clinical note. Conn. Med. 30, 569 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Morris, C. A.: Influence of oral contraceptives on the presence and persistence of candida albicans and b-haemolytic streptococci in the vagina. J. clin. Path. 22, 488 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Morris, J. M., Van Wagenen, G.: Post-coital contraception. Advances in planned parenthood, Vol. 4. In: International Congress Series No. 138 (Sobrero, A.J., Lenit, S., Eds). Excerpta med. (Amst.) 1969, 125.

    Google Scholar 

  246. Murray, W. S.: Genetic studies on the etiology and morphology of mammary tumors in mice. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 36, 249 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Nagasawa, H., Meites, J.: Suppression by ergocormine and iproniazid of carcinogen-induced mammary tumor in rats; effects on serum and pituitary prolactin levels. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 135, 469 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Newton, J., Carson, R.: Endocrine assessment of post-pill amenorrhea. Proc. roy. Soc. Med. 66, 567 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Nissen-Meyer, R.: The role of prophylactic castration in the therapy of human breast cancer. Europ. J. Cancer 3, 395 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Nora, J. J., Nora, A. H.: Birth defects and oral contraceptives. Lancet 1973 I, 941.

    Google Scholar 

  251. Norden, C. W., Reese, R.: Oral contraceptives and NBT test. New Engl. J. Med. 287, 254 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Papaioannou, A. N.: Prolactin, levodopa and immune responses in breast cancer. Lancet 1972 II, 226.

    Google Scholar 

  253. Parsons, W. H., McCall, E. F.: The role of estrogenic substances in the production of malignant mammary lesions. Surgery 9, 78 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  254. Paterson, R., Russell, M. H.: Clinical trials in malignant disease. Part II. Breast cancer: value of irradiation of the ovaries. J. Fac. Radiol. (Lond.) 10, 130 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  255. Pearson, O. H., Llorena, O., Samaan, N., Gonzalez, D.: Serum growth hormone and insulin levels in patients with breast cancer. In: Prognostic Factors in Breast Cancer, p. 421. (Forrest, A. P. M., Kunkler, P. B., Eds). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  256. Peters, M. V.: The effect of pregnancy in breast cancer, p. 65. In: Forrest, A. P. M., Kunkler, P. B. (Eds): Prognostic Factors in Breast Cancer. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  257. Petrakis, N. L.: Personal communication, October 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  258. Poel, W. E.: Progesterone enhancement of mammary development as a model of carcinogenesis, Brit. J. Cancer 22, 867 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Price, J. M., Thornton, M. J., Mueller, L. M.: Tryptophan metabolism in women using steroid hormones for ovulation control. Amer. J. clin. Nutr. 20, 452 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Psychoyos, A.: Hormonal requirements for egg-implantation. Advances in the Biosciences, Vol. 4, p. 275 (Raspe, G., Ed.). New York: Pergamon Press 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  261. Purtilo, D. T., Hallgren, H. M., Yuris, E. J.: Depressed maternal lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin in human pregnancy. Lancet 1972 I, 769.

    Google Scholar 

  262. Quidri, S. K., Meites, J.: Regression of spontaneous mammary tumors in rats by ergot drugs. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 138, 999 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  263. Rao, P. N., Zuspan, F. P.: Urinary catecholamine excretion and basal body temperature alterations with oral contraceptives. Surg. Forum 21, 412 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Ravdin, R. G., Lewison, E. F., Slack, N. H., Gardner, B., State, D., Fisher, B.: Results of a clinical trial concerning the worth of prophylactic oophorectomy for breast carcinoma. Surg. Gynec. Obstet. 131, 1055 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Ravenholdt, R. T., Piotrow, P. T., Speidel, J. J.: Use of oral contraceptives. Int. J. Gynec. Obstet. 8, 941 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  266. Ravnihar, B., MacMahon, B.: Epidemiologic features of breast cancer in Slovenia, 1965–1967. Europ. J. Cancer 7, 295 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Reed, D. L., Coon, W. W.: Thromboembolism in patients receiving progestational drugs. New Engl. J. Med. 269, 622 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Robinson, S. C.: Pregnancy outcome following oral contraceptives. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 109, 354 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Rogers, J.: Estrogens in the menopause and postmenopause. New Engl. J. Med. 280, 364 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Rose, D. P.: The influence of oestrogens on tryptophan metabolism in man. Clin. Sci. 31, 265 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Rose, D. P.: The influence of sex, age and breast cancer on tryptophan metabolism. Clin. Chim. Acta 18, 221 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Rosen, S. W., Gahres, E. E.: Nonpuerperal galactorrhea and the contraceptive pill. Obstet. and Gynec. 29, 730 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Rubio, B., Berman, E., Larranaga, A.: A new postcoital oral contraceptive. Contraception I (5), 303 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  274. Rudali, G., Coezy, E., Chamana, R.: Mammary carcinogenesis in female and male mice receiving contraceptives or gestagens. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 49, 813 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Sabour, M. S., Fadel, H. E.: The carpal tunnel syndromes — a new complication ascribed to the “pill”. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 107, 1265 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Salber, E. J., Trichopoulos, D., MacMahon, B.: Lactation and reproductive histories of breast cancer patients in Boston 1965–66. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 43, 1013 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Salhanick, H. A., Kipnis, D. M., Van De Wiele, R. L. (Eds): Metabolic effects of gonadal hormones and contraceptive steroids. New York: Plenum Publishing Co. 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  278. Salih, H., Flax, H., Hobbs, J. R.: In vitro oestrogen sensitivity of breast cancer tissue as a possible screening method for hormonal treatment. Lancet 1972 I, 1198.

    Google Scholar 

  279. Salmon, M. L., Winkelman, J. Z., Gay, A. J.: Neuro-ophthalmic sequelae in users of oral contraceptives. J. Amer. med. Ass. 206, 85 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Sartwell, P. E.: Oral contraceptives and thromboembolic disease: prospective and retrospective studies. J. Amer. med. Ass. 219, 583 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  281. Sartwell, P. E., Arthes, A. G., Tonascia, J. A.: Epidemiology of benign breast lesions: lack of association with oral contraceptive use. New Engl. J. Med. 288, 551 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Schrogie, J. J., Siegel, D. G., Corfman, P. A.: Oral contraceptives and thromboembolic disease. J. Amer. med. Ass. 220, 416 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  283. Schachner, S. H.: Galactorrhea subsequent to contraceptive hormone. New Engl. J. Med. 255, 1138 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  284. Schinzinger, A.: Über carcinoma mammae. Zentr. Org. Ges. Chir. 29, 55 (1889).

    Google Scholar 

  285. Shapiro, S., Strax, P., Venet, L., Fink, R.: The search for risk factors in breast cancer. Amer. J. publ. Hlth 58, 820 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Sherwood, L. M.: Human prolactin. New Engl. J. Med. 284, 774 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Shojania, A. M.: Effect of oral contraceptives on vitamin-B12 metabolism. Lancet 1971 II, 932.

    Google Scholar 

  288. Shubik, P., Hartwell, J. L.: Survey of compounds which have been tested for carcinogenic activity. Washington 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  289. Sicher, K., Waterhouse, J. A. H.: Thyroid function in relation to prognosis in mammary carcinoma. Brit. J. Cancer 21, 512 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Smith, J. K., Caspary, E. A., Field, E. J.: Immune responses in pregnancy. Lancet 1972 I, 96.

    Google Scholar 

  291. Smith, O. W., Smith, G. V.: Urinary oestrogen profiles and aetiology of breast cancer. Lancet 1970 I, 1152.

    Google Scholar 

  292. Smithers, D. W., Rigbey-Jones, P., Galton, D. A. G., Payne, P. M.: Cancer of the breast. A review. Brit. J. Radiol. Suppl. 4 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  293. Sommers, S. C.: Endocrine abnormalities in women with breast cancer. Lab. Invest. 4, 160 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Song, J., Mark, M.S., Lawer, M. P., Jr.: Endometrial changes in women receiving oral contraceptives. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 170, 717 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  295. Spellacy, W. N., Buhi, W. C., Spellacy, C. E., Moses, L. E., Goldzieher, J. W.: Glucose insulin and growth hormone studies in longterm users of oral contraceptives. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 106, 173 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. Staehelin, H., Burckhardt-Vischer, B., Vischer, B., Fluckiger, E.: Rat mammary cancer inhibition by a prolactin suppressor 2-bromo-a-ergo Kryptine (CB154). Experientia (Basel) 27, 915 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. Staszewski, J.: Age at menarchy and breast cancer. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 47, 935 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Sterenthal, A., Dominguez, M., Weisman, C., Pearson, O. H.: Pituitary role in the estrogen dependency of experimental mammary cancer. Cancer Res. 23, 481 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  299. Stoll, B. A.: Hormonal management in breast cancer. London: Pitman Medical Publ. Co. 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  300. Stoll, B. A.: Brain catecholamines and breast cancer: a hypothesis. Lancet 1972 I, 431.

    Google Scholar 

  301. Strauss, J. H., Lucas, W. E., Naftolin, F.: Vaginal adenosis: diagnosis by palpation. New Engl. J. Med. 288, 525 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  302. Stumpf, W. E.: Estradiol concentrating neurons: Topography in the hypothalamus by dry-mount autoradiography. Science 162, 1001 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. Sulis, E.: Depressed lymphocyte response to P.H.A. in women taking oral contraceptives. Lancet 1972 I, 1185.

    Google Scholar 

  304. Symmers, W. St. C.: Carcinoma of breast in trans-sexual individuals after surgical and hormonal interference with the primary and secondary sex characteristics. Brit. med. J. 1968 II, 83.

    Google Scholar 

  305. Tagnon, H. J.: Hormones and oncostatic agents in antineoplastic therapy, p. 64. Abstract, Second Meeting European Association for Cancer Research. Heidelberg 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  306. Talwalker, P. K., Meites, J., Mizuno, H.: Mammary tumor induction by estrogen or anterior pituitary in ovariectomized rats given 7,12-Dimethyl 1,2-Benzanthracene. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 116, 531 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. Taylor, H. B.: Oral contraceptives and pathologic changes in the breast. Cancer 28, 1388 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. Taylor, S. G., III, Morris, R. S., Jr.: Hormones in breast metastasis therapy. Med. Clin. N. Amer. 35, 51 (1951).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  309. Trichopoulos, D.: Artificial and natural menopause in the etiology of breast cancer. Ph. D., Thesis, University of Athens 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  310. Trichopoulos, D., MacMahon, B.: Benign breast diseases and cancer of the breast. Cited by MacMahon et al. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 50, 21 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  311. Trichopoulos, D., MacMahon, B., Cole, P.: Menopause and breast cancer risk. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 48, 605 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. Tsukada, Y., Hewett, W. J., Barlow, J. J., Pickern, J. W.: Clear cell adenocarcinoma (Mesonephroma) of the vagina. Three cases associated with maternal synthetic nonsteroid estrogen therapy. Cancer 29, 1208 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  313. Turkington, R. W., Underwood, L. E., Van Wyk, J. J.: Elevated serum prolactin levels after pituitary-stalk section in man. New Engl. J. Med. 285, 707 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  314. Valaoras, V. G., MacMahon, B., Trichopoulos, D., Polychronopoulou, A.: Lactation and reproduction histories of breast cancer patients in greater Athens 1965–67. Int. J. Cancer 4, 350 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  315. Vessey, M. P., Doll, R.: Investigation of relation between use of oral contraceptives, and thromboembolic disease: a further report. Brit. med. J. 1969 II, 651.

    Google Scholar 

  316. Vessey, M. P., Doll, R., Sutton, P. M.: Investigation of the possible relationship between oral contraceptives and benign and malignant breast disease. Cancer 28, 1395 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  317. Vessey, M. P., Mears, E., Andolsek, L., Ogring-Oven, M.: Randomized double-blind trial of four oral progestagen-only contraceptives. Lancet 1972 I, 915.

    Google Scholar 

  318. De Waard, F., Baanders-Van Halewijn, E. A., Huizinga, J.: The bimodal age distribution of patients with mammary carcinoma. Evidence for the existence of 2 types of human breast cancer. Cancer 17, 141 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  319. Waggoner, C. M.: Carcinoma of the premenopausal breast. Endocrine influence suggested clinically in 31 cases. Ann. Surg. 127, 1256 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  320. Wainwright, J. M.: Comparison of conditions associated with breast cancer in Great Britain and America. Amer. J. Cancer 15, 2610 (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  321. Wang, D. Y., Hayward, J. L., Bullbrook, R. D.: Testosterone levels in the plasma of normal women and patients with benign disease or with breast cancer. Europ. J. Cancer 2, 373 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  322. Waxler, E. B., Kimbiris, D., Van-Den-Block, H., Segal, B. L., Likoff, W.: Myocardial infarction and oral contraceptive agents. Amer. J. Cardiol. 28, 96 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  323. Weir, R. J., Briggs, E., Brownig, J., Mack, A., Neismith, L., Taylor, L., Wilson, E.: Blood pressure in women after one year of oral contraception. Lancet 1971 I, 467.

    Google Scholar 

  324. Weiss, S.: Myocardial infarction and oral contraceptives. New Engl. J. Med. 286, 436 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  325. Welsch, C. W., Meites, J. (1968): Cited by MacMahon et al. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 50, 21 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  326. Welsch, C. W., Nagasawa, H., Meites, J.: Increased incidence of spontaneous mammary tumors in female rats with induced hypothalamic lesions. Cancer Res. 30, 2310 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  327. Winston, F.: Oral contraceptives and depression. Lancet 1969 I, 1209.

    Google Scholar 

  328. Wotiz, H. H., Shane, J. A., Vigersky, R., Bretcher, P. J.: The regulatory role of estriol in theproliferative action of oestradiol, p. 368. In: Forrest, A. P. M., Kunkler, P. B. (Eds): Prognostic Factors in Breast Cancer. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  329. Wynder, E. L.: Current concepts of the aetiology of breast cancer, p. 32. In: Forrest, A. P. M., Kunkler, P. B. (Eds): Prognostic Factors in Breast Cancer. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  330. Wynder, E. L., Bross, I. J., Hirayama, T.: The study of the epidemiology of cancer of the breast. Cancer 13, 559 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  331. Wynn, V., Doar, J. W. H., Mills, G. L.: Some effects of oral contraceptives on serum-lipid and lipoprotein levels. Lancet 1966 II, 720.

    Google Scholar 

  332. Yuasa, S., MacMahon, B.: Lactation and reproductive histories of breast cancer patients in Tokyo, Japan. Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 42, 192 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  333. Yess, N., Price, J. M., Brown, R. R., Swan, P. B., Linsks Iler, H.: Vitamin B6 depletion in man: urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites. J. Nutr. 84, 229 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  334. Zacherle, B. J., Richardson, J. A.: Irreversible renal failure secondary to hypertension induced by oral con raceptives. Ann. intern. Med. 77, 83 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  335. Ziegenfuss, J., Caralasi, R.: Androgens and hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 1973 I, 262.

    Google Scholar 

  336. Zuck, T. F., Bergin, J. J., Perkins, R. P.: Antithrombin III and oestrogen content of oral contraceptives. Lancet 1973 I, 831.

    Google Scholar 

  337. Zummoff, B., Fishman, J., Caccouto, J., Hellman, L., Gallagher, T. F.: Estradiol transformation in men with breast cancer. J. clin. Endocr. 26, 960 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. “Evangelismos” Medical Center, 24 Ravine Street, Athens 140, Greece

    Anaxagoras N. Papaioannou M.D., F.A.C.S. (Chief of Surgery (B’Unit)

Authors
  1. Anaxagoras N. Papaioannou M.D., F.A.C.S.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1974 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Papaioannou, A.N. (1974). Endocrine Considerations. In: The Etiology of Human Breast Cancer. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65841-9_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65841-9_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-65843-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-65841-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation